Eco. 391 Online Discussion/Quiz 20-1-2023 (Scientific and non-scientific Research)

A scientific research is a systematic process of investigation or inquiry carried out in accordance with known laid down specific procedures for the purpose of finding answers or solutions to a perplexing issues.
Non-scientific research are researches made on speculation and guess work, Intuition and premonition, ideas without proof and Divine revelations.
Scientific research and non-scientific research differs in the sense that scientific research pursues a step by step logical,organized and rigorous method to identify problems and collect data while non-scientific research is based on what the researcher feels, and thinks and it is without proof that is guess work.
2. PURPOSEFUL: Scientific research is directed towards the solution of a problem. Its aim is clear and purposeful.
CONTROLLED: It explored the relationship between two variables and finds a way to minimize the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship.
RIGOROUS: Scientific research is based on good theoritical base and sound methodology.
CRITICAL: The process and procedures of investigation and research must be critically scrutinized and free from draw backs.
VALID AND VERIFIABLE : The conclusions of research must be correct, verifiable and replicable anytime and anywhere.
EMPIRICAL: Conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information and data collected from real life experience. The work does not have the presence of personal opinion.
LOGICAL: Every step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedure looks and conclusions.
SYSTEMATIC: means that it follows clearly stipulated procedures and some procedures must follow others. Steps cannot be taken in haphazard ways

Ogbaga Stella chinwedu
Economics department
2019/241733
Assignment 391(Research method)

Question 1

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

A research approach is the procedure selected by the researcher to collect, analyze, and interpret data. There are three approaches to research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.

Different research techniques are used to collect data depending upon the researcher’s choice to conduct quantitative research or qualitative research.

When conducting quantitative research, surveys can be conducted. Survey research is a quantitative research methodology technique that involves collecting numerical data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the status of the subject in the study.

Question 2

Research process consists of a series of steps or actions required for effectively conducting research while formulating the research problem, extensive literature survey, developing hypothesis, preparing the research design, determining sample design, collecting data, execution of the project, analysis of data, hypothesis testing, generalization and interpretation, and preparation of the report or presentation of the results. Research encourages scientific and inductive thinking, besides promoting the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation. According to Clifford woody, research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions; to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

Question 3

The three common approaches to conducting research are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The
researcher anticipates the type of data needed to respond to the research question. For instance, is numerical, textural,
or both numerical and textural data needed? Based on this assessment, the researcher selects one of the three
aforementioned approaches to conduct research. Researchers typically select the quantitative approach to respond to
research questions requiring numerical data, the qualitative approach for research questions requiring textural data,
and the mixed methods approach for research questions requiring both numerical and textural data.

This various notions could be stated as criteria, also there are 3 basic steps to follow when considering a research program.

Three Purposes of Research

Social research can serve a variety of purposes. Three of the most influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description and explanation.

Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher’s curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.

Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population.

Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same. Given these statistics, you could start to develop an explanation for attitudes toward marijuana legalization. In addition, further study of gender and political orientation could lead to a deeper explanation of this issue.

Question 4

Research is at times mistaken for gathering information, documenting facts, and rummaging for information
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2001). Research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand
a phenomenon (Leedy & Ormrod). The research process is systematic in that defining the objective, managing the
data, and communicating the findings occur within established frameworks and in accordance with existing
guidelines. The frameworks and guidelines provide researchers with an indication of what to include in the research,
how to perform the research, and what types of inferences are probable based on the data collected.
Research originates with at least one question about one phenomenon of interest.

Quantitative research has dominated the western cultural as the research method to create meaning
and new knowledge. What constitutes a quantitative research method involves a numeric or statistical approach to
research design. Leedy and Ormrod (2001) alleged that quantitative research is specific in its surveying and
experimentation, as it builds upon existing theories. The methodology of a quantitative research maintains the
assumption of an empiricist paradigm (Creswell, 2003). The research itself is independent of the researcher. As a
result, data is used to objectively measure reality. Quantitative research creates meaning through objectivity
uncovered in the collected data.
Quantitative research can be used in response to relational questions of variables within the research.
“Quantitative researchers seek explanations and predictions that will generate to other persons and places. The intent
is to establish, confirm, or validate relationships and to develop generalizations that contribute to theory” (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001, p. 102). Quantitative research begins with a problem statement and involves the formation of a
hypothesis, a literature review, and a quantitative data analysis. Creswell (2003) states, quantitative research “employ
strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield
statistical data” (p. 18). The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming. The
next section focuses on quantitative research methodology.

Qualitative research is a holistic approach that involves discovery. Qualitative research is also
described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail
from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994). One identifier of a qualitative research is the social
phenomenon being investigated from the participant‟s viewpoint. There are different types of research designs that use
qualitative research techniques to frame the research approach. As a result, the different techniques have a dramatic
effect on the research strategies explored.
What constitutes qualitative research involves purposeful use for describing, explaining, and
interpreting collected data. Leedy and Ormrod (2001) alleged that qualitative research is less structured in description
because it formulates and builds new theories. Qualitative research can also be described as an effective model that
occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from being highly involved in the
actual experiences (Creswell, 2003).
Qualitative research is conducted within a poststructuralist paradigm. There are five areas of
qualitative research: case study, ethnography study, phenomenological study, grounded theory study, and content
analysis. These five areas are representative of research that is built upon inductive reasoning and associated
methodologies.
Qualitative research builds its premises on inductive, rather than deductive reasoning. It is from the
observational elements that pose questions that the researcher attempts to explain. The strong correlation between the
observer and the data is a marked difference from quantitative research, where the researcher is strictly outside of the
phenomena being investigated. There is no beginning point of truth or any established assumptions from which the researcher can begin (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).

There are several different methods for conducting a qualitative research; however, Leedy and Ormrod
(2001) recommend the following five: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and
phenomenological. Creswell (2003) describes how these methods meet different needs. For instance, case studies and
the grounded theory research explore processes, activities, and events while ethnographic research analyses broad
cultural-sharing behaviors of individuals or groups. Case studies as well as phenomenology can be used to study
individuals.

Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) discussed the mixed methods approach to research, which emerged in the
mid-to-late 1900s (Tashakkori & Teddlie). Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) hoped that the mixed methods approach
to research provided researchers with an alternative to believing that the quantitative and qualitative research
approaches are incompatible and, in turn, their associated methods “cannot and should not be mixed” (p. 14)

The mixed methods approach to research is an extension of rather than a replacement for the quantitative and
qualitative approaches to research, as the latter two research approaches will continue to be useful and important
(Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). The goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw
from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches (Johnson &
Onwuegbuzie). Of course, the strengths and weaknesses associated with the various research approaches are not
absolute but rather relative to the context and the manner in which researchers aspire to address the phenomenon
under study. For example, if the researcher purports to provide in-depth insight into a phenomenon, the researcher
might view selecting a small but informative sample, which is typical of qualitative research. The researcher might use
inferential statistics to quantify the results, which is typical of quantitative research, as strengths worthy of combining
into a single research study.
By having the ability to design research studies that combine data collection or data analysis methods from
the quantitative and qualitative research approaches, researchers are now able to test and build theories. Researchers
are also able to employ deductive and inductive analysis in the same research study. The mixed methods approach to
research provides researchers with the ability to design a single research study that answers questions about both the
complex nature of phenomenon from the participants‟ point of view and the relationship between measurable
variables. Proponents of the mixed methods approach to research advocate doing „what works‟ within the precepts of
research to investigate, to predict, to explore, to describe, to understand the phenomenon (Carr, 1994; Creswell, 2003;
Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004; Mingers, 2001; Sale, Lohfeld, & Brazil, 2002; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). That is,
in relation to the mixed methods approach to research, pragmatic assumptions govern claims about what is knowledge
(Creswell; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998). The fact that the quantitative and the qualitative
research approaches are not only compatible but also complimentary underpins calls for additional research studies
that use the mixed methods research approach (Carr; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie; Mingers; Sale, Lohfeld, & Brazil;
Tashakkori & Teddlie).

Question 5

Some researcher find it hard to begin research and formulate a research topic. A good research topic is a big step towards a successful research. But sometimes it is not that easy because you need a research topic that is workable for you, narrowed down to the best possible, and clear and precise. But, of course not everyone encounters similar problems in formulating a topic for their research. Some people find the best topic as a result of some discussion with the research supervisor, friends, research partners etc. Sometimes brainstorming helps or a topic suddenly comes into your mind that is most suitable for your situation.

Another difficulty arises when you have to find the sources of information for your research. You need plenty of sources directly and indirectly related to your research topic. Sometimes the topic is one that is less researched in the past. Otherwise, most of the information s lost and you need to find sources but they are few. Similarly, sometimes the books and journals you need are not available in your library database. All or any of these situations bring a new difficulty in the research writing. But there is always a solution the librarian in your institute or public library can help you find the best possible sources. You can request your librarian to get the required material from another library.

Question 6

~Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.

~Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.

~Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.

~Correlational research is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way.

This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.

An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.

The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexisten)

~Causal research is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research.

This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, causal research studies whether the variables with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variable(s) in the study.

Causal research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs.

~Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research design. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution.

The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research.

Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.

Question 7

The establishment of social science research in developing countries has not been an easy process because problems and challenges related with social science research continues even till date. One of the main reasons for the variable research quality is the lack of proper institutional support.
Although a number of third world social scientists have achieved eminence in the international social science community, a majority of the institutions are yet to make a mark in the international academic community. Research organisations recruit university graduates, but do not invest in
further research capacity building and training. Applied research organisations and consulting firms are increasingly becoming attractive career options but there is a preference in these organisations to
produce policy papers or briefs with no incentives to publish academic articles in refereed journals.
While the bulk of social science research is undertaken in universities and public-funded research organizations, the university administration is not research friendly and there are no incentive structures – either financial or professional – to encourage teachers to undertake research. Some
NGOs and policy research initiatives such as think tanks have also produced specific development focused research products but generally do not have longer term interest in research and the quality of their research is not yet established. Thus, the future of Social Science Research depends on how
we overcome these challenges.

Name: Udeh Mgbechi Mary
Reg. No.: 2019/251473
Department: Economics
1. Non-scientific research typically refers to research that is not based on the scientific method, which involves using empirical evidence to test hypotheses and theories. This type of research can include surveys, case studies, and qualitative research methods. Non-scientific research can be valuable in fields such as sociology, psychology, and anthropology where it is often used to explore subjective experiences and opinions.
Scientific research, on the other hand, is based on the scientific method and involves the systematic collection and analysis of empirical evidence to test hypotheses and theories. This type of research typically involves experiments, statistical analysis, and rigorous controls to ensure the reliability and validity of the results. Scientific research is essential in fields such as medicine, physics, and chemistry, where accuracy and reproducibility are crucial.
While non-scientific research can provide valuable insights into human behavior and social phenomena, it is often criticized for lacking objectivity and the ability to draw causal conclusions. Scientific research, on the other hand, is widely accepted as the gold standard for rigorous and reliable research.
In summary, non-scientific research can be useful in certain fields to explore subjective experiences and opinions, but scientific research is essential for advancing knowledge and understanding in fields such as medicine and the natural sciences.

1b. Scientific research and non-scientific research differ in several ways. Here are a few key differences:
i) Methodology: Scientific research follows a systematic and rigorous process that is guided by the scientific method, which involves formulating a hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions based on the evidence. Non-scientific research may use different methods or lack a structured approach to inquiry.
ii) Objectivity: Scientific research aims to be objective and unbiased in its approach, focusing on empirical evidence rather than personal beliefs or opinions. Non-scientific research may be more subjective, relying on personal experiences or opinions.
iii) Replicability: Scientific research aims to produce results that can be replicated or tested by other researchers. Non-scientific research may not prioritize replicability as a goal.
iv) Peer Review: Scientific research undergoes peer review, in which experts in the field evaluate the methodology, results, and conclusions of a study. Non-scientific research may not undergo this kind of rigorous evaluation.
v) Use of Theory: Scientific research is often grounded in established theories and seeks to build upon or challenge those theories. Non-scientific research may not be based on any particular theoretical framework.
In summary, scientific research is more systematic, objective, and rigorous in its approach, while non-scientific research may be more subjective and less structured.

2. Scientific research is a systematic and methodical process of investigating and acquiring knowledge about the natural world through empirical and verifiable methods. The characteristics of scientific research include:
a) Empirical: Scientific research is based on empirical evidence obtained through direct observation, experimentation, or measurement. It relies on data and facts rather than opinions or beliefs.
b) Systematic: Scientific research follows a logical and structured approach, where a hypothesis is formulated, and a series of experiments are conducted to test the hypothesis.
c) Objective: Scientific research aims to be unbiased and impartial in its approach, and researchers strive to eliminate personal bias and preconceived notions that could influence the outcome of the research.
d) Replicable: Scientific research must be replicable, meaning that the results obtained can be reproduced by other researchers using the same methods and procedures.
e) Verifiable: Scientific research must be based on verifiable evidence that can be independently confirmed by others.
f) Falsifiable: Scientific research must be capable of being disproven or falsified, meaning that the research hypothesis can be tested and potentially proven false.
g) Cumulative: Scientific research builds upon existing knowledge and adds to a collective body of understanding, contributing to the progress of science over time.
In summary, scientific research is characterized by a rigorous and objective approach that relies on empirical evidence, systematic processes, and the ability to be replicated and verified by others.

HEZEKIAH JOY CHIWONKE
2019/245662
CSS – ECONOMICS/PHILOSOPHY
Hezekiahjoy224@gmail.com

1.
A Scientific Research is the application of scientific methods and scientific principles in the quest of investigating a phenomena, and it involves identifying a problem, collection, presentation, analyses and interpretation of facts obtained.
There are several characteristics that defines a scientific research. One is that it must have anObjective, must be empirical, follow a rigorous process, verifiable, must be replicable, must be systematicand generalizable, having a wide scope of applicability.
Its importance is thata phenomenoncan be objectively known through rigorous, logical and critical procedures. Not everyone can come up with a body of knowledge that will accepted without undergoing the rigor of Scientific Research, this is to ensure that whatsoever kind of knowledge brought to the society is capable of bringing Development, not just in one society but across societies. Replicability being a necessaryfactor, hence the need for Scientific Research.
A Non-Scientific research however, is such that does not undergo the rigors of the application of scientific methods and principles. It is not based on empirical validity and cannot be replicated by another, as there are no either any laid down procedures or access to such procedures are denied.
Examples of this type of research includes: Speculation or Guess Work, here conclusions are made on the premise of what the researcher feels or thinks; Experience, as a result of what such has observed over some time; Hunches, intuition, Premonition,knowledge is acquired from one’s inner feelings; Mysticism, knowledge is obtained through dark magic, they plunge into mental and spiritual isolation to obtain knowledge from the ethereal world from any spiritual entity; and Theology/Divine Revelation, also knowledge is also obtained from the ethereal world, from the archives of the spirit world, from a source who is GOD. Faith is the tool by which knowledge is obtained and accepted.
Although, Non-Scientific research is highly subjective rather than objective, another way it differs from Scientific Research, it is still considered important as there are some knowledge that even Scientific Research may not provide, this is prevalent in African setting especially when it comes to health. Also, science may also find it difficult to understand the dynamics of human behavior which isconsequent on their religion, history,e.t.c.
Having discussed Scientific and Non-Scientific research, their differences lie in the fact that Scientific Research goes through the basic process of:
• Observation
Here, the researcher would observe a prevailing phenomenon that has plagued a particular society, for the causes, the effect, the behaviors, the trends.
• Forming an hypothesis
The researcher would have identified the variables being dealt with after conducting an extensive study on the phenomenon. This is to set a focus on what is to be researched.
• Making a prediction
Now, on the basis of the hypothesis is a prediction made.
• Conducting an experiment
As such an experiment is carried in line with the variables captured within such prediction.
• Analyzing the result obtained
An analysis is carried out to explain what was found in the experiment with terms that are friendly to the layman. For instance with the use of graphs, tables, charts.
Non-Scientific Research do not undergo all these except observation. Also, it cannot be replicated as Scientific Research.

2.
Sincescientific researchis an inquiry conducted based on empirical validity which can be replicated when such is extended to more complicated situations, it is founded on some peculiarities that qualifies it to be what it is – Scientific Research. And these peculiarities are as follows:
• Objective
There must be a clear purpose for any research conducted, whether it be Pure research, applied research or evaluation research. There has to be a focus, a goal for which a research work is conducted. It is contained in the abstract of an article. For instance, if the goal is to make some new innovations or to advance the frontiers of knowledge as in the case of Pure research, then it should be captured as the goal of conducting such research.
• Controlled
Scientific research is usually conducted under a controlled environment. Such that there is no room for fluctuations in the variables. Hence, Scientific Research has a control system whereby, a variable can be worked upon or undergo an experiment while others are held constant to observe a particular phenomenon. In other words, the concept of controlallows for establishing a causal relationship amongst variables.
Notwithstanding it allows for the easy manipulation for the researcher toconduct his experimentation.
• Rigorous
This is about the tenacity and intensity with which research is carried out. Research must be done rigorously so as to make relevant and justifiable contributions to the body of knowledge. Research is rigorously done to ensure that its methodology is sound, and its findings are accurate. Research should be done rigorously so that one’s research work will be reliable and authentic.
• Systematic
This implies that a well mapped-out procedure must be followed in conducting research. Research is not carried out haphazardly. It ensures coherence and consistency in the progress of thoughts. And hence allows for repeatability and verifiability by another researcher
• Empirical
An empirical research is one that can be verified with credible evidence, observations. and tested its validity.Conclusions are drawn from concrete evidences drawn from real life experiences.
• Logical and Objective
The idea of a research work being logical entails that such work is analytical. Every step must be done in accordance with the underlying principles and procedures so as to be valid. Objectivity implies observations being unaffected by the researcher’s beliefs, ideologies, values such that the facts obtained for experimentation are dealt with as it should be and not interpreted according to his beliefs.
• Replicability
Research work should be such that another can conduct given the systematic procedures laid by the originator of the research work. This allows for acceptability by others

Dinyelu Chikaodili Lovette

2019/245486

Combined Social Science
Economics/Political Science

chikaodililovette@gmail.com

1. The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific bases. It is focused on speculation or guess work and here, conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or thinks. Drawing conclusions in non-scientific research, is based on intuition and premonition that is, ideas are based on inner feelings without proof or assumptions. In non-scientific research, knowledge is acquired through magic or occult powers. Here,the inquirer gets information from higher spiritual powers to solve existing problems and such a knowledge cannot be replicated by those outside such sects.
Scientific research is a systematic method of inquiry which focusses on solving problems and, pursues a step-by-step logical, organized and rigorous method to identify the problems, collect data, analyze data draw valid conclusions. In scientific research, the research should be purposeful, rigorous,controlled, valid, critical, empirical, logical and objective.
Having discuss non-scientific research and scientific research, we would now discuss the differences between non-scientific research and scientific research in the subsequent paragraphs;
Firstly, in non-scientific research, there exist what is called hunches, intuition and premonition which simply implies that conclusions are being drawn from an idea that is based on inner feelings without proof or assumptions meanwhile, in scientific research there exist what is known as empiricism which implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information/data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentation and analysis.
Secondly, in non-scientific research there exist speculation or guess work. Here, conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or thinks meanwhile, in scientific research there exist validity and replicability which means your conclusions must be correct and verifiable and also, the same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters. For instance, if another researcher in another part of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact results will be obtained.
The key difference between non-scientific and scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

2. Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Purposeful (Aim): The purpose of scientific research is clear and it is directed towards the solution of a problem. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose.
Controlled: The concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between two variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables in their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they derive and also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
Rigorous: It must be based on good theoretical base and sound methodology. You must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
Critical: Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The process and procedures of investigation must be free from drawbacks.
Valid and verifiable (replicability): Your conclusions must be correct and verifiable. This also implies replicability which means the same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another part of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This helps guide against fraud in research.
Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information/ data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentation and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion, biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here we test theoretical model by simulation or experiment.
Logical and Objective: Logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedure,tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity here entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective and proven from trend in data and supported by theoretical model.
Systematic: Systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures and this implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence.
Generalizability: Scope of applicability, the wider the better

1)
The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. The principals of the scientific method can be applied in many areas, including scientific research, business and technology.

Steps of the scientific method
The scientific method uses a series of steps to establish facts or create knowledge. The overall process is well established, but the specifics of each step may change depending on what is being examined and who is performing it. The scientific method can only answer questions that can be proven or disproven through testing.

Make an observation or ask a question. The first step is to observe something that you would like to learn about or ask a question that you would like answered. These can be specific or general. Some examples would be “I observe that our total available network bandwidth drops at noon every weekday” or “How can we increase our website registration numbers?” Taking the time to establish a well-defined question will help you in later steps.

Gather background information. This involves doing research into what is already known about the topic. This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked the same question.

Create a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation or question. If proven later, it can become a fact. Some examples would be “Our employees watching online videos during lunch is using our internet bandwidth” or “Our website visitors don’t see our registration form.”

Create a prediction and perform a test. Create a testable prediction based on the hypothesis. The test should establish a noticeable change that can be measured or observed using empirical analysis. It is also important to control for other variables during the test. Some examples would be “If we block video-sharing sites, our available bandwidth will not go down significantly during lunch” or “If we make our registration box bigger, a greater percentage of visitors will register for our website than before the change.”

Analyze the results and draw a conclusion. Use the metrics established before the test see if the results match the prediction. For example, “After blocking video-sharing sites, our bandwidth utilization only went down by 10% from before; this is not enough of a change to be the primary cause of the network congestion” or “After increasing the size of the registration box, the percent of sign-ups went from 2% of total page views to 5%, showing that making the box larger results in more registrations.”

Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next: Document the results of your experiment. By sharing the results with others, you also increase the total body of knowledge available. Your experiment may have also led to other questions, or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to create a new one and test that. For example, “Because user activity is not the cause of excessive bandwidth use, we now suspect that an automated process is running at noon every day.”

2)
10 Major Characteristics of Scientific Research

1. Empirical:
A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.
It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.

Objectivity:
All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.

Ethical:
Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

Systematic Exploration:
Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out. This systematic exploration mechanisms laid down allows for a detailed and accurate repetition of the research work and the materialization of a similar result.

Reliable:
It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.

This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.

Accuracy:
All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot does qualify to be considered a scientific research work.

Replicated:
A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

Controlled:
All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.

Objective/ Goal:
Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

OGBONNA MMESOMA RITA 3 months ago
REG NO:2019/243578
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS EDUCATION
EMAIL: alexmmesoma4@gmail.com
1.What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.
Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.
What is Non-Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.
What is the Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research?
Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
Moreover, in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation. Besides, scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion. Furthermore, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective. Scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research and formulating the conclusion, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that are not based on the scientific method in acquiring knowledge and arriving at a conclusion. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
This exercise could give further practices in differenting scientific research and different types of non- scientific research
# Daniel decided to test one of his hypotheses about how temperature is affecting the growth of his new plants. In order to do so, he performed experiments where he stored the plants at different temperatures and observed how they reacted. Daniel recorded his observations and determined that a mild temperature was best for this specific plant. Did Daniel use scientific methodology or nonscientific methodology? Now daniel used scientific methodology as he tested his hypothesis by performing an experiment. He recorded his observations and formed a conclusion based on the results of his experiment. In this instance, he was following the scientific method.
# In the past, Deborah has taken many vacations to Florida. During her last trip, she was bitten by many mosquitoes. When Deborah’s family decided to take an impromptu trip to Florida during spring break, she insisted that her husband stop to get bug spray on the way because she believed she would get bitten again. What type of non-scientific research is this related to: intuition, personal experience, or logic?This scenario represents personal experience. Deborah may not be bitten by a mosquito during this trip, so it isn’t necessarily a fact, or guaranteed, to happen. However, since she has previously been bitten by mosquitoes, she bases her decisions on these experiences.
# Taylor was hiking with his friends in a remote area of Colorado. He was getting ready to cross a small hanging bridge over a ravine when he got the feeling that something wasn’t right. He decided to return to the beginning of the hike instead of continuing across the bridge. Hours later the bridge snapped and a hiker plummeted into the river below. What type of nonscientific research is this related to: intuition, personal experience, or logic?This scenario represents intuition. John had a “gut feeling” that the bridge was not safe and decided to turn back. There was no reason or scientific support for him turning around, but rather his instincts, that is non-scientific!

2 .The characteristics of scientific research are:
*Purposeful (Aim)
*Controlled
*Rigorous
*Critical
*Validity
*Empirical
*Logical and Objective
*Systematic
2. Empirical
A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work. It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.
@ Objectivity
All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem. This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.
@ Controlled
All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.
@ Objective: all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

@ Generalizability: Being able to bring data together to show a comprehensive conclusion for a study is the purpose of generalization in research. The generalizability definition also includes being able to provide an understanding of the population specific to which the study has been prepared. Sampling and representativeness influences generalization because if they do not fit the specified population, the results will be skewed and impractical for the study. To effectively use generalization in research, at the very least, the sample must be representative of the diversity of the population and include the variables that the researcher means to test. Generalizability should take into account the population, the characteristics and length of the study, incentives and compliance that were put in place for research participation and completion, and the specific settings involved in the study. When the research is completed, there should be a link or similarity between the study and the population in terms of the characteristics of the sample and current or potential community or treatment settings.
@ Purposeful
Research must be purposeful,it means research must be conducted with a certain and definite aim, objective and purpose, moving forward in any research should be guided by stated objectives purposes only the research having a certain purpose and objective will leads towards Certain conclusions and destinations. The purpose of research always determines where the researcher should be according to purpose and objective.it means the research without a certain purposes may lead a researcher in the wrong direction and creates many errors in the entire voyage.
@ Rigorous
The process or procedure of research must be rigorous. It means the researcher must ensure that the procedure followed is relevant, appropriate,and-justified. There should be conflict and doubt with regard to the relevance of research taken by the researcher. The degree of rigor may differ from one research to another and from one field of study to another. But there should be an acceptable degree of rigor in the method of study to call it research.
@ Critical
Critical in research refers to the state of method, finding, and conclusions of research. The process of research undertaking and its finding should have full proof of critical reviews so that result will be justice worthy.if the research is containing any drawbacks it would not be called good research. Critical appraisal of research means an act of carefully and systematical examing research and it’s all findings to judge its reliability, validity, trustworthiness,value and relevances if result are applied in a particular field or context.it is the last condition of finding evidence reliable and efficient.
@ Valid and Verifiable
The research technique and process should be valid and verifiable,it means the conclusions drawn by research should be correct and should be duplicated while applying a similar procedure again and angina over time. It is assumed reliable and having quality when it duplicates the results when the procedures is followed again and again. Validity measures the applicability of research. Only valid research ensures reliability.validity is more important than reliability.
@ Systematic
The study or research process should follow a sequence that logically terminates in the result. The process of research has to be sequential and it has to follow certain predetermined and verified patterns and pathways. It is necessary because the customary procedure would mislead the result and waste resource.

Reference:
Cheprasov, Adam. “What is Scientific Research?” Study.com
Gerandielle, Kumari. “Research” Difference.com

Name: OKEKE DANIEL AYOMIDE
Reg No: 10574211FD
Department: Economics
Course: ECO121(Introduction to Accounting)
Answers to the assignment:
1. The Categories of Accounting
Answer:Cost accounting only deals with costs. Management accounting analyzes every aspect of the business, including costs. Since management accounting encompasses all aspects of the business’s financials, cost accounting is actually a subset of management accounting. The Financial accounting records transactions related to personal accounts, income, revenue and so more. Management accounting uses cash flows, fund flows statements, ratio analysis and so more. Cost accounting uses tools like standard costing, variable costing, break even analysis etcetera.the objective of cost accounting is to keep a record of costs of products and services of a business, management accounting aims at providing managerial information regarding the activities of business (planning and coordination) to the management. Financial accounting, on the other hand, helps measure business income and deliver relevant information to multiple groups such as suppliers, investors, bankers and so more.

Question 2 Answer: the Qualitative attributes of Accounting
comparability, verifiability, timeliness understandability and objectivity

Question 3: The fundamental principle of Accounting
Accrual principle
Conservatism principle
Consistency principle
Cost principle
Economic entity principle
Full disclosure principle
Going concern principle
Matching principle
Materiality principle
Monetary unit principle
Reliability principle
Revenue recognition principle
Time period principle

Name: NGANA THADDEUS IFEANYI
Reg no: 2019/246750
Dept: ECONOMICS
Email: nganathaddeus@gmail.com
Course number: Eco 391
1.
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, non scientific research is the one which does not use scientific methods to collect information and form opinion
Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis.Non-scientific research is research that is not based on the scientific method. It may involve the collection and analysis of qualitative data, such as observations, interviews, and documents, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of objectivity and replication as scientific research. Non-scientific research can be used in fields such as the humanities, social sciences, and business, and is often used to gain a deeper understanding of a particular phenomenon or to develop new theories.

Scientific research is a logical stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding Scientific research, it is research that is based on the scientific method. The scientific method is a systematic approach to investigating phenomena that involves formulating hypotheses, designing experiments to test those hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific research is characterized by its emphasis on objectivity, replication, and the use of statistical methods to test hypotheses. It is used in fields such as the natural sciences, engineering, and medicine, and is often used to discover new knowledge and to develop new technologies.

In scientific research Data collection involves observation, experimentation, formulation and testing hypothesis while in non scientific research involves observation and presume relations among natural phenomenon. Non scientific research under this factor, it observes the data while taking them for granted (assuming them) to be true without proof. Example in non-scientific research when one claim (through a divine inspiration) he/she presume it with no and evidences to prove the information. Scientific research follows a systematic and structured approach to gather and analyze data, while non-scientific research may not have a specific methodology. Scientific research also involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation and the use of statistical analysis, while non-scientific research may rely on personal opinions and anecdotal evidence. Additionally, scientific research is typically peer-reviewed and subject to replication, while non-scientific research may not undergo the same level of scrutiny. Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding.

2.
Scientific research is a systematic and logical approach to discovering new knowledge and understanding the world around us. It is characterized by several key characteristics, including:

Empiricism: Scientific research is based on empirical evidence, which means/implies that it relies on observations and measurements that can be verified through experimentation or other forms of data collection. This helps to ensure that the results of scientific research are objective and unbiased.

Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicable, which means/implies that other researchers should be able to reproduce the same results using the same methods and data. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the research.

Progression: Scientific research is a cumulative process, building on the knowledge generated by previous research. New research is based on previous findings, which are used to develop new hypotheses and theories.

Peer review: Scientific research is subject to peer review, a process in which other experts in the field critically evaluate the research before it is published. This helps to ensure the quality and accuracy of the research.

Falsifiability: Scientific research is based on the principle of falsifiability, which means that hypotheses and theories must be capable of being tested and potentially disproved. This is an important aspect of the scientific method, as it allows for the rejection of false or incorrect ideas.

Objectivity: Scientific research is objective, which means that it is not influenced by personal biases, emotions, or subjective interpretations. This is achieved by following a rigorous and systematic methodology, and by ensuring that the researcher is not involved in the data collection or analysis process.

Transparency: Scientific research is transparent, which means that the methods, data, and results of the research are made available to other researchers, so that they can evaluate and replicate the research.

Generalizability: Scientific research is generalizable, which means that the results of the research can be applied to other populations or contexts.

All of these properties are essential in order to ensure that scientific research is conducted in a rigorous and unbiased manner, and that the results generated are reliable and useful.

Reference
Academiasholaz.blogspot.com

School: University of Nigeria Nsukka
Department: Social science education (Education/Economics)
Name: Diugwu Salvation Nmesoma
Reg. No: 2019/242289
Lecturer: Dr. Tony Orji
Email address: salvationnmesoma65@gmail.com

(1.) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

Non-scientific research
Non-scientific research is defined as study that is not carried out in accordance with the scientific method. Research in the humanities, social sciences, and arts are examples of this, which may employ techniques including interviewing, surveying, and historical analysis. Non-scientific research is frequently qualitative in character and might not yield numbers or outcomes that are easily quantifiable. Non-scientific research also lacks the impartiality, reproducibility, and generalizability that are characteristics of scientific research.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
systematic study of natural events via experimentation and observation is known as scientific research. The purpose of scientific research is to increase our knowledge of the world and to create new tools and cures. Using the scientific process, which entails developing a hypothesis, testing it through observation and experimentation, and then interpreting the findings to reach conclusions, is how scientists do their research. Physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and psychology are just a few of the numerous domains in which scientific study is carried out

The difference between scientific research and non scientific research

1. Scientific inquiry is a methodical and logical technique to learning new information and developing fresh insights into a certain subject or event. It is based on the scientific process, which entails making observations, forming hypotheses, creating experiments or studies to test those hypotheses, and then evaluating data to develop conclusions. Rigid methodology, meticulous observation and measurement, and a focus on empirical facts and proof are all characteristics of scientific inquiry.
Contrarily, non-scientific research does not rely on empirical data or the scientific method. Instead of being based on factual data and measurements, it can be based on intuition, personal experience, or personal judgments. Non-scientific research sometimes lacks a systematic and logical methodology, and its results may not be as dependable as those of scientific study.

2. Non-scientific research may not be peer-reviewed, whereas scientific research is, meaning that it is examined by experts in the area to verify its validity and trustworthiness.

3. In contrast to non-scientific research, which may not be repeatable, scientific research may be repeated by other researchers with comparable findings.

4. Non-scientific research may be published in popular publications or internet sources, whereas scientific research is often published in scholarly journals.

5. Scientific research is published in scholarly journals, while non-scientific research may be published in popular magazines or online sources.

6. Non-scientific research employs methods and tactics that are not based on the scientific method in order to gather information and reach a result, whereas scientific research follows a logical procedure in doing the study and producing the conclusion.

(2.) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.

Scientific research is a methodical and rational approach to learning new things, finding solutions to issues, and comprehending the natural world. The following are some crucial aspects of scientific research:

1. Empiricism: Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. Scientific inquiry is based on quantifiable facts gathered by experiments, observations, or other types of empirical evidence.

2. Objectivity: This refers to the capability of making a fair judgment or choice that is unaffected by one’s own sentiments or opinions. When gathering and analyzing data, scientific research works to reduce subjectivity and prejudice.

3. Replicability: This refers to an experiment’s or trial’s capacity to be repeated in order to provide a reliable result in science.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the idea that other researchers may duplicate and replicate tests and investigations to confirm the findings.

4. The concept of parsimony, used in scientific study, states that the simplest explanation for a phenomena should be used.

5. Testability: The capacity to quantify and “test” empirical research data adequately to establish whether or not the hypothesis being tested can be reliably classified as true or untrue is known as testability.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the notion that ideas and hypotheses may be put to the test through observation and experiment.

6. Self-correction: Scientific inquiry is a process that can modify or reject prior ideas and hypotheses as a result of fresh information and data.

7. Generalizability: Generalisability is the degree to which you can apply the results of your study to a broader context. Scientific study seeks to identify overarching principles that hold true in a variety of contexts and occurrences.

8. Evaluation: Evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject’s merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. To assure the quality and validity of the study, scientific studies are submitted to examination and criticism from other authorities in the field. Scientific research is carried out in an open and transparent manner, with methods and conclusions described in enough detail to enable replication and validation of the findings.

School: University of Nigeria Nsukka
Department: Social science education (Education/Economics)
Course: research methods I (Eco 391)
Name: Diugwu Salvation Nmesoma
Reg. No: 2019/242289
Lecturer: Dr. Tony Orji
Email address: salvationnmesoma65@gmail.com

(1.) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

Non-scientific research
Non-scientific research is defined as study that is not carried out in accordance with the scientific method. Research in the humanities, social sciences, and arts are examples of this, which may employ techniques including interviewing, surveying, and historical analysis. Non-scientific research is frequently qualitative in character and might not yield numbers or outcomes that are easily quantifiable. Non-scientific research also lacks the impartiality, reproducibility, and generalizability that are characteristics of scientific research.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
systematic study of natural events via experimentation and observation is known as scientific research. The purpose of scientific research is to increase our knowledge of the world and to create new tools and cures. Using the scientific process, which entails developing a hypothesis, testing it through observation and experimentation, and then interpreting the findings to reach conclusions, is how scientists do their research. Physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and psychology are just a few of the numerous domains in which scientific study is carried out

The difference between scientific research and non scientific research

1. Scientific inquiry is a methodical and logical technique to learning new information and developing fresh insights into a certain subject or event. It is based on the scientific process, which entails making observations, forming hypotheses, creating experiments or studies to test those hypotheses, and then evaluating data to develop conclusions. Rigid methodology, meticulous observation and measurement, and a focus on empirical facts and proof are all characteristics of scientific inquiry.
Contrarily, non-scientific research does not rely on empirical data or the scientific method. Instead of being based on factual data and measurements, it can be based on intuition, personal experience, or personal judgments. Non-scientific research sometimes lacks a systematic and logical methodology, and its results may not be as dependable as those of scientific study.

2. Non-scientific research may not be peer-reviewed, whereas scientific research is, meaning that it is examined by experts in the area to verify its validity and trustworthiness.

3. In contrast to non-scientific research, which may not be repeatable, scientific research may be repeated by other researchers with comparable findings.

4. Non-scientific research may be published in popular publications or internet sources, whereas scientific research is often published in scholarly journals.

5. Scientific research is published in scholarly journals, while non-scientific research may be published in popular magazines or online sources.

6. Non-scientific research employs methods and tactics that are not based on the scientific method in order to gather information and reach a result, whereas scientific research follows a logical procedure in doing the study and producing the conclusion.

(2.) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.

Scientific research is a methodical and rational approach to learning new things, finding solutions to issues, and comprehending the natural world. The following are some crucial aspects of scientific research:

1. Empiricism: Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. Scientific inquiry is based on quantifiable facts gathered by experiments, observations, or other types of empirical evidence.

2. Objectivity: This refers to the capability of making a fair judgment or choice that is unaffected by one’s own sentiments or opinions. When gathering and analyzing data, scientific research works to reduce subjectivity and prejudice.

3. Replicability: This refers to an experiment’s or trial’s capacity to be repeated in order to provide a reliable result in science.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the idea that other researchers may duplicate and replicate tests and investigations to confirm the findings.

4. The concept of parsimony, used in scientific study, states that the simplest explanation for a phenomena should be used.

5. Testability: The capacity to quantify and “test” empirical research data adequately to establish whether or not the hypothesis being tested can be reliably classified as true or untrue is known as testability.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the notion that ideas and hypotheses may be put to the test through observation and experiment.

6. Self-correction: Scientific inquiry is a process that can modify or reject prior ideas and hypotheses as a result of fresh information and data.

7. Generalizability: Generalisability is the degree to which you can apply the results of your study to a broader context. Scientific study seeks to identify overarching principles that hold true in a variety of contexts and occurrences.

8. Evaluation: Evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject’s merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. To assure the quality and validity of the study, scientific studies are submitted to examination and criticism from other authorities in the field. Scientific research is carried out in an open and transparent manner, with methods and conclusions described in enough detail to enable replication and validation of the findings.

8.Progress: New information and understanding are accumulated over time as a result of continuing scientific inquiry.

Name: Oguzie Echezonachukwu Sixtus
Registration Number: 2019/249165
Department: Economics
Eco 391

The scientific method involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences. Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis. Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs. In scientific research, data is collected using multiple techniques like observation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data is collected only on the basis of observation. Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion, while non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective.
Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Valid and verifiable (replicability) – your conclusions must be correct and verifiable. This also implies replicability – that means the same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another part of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact results will be obtained. This guides against fraud in research.
Logical and objective – logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedure, tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles.
Empirical – empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information/data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentation and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion, feelings and idiosyncrasies.
Systematic – this implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follow a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way.

ASSIGNMENT
Economics 391 Research

Name: Chukwunweike Nnamdi Lucky
Reg no: 2019/247233
Department: Css economics/ sociology

Question no 1
What is Scientific Research?

Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology.
What is Non Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion.
Difference between Scientific and Non Scientific:
The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
Question no 2
1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.
2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
3. Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.
4. Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables. All unknown variables and uncertainties must therefore be eliminated so as to allow for a more predictable and reliable result.
5. Controlled: All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.

Name: Ogbodo Emmanuel Chukwuemeka
Reg no: 2019/246458
Dept: Economics
Course number: Eco 391
chukwuemekaemma2019@gmail.com
1.
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, non scientific research is the one which does not use scientific methods to collect information and form opinion
Non-scientific research is research that is not based on the scientific method. It may involve the collection and analysis of qualitative data, such as observations, interviews, and documents, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of objectivity and replication as scientific research. Non-scientific research can be used in fields such as the humanities, social sciences, and business, and is often used to gain a deeper understanding of a particular phenomenon or to develop new theories.

Scientific research is a logical stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding Scientific research, it is research that is based on the scientific method. The scientific method is a systematic approach to investigating phenomena that involves formulating hypotheses, designing experiments to test those hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific research is characterized by its emphasis on objectivity, replication, and the use of statistical methods to test hypotheses. It is used in fields such as the natural sciences, engineering, and medicine, and is often used to discover new knowledge and to develop new technologies.

In scientific research Data collection involves observation, experimentation, formulation and testing hypothesis while in non scientific research involves observation and presume relations among natural phenomenon. Non scientific research under this factor, it observes the data while taking them for granted (assuming them) to be true without proof. Example in non-scientific research when one claim (through a divine inspiration) he/she presume it with no and evidences to prove the information. Scientific research follows a systematic and structured approach to gather and analyze data, while non-scientific research may not have a specific methodology. Scientific research also involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation and the use of statistical analysis, while non-scientific research may rely on personal opinions and anecdotal evidence. Additionally, scientific research is typically peer-reviewed and subject to replication, while non-scientific research may not undergo the same level of scrutiny.

2.
Scientific research is a systematic and logical approach to discovering new knowledge and understanding the world around us. It is characterized by several key characteristics, including:

Empiricism: Scientific research is based on empirical evidence, which means/implies that it relies on observations and measurements that can be verified through experimentation or other forms of data collection. This helps to ensure that the results of scientific research are objective and unbiased.

Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicable, which means/implies that other researchers should be able to reproduce the same results using the same methods and data. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the research.

Progression: Scientific research is a cumulative process, building on the knowledge generated by previous research. New research is based on previous findings, which are used to develop new hypotheses and theories.

Peer review: Scientific research is subject to peer review, a process in which other experts in the field critically evaluate the research before it is published. This helps to ensure the quality and accuracy of the research.

Falsifiability: Scientific research is based on the principle of falsifiability, which means that hypotheses and theories must be capable of being tested and potentially disproved. This is an important aspect of the scientific method, as it allows for the rejection of false or incorrect ideas.

Objectivity: Scientific research is objective, which means that it is not influenced by personal biases, emotions, or subjective interpretations. This is achieved by following a rigorous and systematic methodology, and by ensuring that the researcher is not involved in the data collection or analysis process.

Transparency: Scientific research is transparent, which means that the methods, data, and results of the research are made available to other researchers, so that they can evaluate and replicate the research.

Generalizability: Scientific research is generalizable, which means that the results of the research can be applied to other populations or contexts.

All of these properties are essential in order to ensure that scientific research is conducted in a rigorous and unbiased manner, and that the results generated are reliable and useful.

Reference
Academiasholaz.blogspot.com

Joseph Prosper Chizundu
2019/247776
Economics

1.Scientific research is a step by step logical and rigorous method of solving problems it involves identifying the problem, collecting data, analysis and drawing valid and unbiased conclusions. While a non scientific research is an unorganized, random, non logical, non rigorous way of solving problems.

Differences between scientific and non scientific research

1)Scientific research is organized while non scientific is unorganized.
2)Scientific research is systematic while non scientific research is random.
3)Scientific research is logical while non scientific research is illogical.
4)Scientific research is rigorous while non scientific research is non rigorous.

The characteristics of scientific research 1)Purpose: research is used for gathering new data for new purposes.
2)Control: in research, you can step up you own study or research to minimize the effect of other factors that affect the relationship between two variables.
3)Rigorous: in research, you must be careful in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to these research questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
4)Critical: the procedures used and the methods applied is critical a research inquiry.
5)Valid and verification: you research result and conclusions must be reliability, your conclusion must be correct so that of another research does a research on the same study he/she’s conclusions will not be of a different result.
6)Systematic: research follows clearly stipulated procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting.

(1). Scientific research is a research that involves the processes of observation, hypothesis testing before drawing conclusions. It is a research that goes through critical evaluation.
Non-scientific research is a research that doesn’t involve the scientific processes. It is a research in which the conclusions are drawn based on guess works or opinions.
The difference between these two types of research is that scientific research goes through critical evaluation processes to ensure that information found is valid while non-scientific research just concludes without critical findings. This is the main difference between the two researches.

(2). The characteristics of scientific research are Validity, Criticality, Rigorousness, Generalizability, Objectivity and Logicality and Systemsticism.

ANIBODI CHIAMAKA TESKA
2019/243747
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

NO 1i
1. Non-scientific Research: These are answers that are not based on empirical evidence, it is based on speculation or guess work.
2. Scientific Research: focuses on solving problems and pursues a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
NO 1ii
The difference is that non scientific research is not based on empirical evidence but scientific research is based on empirical evidence.

NO 2
A. Purpose (Aim): The purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose directed towards the solution of a problem.
B. Controlled: The concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between two variables, you set up your own study on such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affects such a relationship.
C. Rigorous: It must be based on good theoretical base and sound methodology.
D. Critical: Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed in crucial to a research enquiry.
E. Valid and verifiable (replicability): Your conclusions must be correct and verifiable.
F. Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting.

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
Name: IGBADI ODIYA DANLADI
REG NO: 2019/244347
Email: odiyadanladi190@gmail.com

Answers to question one
Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there
Tradition
Tradition is knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted. No one has stopped to say, ‘Hey, wait a minute. That’s not right.’ For instance, how much of your brain do you use? If you say ‘only 10%,’ then you have fallen victim to a common fallacy passed through tradition. We actually use 100% of our brain and nearly all the time.
Personal Experience
Personal experience is information or understanding derived from experiencing something firsthand. There doesn’t seem to be a problem with this at first, but it is actually incredibly flawed because experience is subjective and not reproducible.
For instance, dreams seem to predict the future. Everyone has had the déjà vu experience of having dreamt something before, but does that mean you have prophetic dreams? Not really. Most likely, you had a dream that was similar to the event and your mind just filled in the blanks to make it seem like it all happened before.
Intuition
Intuitive knowledge comes from understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight. This is the ‘I know it because I know it’ category of knowledge, where someone cannot offer a good reason for something, but they just know it to be true.

For instance, eyewitnesses to a crime appear more accurate when they are more confident. This is false and has been found time and again by researchers. Confidence has nothing to do with a person’s accuracy when recalling something in the past. But, many people rely on what they feel is the right answer, and someone who is confident must be right!

Logic
Logic is the application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion. But, much like personal experience, the process is flawed by a person’s limited viewpoint. You cannot think about something you don’t already know.
Difference between scientific research and non scientific research.

Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Moreover, in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation. Besides, scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion. Furthermore, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

Below is a summary of the difference between scientific and non-scientific research in tabular form for side by side comparison.

Summary – Scientific vs Non-scientific Research
Scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research and formulating the conclusion, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that are not based on the scientific method in acquiring knowledge and arriving at a conclusion. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
Answer to question two
Major Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge/ Research
1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.

It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.
2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.

This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.

Also see: Qualities of a great researcher

3. Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

4. Systematic Exploration: Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out. This systematic exploration mechanisms laid down allows for a detailed and accurate repetition of the research work and the materialization of a similar result

5. Reliable: It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.
This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.

6. Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.
Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot does qualify to be considered a scientific research work.
7. Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables. All unknown variables and uncertainties must therefore be eliminated so as to allow for a more predictable and reliable result.

8. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed s

NAME: IDAJOR, JOHN AYUOCHIEYI
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
REG. NUMBER: 2019/248707
1. Scientific research can be seen as the systematic collection, evaluation and interpretation of data in a planned manner. Scientific method of research do not believe in superstition but rather follows a logical method in order to arrive at the expected solution. Its method of research is carried out in such a way that it can be verified, and if after verification the proof is false, it can also be re conducted. For instance, in a scientific research, there would be no believe about the doctrinal believe about the trinitarian theology, this is so in the sense that, there is no way they can study the phenomenon surrounding the Trinity neither is there a way for them to see the three persons in one God with their necked eyes. With all these scientific research is looked at to be purposeful in nature and it seek to study a particular phenomenon closely, carefully and assuredly in order to know indeptly about such phenomenon. It brings out theories on how the phenomenon surrounding his research works.
Non scientific research is the opposite of a scientific research. It does not have to do with critical and logical collection of data, analyzing and interpretation, but this has to do with intuition, believing without full proof, it has to do with mysteries and other ways of research other than the scientific research. This research can in an iota of words be done through the following ways:
By speculation or guess work
By experience
By hunches, intuition and premonitions
Through mysterism
By theology or doctrinal believe or revelations, etc.
The above mentioned ways are used in non scientific research and the two methods are all useful following the given situations surrounding them.
Differences between scientific and non scientific research
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies, while non scientific research is the research conducted without any systematic or strategic method.
Scientific research can be repeated many times using the same methods, while non scientific research cannot be repeated many times using the same methods.
Data collection in scientific research uses different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing of hypothesis, while non scientific research collect data using only observation.
Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving its conclusion, while non scientific research do not follow a logical and systematic conclusion before arriving its conclusion.
Scientific research is objective in nature, while non scientific research is subjective in nature.
2. As seen earlier, scientific research uses a systematic and strategic methods like observation, formulation and the test of hypothesis in carrying out its research. Some of the characteristics are as follows:
It is purposeful: When we say something has a purpose, it means that there is a particular target that is being looked for. Scientific research is purposeful when it sets out a particular target in researching about a particular topic or situation. For example, scientific research can be directed towards the research on the total population of the inhabitants of Nsukka, that is to say the research is to know only the total number of persons living in Nsukka and it is not supposed to go beyond this.
Control: Control in this aspect is the ability of the researcher to direct his or her research in a way and manner in which he would be able to get the correct and appropriate result or solution to his research. Before a researcher makes his research, he should be able to know the factors on ground that may not give him a correct result and also through that device a perfect method to use that will fit in for his or her research. In this situation, a researcher can manipulate the variables rationally provided it will give a correct result.
Rigorous: The researcher must not use inaccurate techniques in his research, rahter, he is expected to use accurate data and a relevant and valid methods and variables in the research. This will bring forth a good and sound theories from the research.
Critical: A good scientific research is critical in nature because it tends to do away with mistakes in the process of research, therefore, each research is expected to check and recheck all the processes taken together with the methods employed. The critical characteristics of scientific research their depicts the carefulness of researchers in order to arrive at the appropriate result.
Valid and verifiable: Validity and verification as characteristics of a scientific research tends to show the usefulness and the worth of the research, also, it shows if the very research conducted, if re conducted would give the same result as the one at hand. For example, if a researcher brings up a result from his research and said that the highest boiling point of water is at 100 degree Celsius, for it to be accepted another researcher can also carryout the research and if he arrives at the same result, then, the theory and the result holds that at a high temperature, the boiling point of water is at 100 degree Celsius.
Empirical: An other feature of a scientific research is that, it must be empirical in nature, meaning that, haven studied and observed all the different situations surrounding a particular topic or issue of study, the conclusion to be drawn about that study is not supposed to be drawn from another area of study or research but should come from that study made. This conclusion to be drawn is gotten from a hard evidence of studies about such phenomenon. The observations, changes and other experience gotten in the process of the research must be taken into consideration, analyzed and summarized.
Logical and objective: To be logical entails sound reasoning, this depicts the sound reasoning of the researcher in his quest of study over a particular topic, and being objective shows no deviation of the researcher from the topic or situation of research into another topic of research. All that the researcher studies revolves around the topic or situation of research, therefore the researcher takes a logical reasoning in his research.
Systematic: For anything to be systematic, it means it is a planned, orderly, and a good methodological procedures taken to carryout a study, action or plan. In scientific research, there are different methods used in carrying out research in order that if this one method fails, another method would be able to fit into that particular situation. In those methods are series of sub methods that would ensure a successful result from a research undertaken. Thus, there is observation, formulation and a test of hypothesis. All these methods follow sequentially from one step to the other in order to ensure an accurate result.
Generalization: It is the formulation of general concepts from specific instances by abstracting common properties. Or it is the Inductive reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. Here, after all the studies and observation, a researcher generalize all he has observed and studied by forming a theory which becomes a principle for people to understand the result and summary of the study.

Answers:
1.Non-scientific research is research that is not based on the scientific method. It may involve the collection and analysis of qualitative data, such as observations, interviews, and documents, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of objectivity and replication as scientific research.
It can be used in fields such as the humanities, social sciences, and business, and is often used to gain a deeper understanding of a particular phenomenon or to develop new theories.
-Scientific research, on the other hand, is research that is based on the scientific method. The scientific method is a systematic approach to investigating phenomena that involves formulating hypotheses, designing experiments to test those hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific research is characterized by its emphasis on objectivity, replication, and the use of statistical methods to test hypotheses. It is used in fields such as the natural sciences, engineering, and medicine, and is often used to discover new knowledge and to develop new technologies.

Difference:
Scientific research follows a systematic and structured approach to gather and analyze data, while non-scientific research may not have a specific methodology. Scientific research also involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation and the use of statistical analysis,
While non-scientific research may rely on personal opinions and anecdotal evidence. Additionally, scientific research is typically peer-reviewed and subject to replication, while non-scientific research may not undergo the same level of scrutiny.

2.
Scientific research is a systematic and logical approach to discovering new knowledge and understanding the world around us. It is characterized by several key features, including:
-Empiricism: Scientific research is based on empirical evidence, which means that it relies on observations and measurements that can be verified through experimentation or other forms of data collection. This helps to ensure that the results of scientific research are objective and unbiased.
-Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicable, which means that other researchers should be able to reproduce the same results using the same methods and data. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the research.
-Progression: Scientific research is a cumulative process, building on the knowledge generated by previous research. New research is based on previous findings, which are used to develop new hypotheses and theories.
-Peer review: Scientific research is subject to peer review, a process in which other experts in the field critically evaluate the research before it is published. This helps to ensure the quality and accuracy of the research.
-Falsifiability: Scientific research is based on the principle of falsifiability, which means that hypotheses and theories must be capable of being tested and potentially disproved. This is an important aspect of the scientific method, as it allows for the rejection of false or incorrect ideas.
-Objectivity: Scientific research is objective, which means that it is not influenced by personal biases, emotions, or subjective interpretations. This is achieved by following a rigorous and systematic methodology, and by ensuring that the researcher is not involved in the data collection or analysis process.
-Transparency: Scientific research is transparent, which means that the methods, data, and results of the research are made available to other researchers, so that they can evaluate and replicate the research.

Name: Edwin Chinedu Augustine
Reg no:2019/249508
Department: Economics Major
Course code: Eco 361
Research

1)
The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. The principals of the scientific method can be applied in many areas, including scientific research, business and technology.

Steps of the scientific method
The scientific method uses a series of steps to establish facts or create knowledge. The overall process is well established, but the specifics of each step may change depending on what is being examined and who is performing it. The scientific method can only answer questions that can be proven or disproven through testing.

Make an observation or ask a question. The first step is to observe something that you would like to learn about or ask a question that you would like answered. These can be specific or general. Some examples would be “I observe that our total available network bandwidth drops at noon every weekday” or “How can we increase our website registration numbers?” Taking the time to establish a well-defined question will help you in later steps.

Gather background information. This involves doing research into what is already known about the topic. This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked the same question.

Create a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation or question. If proven later, it can become a fact. Some examples would be “Our employees watching online videos during lunch is using our internet bandwidth” or “Our website visitors don’t see our registration form.”

Create a prediction and perform a test. Create a testable prediction based on the hypothesis. The test should establish a noticeable change that can be measured or observed using empirical analysis. It is also important to control for other variables during the test. Some examples would be “If we block video-sharing sites, our available bandwidth will not go down significantly during lunch” or “If we make our registration box bigger, a greater percentage of visitors will register for our website than before the change.”

Analyze the results and draw a conclusion. Use the metrics established before the test see if the results match the prediction. For example, “After blocking video-sharing sites, our bandwidth utilization only went down by 10% from before; this is not enough of a change to be the primary cause of the network congestion” or “After increasing the size of the registration box, the percent of sign-ups went from 2% of total page views to 5%, showing that making the box larger results in more registrations.”

Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next: Document the results of your experiment. By sharing the results with others, you also increase the total body of knowledge available. Your experiment may have also led to other questions, or if your hypothesis is disproven you may need to create a new one and test that. For example, “Because user activity is not the cause of excessive bandwidth use, we now suspect that an automated process is running at noon every day.”

2)
10 Major Characteristics of Scientific Research

1. Empirical: 
A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.
It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.

Objectivity: 
All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.

Ethical:
Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

Systematic Exploration:
Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out. This systematic exploration mechanisms laid down allows for a detailed and accurate repetition of the research work and the materialization of a similar result.

Reliable:
It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.

This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.

Accuracy:
All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot does qualify to be considered a scientific research work.

Replicated:
A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

Controlled:
All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.

Objective/ Goal:
Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

Name : Asogwa Ijeoma Agatha
Reg no: 2019/251105
Department: Economics

1. The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.
Answer
Non-scientific research typically refers to research that is conducted outside of the scientific method, and may include qualitative research, such as interviews, mysticism, speculation or guess work, focus groups, ethnography is used in non scientific research to determine mine human behaviours which are sometimes difficult to capture.
Scientific research, on the other hand, is research that is conducted using the scientific method, which is a systematic and objective process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. The scientific method typically involves the following steps: observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. This type of research is often conducted in order to test specific hypotheses or theories and to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
In summary, non-scientific research is a broad term that can refer to any type of research that is not conducted using the scientific method, whereas scientific research refers to research that is conducted using the scientific method and adheres to the principles of objectivity and replication.

1a: Difference between scientific and non scientific research
The main difference between scientific and non-scientific research is the method by which the research is conducted.
Scientific research is conducted using the scientific method, which is a systematic and objective process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It involves the following steps: observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. The scientific method ensures that the research is objective, reliable, and replicable. It is also used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Scientific research is often conducted in laboratories, universities and research centers by scientists, researchers, and academics.

Non-scientific research, on the other hand, is research that is not conducted using the scientific method. Non-scientific research can include qualitative research, such as interviews, focus groups, and ethnography, or quantitative research, such as surveys and polls. This type of research is often conducted to gain a better understanding of human behavior, attitudes, and beliefs, and is not necessarily objective, reliable, or replicable as scientific research. Non-scientific research can be conducted by anyone, including journalists, market researchers, and even individuals.

2. Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Answer
Characteristics of scientific research
Scientific research is characterized by several key features that distinguish it from non-scientific research:
Objectivity: Scientific research is conducted in an unbiased and impartial manner, without personal or emotional involvement.
Empiricism: Scientific research is based on evidence and data that is collected through observation and experimentation, rather than on personal beliefs or opinions.
Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicated by other researchers, in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, it can also mean that when a research is conducted in another state or by another researcher using the same variables the results of the findings should be the same in both tests carried out.
Hypothesis-driven: Scientific research begins with a specific hypothesis or question that is tested through experimentation and data collection. The aim of any research is to answer a question.
Peer-review: Scientific research is subject to review by other experts in the field, in order to ensure that the research is of high quality and meets established standards.
Theory testing: Scientific research is intended to test theories by using a set of methods and techniques that can be repeated.
Transparency: Scientific research is conducted with transparency and openness, with results and methods being made available to the public.
Validity and reliability: Scientific research is conducted in such a way as to minimize sources of error and bias, and to ensure that the data is accurate and reliable and to also ensure that if such a research is carried out somewhere else or by someone else using same variables the results will the same. The results gotten from the research should be useful to the researcher.
Generalizability: Scientific research is intended to be generalizable to a larger population, meaning that the results can be applied to other cases or situations.
Self-correcting: Scientific research is a self-correcting process, which means that theories and hypotheses are continuously tested and refined over time, based on new data and evidence.
These are some of the main characteristics that define scientific research, and which help to ensure that the research is reliable, valid and of high quality.

1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.It often involves establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables.There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology.
NON_SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well.Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
2.
a.Predictability
Scientists not only describe the phenomena that are studied, but also try to explain and predict. It is typical of the social sciences that have a much lower predictability compared to the natural sciences. The most obvious reasons are the complexity of the subject and the insufficiency in the control, etc.
b.Precision—
Precision simply means truth or correction of a statement or description of things with exact words as they are without jumping to unjustified conclusions.
c.Abstraction
Science proceeds on a plane of abstraction. A general scientific principle is highly abstract.
d.Objectivity
Scientific knowledge is objective. Simple objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish they were. To be objective, one has to protect oneself against one’s own prejudices, beliefs, desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that one should set aside all kinds of subjective considerations and prejudices. If you are afraid that your work will not be objective enough, then you can ask us to “write my paper” or order proofreading.

e. Verifiable
Science rests on sensory data, that is, data collected through our senses: eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete objective observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and verify the observation to verify its accuracy.

Is there a god? Is the Varna system ethical or the questions related to the existence of the soul, heaven or hell are not scientific questions because they can not be treated objectively? The evidence regarding its existence can not be gathered through our senses. Science has no answers for everything. Deal only with those questions about which verifiable evidence can be found.

f. Ethical neutrality
Science is ethically neutral. It only seeks knowledge. How this knowledge will be used, is determined by the values of society. Knowledge can be used for different uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war.

Ethical neutrality does not mean that the scientist does not have values. Here it only means that you should not allow your values to distort the design and conduct of your research proposal. Therefore, scientific knowledge is value-neutral or value-free.

g. Systematic exploration
A scientific investigation adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or a research design to collect and analyze data about the problem under study. In general, this plan includes some scientific steps: formulation of hypotheses, compilation of facts, analysis of facts (classification, coding and tabulation) and generalization and scientific prediction.

H.Reliable
Scientific knowledge must occur under the prescribed circumstances not once but repeatedly. It is replicable in the indicated circumstances in any place and at any time. The conclusions based on casual memories are not very reliable.

EGWUONWU OLISAEMEKA ELOCHUKWU
2019/245027
ECO 391
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT

1)
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.
Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

NON-SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

(2)
a)Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.
b)Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
c)Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
d)Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.
e)Objective/ Goal: Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

Attama Lilian Ogechukwu
Department: Economics
Reg no : 2019/243411
Eco 391
Question
1) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the result. In view of this , clearly discuss non scientific and scientific research and their difference
What is scientific Research This is process by which scientists study various phenomenon using systematic methods of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data .it is often referred to as creative process because it involves novel ways to test idea that can lead to new ideas and information scientific research is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypothesis. Scientific research follows a systematic approach .it aims to acquire new information that adds to the existing knowledge in the research field. The consensus of scientific research is that researchers should plan their investigation before executing it. This is important as it can help identify if research is observable . Empirical, valid and reliable.
What is non scientific research: Non scientific research is acquiring knowledge and truth about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. Non scientific research is research conducted with out any systematic methods and scientific basis . In non scientific research intuition, personal experience and personal beliefs are used to techniques to reach a conclusion. This conclusion in non scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption. In non scientific research, logical and systematic methods are not used in analyzing data. Non scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It doesn’t focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it doesn’t use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.
Difference between non scientific research and scientific research
1) Non scientific research is conducted through tradition personal experience intuition and authority while scientific research relies on the scientific method.
2) Scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data While Non scientific research can not be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience and personal beliefs.
3) Scientific research uses logical process in conducting the research while Non scientific research uses techniques and strategies that do not contain a scientific base in acquiring knowledge.
4) Scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formation, and testing hypothesis while Non scientific research data collection only uses observation.
5) Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion while Non scientific research only beliefs and expectation of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion.
6) Scientific research is objective while Non scientific research is subjective.
2) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research
1) Systematic: The systematization need for it to be rigorous in procedures . This is not a random observation, but is the result of a well structured plan with specific objective. The process must be standardized, always be sought to execute the actions in the same way so that the result can be reliable as a result of having always followed the same guidelines. The systematic plan that guide a scientific investigation must considered all the aspects and moments of this research : from the objects of study and the variables to be taken into account to the rhythm of work that must be followed in order to arrive at conclusion in time expected.
2) Controlled: scientific research must avoid chance and the process must be supported by control mechanisms that allow it to obtain truthful results .chance has no place in scientific research all action and observations are controlled, according to the research criteria and according to the object investigated through well defined methods and rules
3) Empirical : The results of a scientific investigation must deals with the aspects of reality related to the subject under investigation. The aspects that chareterterize a particular research must be observable in the real world scientific research refers to issues that can be measured and identified as facts. Is about experiment with evidence. In this way it is possible to test the research hypothesis and thus be able to affirm, deny or supplement it, as the case may be .
4) Reproducible: The findings obtained through scientific research should be able to be reproduced under the same conditions established in the study .Given the systematized nature of scientific research, it must be variables that were part of the process, allows to be able to reproduce the results achieved.
5) Objective: just as rationality and critical character must be emphasized in scientific research, It must also be objective . The goal of the investigator is not to justify own postures, but to expose the facts in the purest way possible. The explanation arising from scientific research must be legitimate for people with different inclinations of thought. The results of scientific research must be universal
6) Original: There is no sense in focusing scientific research on proven facts. A scientific investigation must treat new or little studied aspects, so that the result of the study implies a true contribution to the science and the humanity. If it is base on an existing research, the researcher should focus on different area of the problem, look for alternative results to those presented in the first place or refile the research hypothesis as mistaken . In any case it is essential that scientific research bring something new and useful for people.
7) Rational: science in general is characterized by being rational and logic . In a scientific investigation must emphasized the rationality on the subjectivity. It’s empirical characteristics makes it necessary to based on real and verifiable facts and demands from the researcher a critical attitude and a dispossession of his personal conceptions or judgements of value. Some scientists and philosopher maintain that it is precisely the rational and critical character of an investigation that generate progress in the intellectual field and an important development of knowledge.

NNA OZIOMA VINE
2019/247263
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ECO 391
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

Did you ever discover you could do a cool new trick? Or, have you ever asked a friend to double-check your essay for mistakes?
Well, scientists love to discover cool new things, write about them, and then have their peers double-check their work for mistakes, too.
That’s the nature of scientific research!

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypotheses.
In science, the people who create such hypotheses are researchers. Most researchers work for companies or academic institutions. Many of them, but not all, have a PhD in an appropriate field related to their research. For example, a person conducting research on a new drug may have a PhD in chemistry – a PhD in history probably wouldn’t do much good.

Anyway, scientific researchers try to answer the many questions we have about how the world works. But a lot of their work doesn’t really have to do with the questions at the forefront of our minds.

I mean, yes, we’re all fascinated with knowing whether or not there may be life on other planets, but for many reasons such research isn’t as common as finding out whether or not a drug you never heard of has a potentially dangerous side effect.

We may not think about this kind of research very often, but it impacts us or people we know far more so than the search for life on other planets. Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.

Scientific vs Non-Scientific Research in Tabular Form
Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.

It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.
2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
3. Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.

Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.
4. Systematic Exploration: Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out. This systematic exploration mechanisms laid down allows for a detailed and accurate repetition of the research work and the materialization of a similar result.
5. Reliable: It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.

This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.
6. Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.
Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot does qualify to be considered a scientific research work.
7. Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables. All unknown variables and uncertainties must therefore be eliminated so as to allow for a more predictable and reliable result.
8. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.
9. Controlled: All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.
10. Objective/ Goal: Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

This is a brief analysis of the major characteristics of a scientific research work. Any research that does not meet with these requirements cannot thus be rightly considered scientific.

Ugwu Silas Chinazaekpere

2019/244182

Economics

1. Non- scientific research has qualities and characteristics that differentiate it from scientific research . These qualities of non- scientific research is that it is not logical or follow a step by step process ( systematic ) which is core factor of scientific research, but it is base on speculation and guess work.
Scientific research involves the following testing, analysing and also making prediction through observations and experiment, and it also follow a process which Non-scientific research doesn’t use this methodology but it base on what researcher feels or think. It also goes beyond the physical realm into the mata-physical like divine revelation and mysticism.
Even after all this limitation of non-scientific research it is has a role to play in the body of research, in situation where scientific research can’t cover like culture, religion, child hood experience etc.

2. i) purposeful: when embarking on on research work your research must have reason for conducting the research about a particular problem . It must be directed towards solutions of a particular problem.
ii) controlled: A research should be able to explain and analyse the relationship between two variables. A researcher should be able to find out ways to manipulate the variable and control the factors that influence the relationship using the research findings.A researcher can remove or add variable depending on there studies and note not all variables can be manipulated like natural phenomena.
iii) Rigorous : A research must follow the right and appropriate methodology. A research work must sure follow the due process to find the solution to a problem ( question) is adequate and justified. When conducting a research the researcher must make sure the right step by step process is followed and the final answer and how you acquired the solution must be justified.
iv ) critical:. A research work must be analysed to make sure the method employed is crucial to research enquiry. The researcher must make sure that the method he follows is relevant in finding the answers and make sure every step , is important and useful for the research enquiry and your research work must be free from Draw Back ( avoid irrelevant methodologies).
v)valid and verifiable { replicability} : After conducting a research your conclusion must be correct and valid.
It must be replicable if it is conducted in another location as long it is the same design parameters, this is important to prevent research fraud.
vi) logical and objectives: scientific research is logical means that it must have a clear pattern or step that goes from on point to another in a logical manner. This means you must follow the step according without skipping any step. Research must be objectives it means that it must have a goal an end goal which is usually is finding more information about a topic and providing solutions to problem( question ) using a system.
vii) Empirical: Every scientific research must be empirical in it findings, this means that is not babse on assumption or feeling but on physical evidence that is obtained through observations and experiment, so when it comes to scientific research it must evidence to prove there research findings is genuine.
VIII) Systematic: A scientific research is not random , it must have a particular system you must follow to conduct any research. These system includes planning , collection , analysis of data and presentation. Every scientific research must follow this system for the research work to be considered as scientific.
xi)Generalisability : Any research that is scientific must be able to cover a large number of variables, and it should be able to be used for statistical reference. The conclusion of scientific research should have a large scope of applicability it should be able to applied in different Areas of knowledge or discipline included.

1. Non-scientific research is research that is not based on the scientific method. It is often conducted using methods such as surveys, interviews, and case studies, rather than through controlled experiments. Non-scientific research is often more qualitative in nature and can include fields such as history, sociology, and anthropology.

Scientific research, on the other hand, is research that is based on the scientific method. It is often conducted using methods such as controlled experiments, statistical analysis, and observation. Scientific research is often more quantitative in nature and can include fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology.

The main differences between non-scientific and scientific research are the methods used and the nature of the research. Non-scientific research is more qualitative and often relies on subjective methods such as surveys and interviews, while scientific research is more quantitative and relies on objective methods such as controlled experiments and statistical analysis. Additionally, non-scientific research may not have the same level of rigor and reproducibility as scientific research.

2. Scientific research is a systematic and controlled process that is designed to objectively establish facts and test hypotheses through experimentation and observation. It is characterized by several key features, including:

Empiricism: Scientific research is based on the principle of empiricism, which states that knowledge should be based on observable and measurable evidence. This means that scientific research relies on data that can be collected through observation, experimentation, and measurement, rather than on personal opinions or beliefs.

Objectivity: Scientific research is objective, meaning that it is free from bias and personal opinions. Researchers strive to eliminate subjectivity by using controlled experiments and statistical analysis to ensure that their findings are not influenced by personal bias or preconceptions.

Replicability: Scientific research is replicable, meaning that other researchers should be able to reproduce the same results using the same methods. This allows for the validation of findings and helps to ensure that the results are reliable and accurate.

Testability: Scientific research is testable, meaning that hypotheses can be tested through experimentation and observation. Scientists can make predictions based on their hypotheses, and these predictions can be tested through controlled experiments or observational studies.

Peer review: Scientific research is subject to peer review, meaning that findings are evaluated and reviewed by other experts in the field. This helps to ensure that the research is of high quality and that the results are valid and reliable.

Name: Odo Lovelyn Chioma
Reg no: 2019:241246
Department: Economics Education

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE: SCIENTIFIC AND NON-SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (ECO 391)

BY
UCHEAMA CALISTA NGOZI
2019/243039

QUESTIONS:
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS THE PROCESS OF OBJECTIVITY ESTABLISHING FACTS THROUGH TESTING AND EXPERIMENTATION. THE BASIC PROCESS INVOLVES MAKING AN OBSERVATION, FORMING A HYPOTHESIS, MAKING A PREDICTION, CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT AND FINALLY ANALYZING THE RESULTS. IN VIEW OF THIS, CLEARLY DISCUSS NON-SCIENTIFIC AD SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR DIFFERENCES

DISCUSS AND DEEPLY EXPLAIN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

LECTURER: DR. TONY ORJI

JANUARY, 2023

NO. 1
Scientific Research
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental. Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

Non-Scientific Research
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption. In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

Differences Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research
Some major differences between scientific and non-scientific research is clearly stated in the table below:
S/N

Scientific research
Non-scientific research

1.
Definition
Scientific Research refers to research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies
Non-Scientific Research refers to research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis

2.
Nature
Scientific Research can be repeated several times using the same method and data
Non-Scientific Research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience and personal beliefs

3.
Data Collection
Data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypotheses
Data collection only uses observation

4.
Conclusion
Scientific Research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion
Non-Scientific Research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method

5.
Objective vs Subjective
Scientific Research is objective
While Non-Scientific Research is subjective

NO. 2

Some of the characteristics of scientific research are as follows:
1. Objectivity: Scientific knowledge is objective. Objectivity simple means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish them to be. To be objective, one has to guard against his own biases, beliefs, wishes, values and preferences. Objectivity demands that one must set aside all sorts of the subjective considerations and prejudices.

2. Verifiability: Science rests upon sense data, i.e., data gathered through our senses—eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete factual observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and check out observation for accuracy. Although, science does not have answers for everything. It deals with only those questions about which verifiable evidence can be found.

3. Ethical Neutrality: Science is ethically neutral. It only seeks knowledge. How this knowledge is to be used, is determined by societal values. Knowledge can be put to differing uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage atomic warfare. Ethical neutrality does not mean that the scientist has no values. It here only means that he must not allow his values to distort the design and conduct of his research. Thus, scientific knowledge is value-neutral or value- free.

4. Systematic Exploration: A scientific research adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organised plan or design of research for collecting and analysis of facts about the problem under study. Generally, this plan includes a few scientific steps—formulation of hypothesis, collection of facts, analysis of facts (classification, coding and tabulation) and scientific generalisation and predication.

5. Reliability: Scientific knowledge must occur under the prescribed circumstances not once but repeatedly. It is reproducible under the circumstances stated anywhere and anytime. Conclusions based on casual recollections are not very reliable.

6. Precision: Scientific knowledge is precise. It is not vague like some literary writing. Tennyson wrote, “Every moment dies a man; every moment one is born”, is good literature but not science. To be a good science, it should be written as: “In India, according to the 2001 census, every 10th second, on the average, dies a man; every 4th second, on the average, an infant is born.” Precision requires giving exact number or measurement. Instead of saying “most of the people are against love marriages,” a scientific researcher says, “Ninety per cent people are against love marriages”.

7. Accuracy: Scientific knowledge is accurate. Accuracy simply means truth or correctness of a statement or describing things in exact words as they are without jumping to unwarranted conclusions.

8. Abstractness: Science proceeds on a plane of abstraction. A general scientific principle is highly abstract. It is not interested in giving a realistic picture.

9. Predictability: Scientists do not merely describe the phenomena being studied, but also attempt to explain and predict as well. It is typical of social sciences that they have a far lower predictability compared to natural sciences. The most obvious reasons are the complexity of the subject matter and inadequacy at control etc.

8. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

9. Controlled: All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.

10. Objective/Goal: Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

This is a brief analysis of the major characteristics of a scientific research work. Any research that does not meet with these requirements cannot thus be rightly considered scientific.

1. By Scientific Research, it means a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. It can be defined as a a process of acquiring knowledge and truths about data or information using techniques that follow the scientific methods such as Identification of a problem, formulation of hypothesis, data analysis, data recording, presentation and interpretation, testing hypothesis, recommendation and conclusion.
The Scientific method encourages a rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands of logic and objective procedure. Accordingly, scientific method implies an objective, logical and systematic method, that is, a method free from personal bias or prejudice, a method to ascertain demonstrable qualities of a phenomenon capable of being verified, a method wherein the researcher is guided by the rules of logical reasoning, a method wherein the investigation proceeds inane orderly manner and a method that implies internal consistency.

By Non-Scientific research, it means research which is conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.
Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures.
The Differences between them include:

Firstly, scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Secondly, in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation.

Thirdly, scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion. Non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that are not based on the scientific method in acquiring knowledge and arriving at a conclusion.

Fourthly, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

Last but not least is that Scientific research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Whereas, non-scientific research does not follow systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity.

2. Although the exact methods used in the different scientific methods vary (for instance, physicists and psychologists work in very different ways), they share some fundamental attributes that may be called characteristics of the scientific method.
The Characteristics of Scientific research includes:

(I) Empirical Observation:
The scientific method is empirical. That is, it relies on direct observation of the world, and disdains hypotheses that run counter to observable fact. This contrasts with methods that rely on pure reason (including that proposed by Plato) and with methods that rely on emotional or other subjective factors.

(II) Replicable Experiments:
Scientific experiments are replicable. That is, if another person duplicates the experiment, he or she will get the same results. Scientists are supposed to publish enough of their method so that another person, with appropriate training, could replicate the results. This contrasts with methods that rely on experiences that are unique to a particular individual or a small group of individuals.

(III) Provisional Results:
Results obtained through the scientific method are provisional; they are (or ought to be) open to question and debate. If new data arise that contradict a theory, that theory must be modified. For example, the phlogiston theory of fire and combustion was rejected when evidence against it arose.

(IV) Objective Approach:
The scientific method is objective. It relies on facts and on the world as it is, rather than on beliefs, wishes or desires. Scientists attempt (with varying degrees of success) to remove their biases when making observations.

(V) Reliable:
Scientific knowledge must occur under the prescribed circumstances not once but repeatedly. It is replicable in the indicated circumstances in any place and at any time. The conclusions based on casual memories are not very reliable.

(VI) Systematic Observation:
Strictly speaking, the scientific method is systematic; that is, it relies on carefully planned studies rather than on random or haphazard observation. However, science can begin from some random observation.

(VII) Verifiable:
Science rests on sensory data, that is, data collected through our senses: eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete objective observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and verify the observation to verify its accuracy. For instance questions such as: Is there a god? Is the Varna system ethical or the questions related to the existence of the soul, heaven or hell are not scientific questions because they can not be treated objectively? The evidence regarding its existence can not be gathered through our senses. Science has no answers for everything hence it deals only with those questions about which verifiable evidence can be found.

(VIII) Ethical neutrality:
Science is ethically neutral. It only seeks knowledge. How this knowledge will be used, is determined by the values of society. Knowledge can be used for different uses., For instance, knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war.
However, Ethical neutrality does not mean that the scientist does not have values. Here it only means that you should not allow your values to distort the design and conduct of your research proposal. Therefore, scientific knowledge is value-neutral or value-free.

(IX) Accuracy:
Scientific knowledge is precise. It is not vague as some literary writings. Tennyson wrote: “Every moment a man dies; Every moment that one is born, it is good literature but not science. To be a good science, it should be written as: “In India, according to the 2001 census, every tenth, on average, a man dies; every fourth second, on average, a baby is born «. Accuracy requires giving the exact number or measure. Instead of saying “most people are against marriages for love,” says a scientific researcher, “ninety percent of people are against marriages for love.”

(X) Predictability:
Scientists not only describe the phenomena that are studied, but also try to explain and predict. It is typical of the social sciences that have a much lower predictability compared to the natural sciences. The most obvious reasons are the complexity of the subject and the insufficiency in the control, etc. Hence, one of the characteristics of scientific research is predictability.

1. Non-scientific study
Non-scientific research is that which does not have a systematic approach or a scientific basis. Conclusions are reached through non-scientific research using techniques including intuition, firsthand knowledge, and personal convictions. As a result, conclusions produced from non-scientific research sometimes rely on arbitrary presumptions.
scientific versus non-scientific differences

Both scientific and non-scientific research are used to collect data, however they do so in different ways and with different methods. The major distinction between scientific and non-scientific research is that the former relies on intuition, firsthand knowledge, and subjective judgments while the latter cannot be repeated using the same methods and information.

Furthermore, information is obtained in scientific research through a range of techniques, such as observation, the development of hypotheses, and their testing. However, in non-scientific research, observation is the exclusive mode of data collection.

In non-scientific research, logical and methodical approaches to data processing are not used. Non-scientific research merely offers a solution to a particular problem. It doesn’t focus on further programs or solutions for that particular problem. Furthermore, it lacks a logical structure and lacks a conclusion.

2.Systematic Investigation: In order for scientific research to be validated, a repeatable, systematic exploration is required. This implies that adhering to predetermined processes and procedures is an essential element of scientific investigation, and the same outcome can be attained if similar actions and procedures are repeated by another person under the same circumstances.

This is why scientific research frequently contains a lengthy introduction detailing the conditions under which it was done as well as processes with precise definitions. The outlined methodical exploration techniques provide a complete and accurate repetition of the study activity, which allows for the formation of a similar outcome.
Reliableness is a crucial component of any research project that aspires to be classified as scientific. ReliableThis suggests that by adhering to the established methodical techniques, anyone else may achieve similar outcomes. A study project cannot be considered scientific if it cannot be relied upon by others and a comparable outcome cannot be duplicated.
b.Accuracy: This crucial component of accuracy is a must for all scientific research projects. A research project typically outlines its objectives at the outset and the outcomes it hopes to attain at the conclusion. This final outcome must be completely attained. The accuracy of science enhances the dependability of scientific research findings.

Name: Okeke Michael Obinna
Dept: Combined social science(Eco/pol)
Reg no: 2019/250019
Course: Eco 391

1. Non-scientific research and scientific research differ in their methods, goals, and outcomes. Non-scientific research is typically based on subjective and personal experiences, opinions, and beliefs, rather than on objective and verifiable facts. This type of research is often used in fields such as literature, history, and the arts, and it is typically focused on understanding the human experience and perspective.
On the other hand, scientific research is based on the scientific method, which is a systematic process of observing, testing, and analyzing natural phenomena. The goal of scientific research is to establish facts and understand the underlying causes and mechanisms of natural phenomena. Scientific research is typically conducted in fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, and medicine, and it is focused on understanding the natural world.
One of the main differences between non-scientific and scientific research is the level of objectivity. Non-scientific research is often subjective and based on personal opinions, whereas scientific research is objective and based on facts and evidence. Scientific research also seeks to be replicable, meaning that other researchers should be able to replicate the study and obtain similar results.
Another difference is that scientific research is usually quantitative, meaning that it deals with numbers and measurements, while non-scientific research is usually qualitative, meaning that it deals with descriptions and interpretations. Scientific research is also more critical and systematic than non-scientific research.
In conclusion, non-scientific research and scientific research are two different types of research that have different methods, goals, and outcomes. Non-scientific research is typically based on personal experiences, opinions, and beliefs, and is focused on understanding the human experience and perspective. Scientific research is based on the scientific method, is objective and seeks facts, it is focused on understanding the natural world and is replicable, systematic and critical.

2. Scientific research is a systematic and logical approach to discovering how things in the natural world work. It is a process of objectively and independently verifying facts, testing hypotheses, and developing new theories. There are several key characteristics that distinguish scientific research from other forms of inquiry:
1. Objectivity: Scientific research is based on objective facts and evidence, rather than subjective opinions and beliefs. Researchers strive to eliminate bias and personal opinions from the research process, and their work is subject to peer review to ensure that it meets rigorous standards of objectivity.
2. Empiricism: Scientific research is based on observation and experimentation. Researchers use controlled experiments, measurements, and other forms of data collection to test hypotheses and gather evidence. Empirical research allows researchers to test predictions and theories by gathering data and testing it against theories.
3. Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicable, meaning that other researchers should be able to repeat the study and obtain similar results. This allows for the verification of results and helps to build a cumulative body of knowledge.
4. Testability: Scientific research is based on testable hypotheses and theories. Researchers are able to test their hypotheses and theories through experimentation and observation. This allows for the development of theories that can be proven or disproven, which is a critical component of the scientific method.
5. skepticism: Scientific research is characterized by a healthy dose of skepticism. Researchers are always questioning their own assumptions and theories and are open to alternative explanations for the phenomena they are studying.
6. Self-correction: Scientific research is self-correcting in nature. The process of scientific research is ongoing, and new findings may lead to the rejection or modification of previously accepted theories and hypotheses.
7. Quantitative: Scientific research is usually quantitative in nature, meaning that it deals with numbers and measurements. It allows researchers to collect data, analyze it and make inferences about the population from a sample.
8. Systematic: Scientific research is systematic, meaning that it follows a logical and organized process. Researchers use a systematic approach to gather data, analyze it, and draw conclusions.
In conclusion, scientific research is characterized by its objectivity, empiricism, replicability, testability, skepticism, self-correction, quantitativeness, and systematic approach. These characteristics ensure that the research process is rigorous and that the findings are reliable and valid. The scientific method is the foundation of scientific research, providing a logical and systematic approach to understanding the natural world.

(1). Non Scientific Research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. Some of these non scientific methods are; Traditional method, Logic, Personal experience, Intuition and others.

Nonscientific and Scientific Research: Definitions and Difference
Nonscientific and scientific research vary in their definitions and methods. Discover these differences through an explanation of how nonscientific research is conducted through tradition, personal experience, intuition, logic, and authority while scientific research relies on the scientific method. Updated: 09/18/2021
Nonscientific and Scientific Research
Those of you who are familiar with research might be scratching your heads right now, because the words ‘nonscientific research’ seem oxymoronic. But historically, this oxymoron has actually been used more than the scientific research model. Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.

Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Tradition
Tradition is knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted. No one has stopped to say, ‘Hey, wait a minute. That’s not right.’ For instance, how much of your brain do you use? If you say ‘only 10%,’ then you have fallen victim to a common fallacy passed through tradition. We actually use 100% of our brain and nearly all the time.
Personal Experience
Personal experience is information or understanding derived from experiencing something firsthand. There doesn’t seem to be a problem with this at first, but it is actually incredibly flawed because experience is subjective and not reproducible.For instance, dreams seem to predict the future. Everyone has had the déjà vu experience of having dreamt something before, but does that mean you have prophetic dreams? Not really. Most likely, you had a dream that was similar to the event and your mind just filled in the blanks to make it seem like it all happened before.
Intuition
Intuitive knowledge comes from understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight. This is the ‘I know it because I know it’ category of knowledge, where someone cannot offer a good reason for something, but they just know it to be true. For instance, eyewitnesses to a crime appear more accurate when they are more confident. This is false and has been found time and again by researchers. Confidence has nothing to do with a person’s accuracy when recalling something in the past. But, many people rely on what they feel is the right answer, and someone who is confident must be right!
Logic
Logic is the application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion. But, much like personal experience, the process is flawed by a person’s limited viewpoint. You cannot think about something you don’t already know.
Scientific Research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that follow the scientific method. Some of these scientific methods are;
– Make an observation.
-Ask a question.
– Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
-Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
-Test the prediction.
-Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
The scientific method is used in all sciences—including chemistry, physics, geology, and psychology. The scientists in these fields ask different questions and perform different tests. However, they use the same core approach to find answers that are logical and supported by evidence.
Differences between Scientific and non Scientific Research
(1). Scientific research tends to align with the idea of scientific research as follows:
a. start with a question that needs to be answered.
b. find the current state of knowledge.
c. pose a hypothesis (one or more).
d. design the study and confirm or disprove the hypothesis.
e. write the conclusion and publish the result.

(2). By contrast, I think of non-scientific research in terms of journalism or perhaps in writing and teaching a course. In this kind of research one would start with points that need to be covered, perhaps asking a question; gather materials and resources; and outline and organize the facts to present to the intended audience.

(2)
For a research to be termed scientific it must possess the following characteristics;
a. Empirical – based on observations and experimentation
b.Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
c. Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
d. Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
e. Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
F. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical.
Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

NNA OZIOMA VINE
2019/247263
ECO 391
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT

1.)Scientific reasearch is a process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analysing the results. The principals of the scientific method can be applied in many areas, including scientific research, business and technology.
Non scientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. In all, tenacity, intuition, authority, rationalism, and empiricism are called the nonscientific methods of knowing .
Differences Between Scientific Research And Non Scientific Reasearch .
*Scientific research is a investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding whereas nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method.
*Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent while in non scientific research is not a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding.
*Scientific research is a systematic way of analyzing and interpreting new or existing material through experimentation and observation while non systematic research is based upon investigation of natural phenomenon wicannot Systematic.
*Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering dara and harnessing curiosity .This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible while non scientific research does not follow a systematic way of gathering dara and harnessing curiosity.
*Scientific research acquiring knowledge and truths about the data about the data or information using techniques that follow the scientific reaserach such as identification of a problem while non scientific acquiring knowledge and truths about the world use techniques without following the scientific method.

2.)Characteristics of scientific research
1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.
It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.
2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.
3. Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.
4. Systematic Exploration: Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific scientific research can be verified is where there Is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.
5. Reliable: It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.
This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.
6. Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot doeS qualify to be considered a Scientific research work.
7. Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables. All unknown variables and uncertainties must therefore be eliminated so as to allow for a more predictable and reliable result.
8. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

1)Scientific research is the neutral, systematic, planned, and multiple-step process that uses previously discovered facts to advance knowledge that does not exist in the literature. It can be classified as observational or experimental with respect to data collection techniques, descriptive or analytical with respect to causality, and prospective, retrospective, or cross-sectional with respect to time.
Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well.

Difference between scientific and non-scientific research is as follows:

Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis
Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
In scientific research, data is collected using multiple techniques like observation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data is collected only on the basis of observation
Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion, while non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method
Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective

2)Features of Research
Empirical – based on observations and experimentation
Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical.
Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

NAME: EZEAMAMA IFECHUKWU EMMANUEL
REG.NUMBER: 2019/245102
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS MAJOR

1–The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries; see the article history of scientific method for additional detail.) It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; the testability of hypotheses, experimental and the measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises. Types of Scientific Research * Fundamental or Basic Research. … * Applied Research. … * Quantitative research. … * Qualitative research. … * Mixed research. … * Exploratory Research. … * Descriptive research. … Non Scientific research is not of, relating to, or based on science : not scientific. nonscientific studies. nonscientific views. … it is beyond all doubt that the influence of the scientific mind extends to the solving of problems of a nonscientific nature.
2–a-Objectivity Scientific knowledge is objective. Simple objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish they were. To be objective, one has to protect oneself against one’s own prejudices, beliefs, desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that one should set aside all kinds of subjective considerations and prejudices. b-Ethical neutrality Science is ethically neutral. It only seeks knowledge. How this knowledge will be used, is determined by the values of society. Knowledge can be used for different uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war. Ethical neutrality does not mean that the scientist does not have values. Here it only means that you should not allow your values to distort the design and conduct of your research proposal. Therefore, scientific knowledge is value-neutral or value-free. c-Accuracy Scientific knowledge is precise. It is not vague as some literary writings. Tennyson wrote: “Every moment a man dies; Every moment that one is born, it is good literature but not science. To be a good science, it should be written as: “In India, according to the 2001 census, every tenth, on average, a man dies; every fourth second, on average, a baby is born «. Accuracy requires giving the exact number or measure. Instead of saying “most people are against marriages for love,” says a scientific researcher, “ninety percent of people are against marriages for love.” d-Systematic exploration A scientific investigation adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or a research design to collect and analyze data about the problem under study. In general, this plan includes some scientific steps: formulation of hypotheses, compilation of facts, analysis of facts (classification, coding and tabulation) and generalization and scientific prediction.

Nonscientific and Scientific Research

Those of you who are familiar with research might be scratching your heads right now, because the words ‘nonscientific research’ seem oxymoronic. But historically, this oxymoron has actually been used more than the scientific research model. Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.

Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
The difference between scientific and non-scientific research is as follows:
Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis
Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
In scientific research, data is collected using multiple techniques like observation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data is collected only on the basis of observation
Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion, while non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method
Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective

2) 1. Objectivity

Scientific knowledge is objective. Simple objectivity means the ability to see and accept facts as they are, not as one might wish they were. To be objective, one has to protect oneself against one’s own prejudices, beliefs, desires, values and preferences. Objectivity requires that one should set aside all kinds of subjective considerations and prejudices.

2. Verifiable

Science rests on sensory data, that is, data collected through our senses: eye, ear, nose, tongue and touch. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence (concrete objective observations) so that other observers can observe, weigh or measure the same phenomena and verify the observation to verify its accuracy.

Is there a god? Is the Varna system ethical or the questions related to the existence of the soul, heaven or hell are not scientific questions because they can not be treated objectively? The evidence regarding its existence can not be gathered through our senses. Science has no answers for everything. Deal only with those questions about which verifiable evidence can be found.

3. Ethical neutrality

Science is ethically neutral. It only seeks knowledge. How this knowledge will be used, is determined by the values of society. Knowledge can be used for different uses. Knowledge about atomic energy can be used to cure diseases or to wage an atomic war.

Ethical neutrality does not mean that the scientist does not have values. Here it only means that you should not allow your values to distort the design and conduct of your research proposal. Therefore, scientific knowledge is value-neutral or value-free.
4. Systematic exploration

A scientific investigation adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or a research design to collect and analyze data about the problem under study. In general, this plan includes some scientific steps: formulation of hypotheses, compilation of facts, analysis of facts (classification, coding and tabulation) and generalization and scientific prediction.

5. Reliable or reliable

Scientific knowledge must occur under the prescribed circumstances not once but repeatedly. It is replicable in the indicated circumstances in any place and at any time. The conclusions based on casual memories are not very reliable.
6. Accuracy

Scientific knowledge is precise. It is not vague as some literary writings. Tennyson wrote: “Every moment a man dies; Every moment that one is born, it is good literature but not science. To be a good science, it should be written as: “In India, according to the 2001 census, every tenth, on average, a man dies; every fourth second, on average, a baby is born «. Accuracy requires giving the exact number or measure. Instead of saying “most people are against marriages for love,” says a scientific researcher, “ninety percent of people are against marriages for love.”

7. Abstraction

Science proceeds on a plane of abstraction. A general scientific principle is highly abstract. He is not interested in giving a realistic image.

8. Predictability

Scientists not only describe the phenomena that are studied, but also try to explain and predict. It is typical of the social sciences that have a much lower predictability compared to the natural sciences. The most obvious reasons are the complexity of the subject and the insufficiency in the control, etc.

Answers:
1.Non-scientific research is research that is not based on the scientific method. It may involve the collection and analysis of qualitative data, such as observations, interviews, and documents, and may not be subject to the same rigorous standards of objectivity and replication as scientific research. Non-scientific research can be used in fields such as the humanities, social sciences, and business, and is often used to gain a deeper understanding of a particular phenomenon or to develop new theories.
Scientific research, on the other hand, is research that is based on the scientific method. The scientific method is a systematic approach to investigating phenomena that involves formulating hypotheses, designing experiments to test those hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions.
Differences:
Scientific research follows a systematic and structured approach to gather and analyze data, while non-scientific research may not have a specific methodology. Scientific research also involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation and the use of statistical analysis, while non-scientific research may rely on personal opinions and anecdotal evidence. Additionally, scientific research is typically peer-reviewed and subject to replication, while non-scientific research may not undergo the same level of scrutiny.

2.
Scientific research is a systematic and logical approach to discovering new knowledge and understanding the world around us. It is characterized by several key features, including:
-Empiricism: Scientific research is based on empirical evidence, which means that it relies on observations and measurements that can be verified through experimentation or other forms of data collection. This helps to ensure that the results of scientific research are objective and unbiased.
-Replicability: Scientific research is designed to be replicable, which means that other researchers should be able to reproduce the same results using the same methods and data. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the research.
-Progression: Scientific research is a cumulative process, building on the knowledge generated by previous research. New research is based on previous findings, which are used to develop new hypotheses and theories.
-Falsifiability: Scientific research is based on the principle of falsifiability, which means that hypotheses and theories must be capable of being tested and potentially disproved. This is an important aspect of the scientific method, as it allows for the rejection of false or incorrect ideas.
-Objectivity: Scientific research is objective, which means that it is not influenced by personal biases, emotions, or subjective interpretations. This is achieved by following a rigorous and systematic methodology, and by ensuring that the researcher is not involved in the data collection or analysis process.
-Transparency: Scientific research is transparent, which means that the methods, data, and results of the research are made available to other researchers, so that they can evaluate and replicate the research.
-Generalizability: Scientific research is generalizable, which means that the results of the research can be applied to other populations or contexts.

Ochinanwata Chidiuto Francisca
2019/249884
1) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.
Non-scientific research is the traditional method of gathering information and expanding our knowledge, it doesn’t require steps
Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering, analyzing and interpreting new or existing material through experiment and observation. It requires step by step process.
Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures.scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
Both scientific and non-scientific research studies differ from one another in its methods. Basically, scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that do not contain a scientific base in acquiring knowledge.
In scientific research, data is collected using different techniques which includes observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation.Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion.
2) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
A. Empirical – based on observations and experimentation
B. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
C. Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
D. Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
E. Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
F. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical.
G. Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
2019/241246
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: here, scope of applicability, the wider the better.

NAME: UGWU CHINAZA BRIDGET
REG NO: 2019/241712
DEPT: SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION (ECONOMICS)
COURSE CODE: ECO 391
1: The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.
Scientific research is a logically sysyematic process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding.The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.
Non-scientific research is acquiring knowledge,facts and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method or techniques.
The difference between scientific and non-scientific research is as follows:
a) Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis
b) Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
c) In scientific research, data is collected using multiple techniques like observation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data is collected only on the basis of observation
d) Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion, while non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method
e) Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective.

2: Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
The major characteristics of scientific research includes the following: Empirical, Objective, Accuracy systematic, Ethical consideration, Reliable, Predictable, Replicable, Controlled and have a definite objective.
a) Verified:This means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work.
b) Objectivity: This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
c) Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
d) Systematic Exploration:Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.
e) Reliable: Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.
f) Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end.
g) Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables.
h) Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works.
I) Controlled: All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work or projects
j) Objective/ Aim: Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or aim as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any Objective in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations.

ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
2019/241246
ECONOMICS EDUCATION

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.

NAME: Aneke Chinaecherem Emmanuella
REGNOM: 2019/242940
EMAIL: chinecheremaneke21@gmail.com

1i. Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies.

There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data.

When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology.

According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.

Scientific research operates at two levels.

One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level.

At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena.

At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

II) Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis.

In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion.

Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.

In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data.
Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

III) The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Both scientific and non-scientific research studies vary from one another in their methods. Basically, scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that do not contain a scientific base in acquiring knowledge.

2i) Empirical: based on observations and experimentation
Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.

II) Controlled: all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.

III) Employs hypothesis: guides the investigation process

IV) Analytical: There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
Objective, Unbiased.

V) Logical: all findings are logically based on empirical.

Vi) Employs quantitative or statistical methods: data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
2019/241246
ECONOMICS EDUCATION
1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.

EZEH CHIAMAKA FAVOUR
2019/244443
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT

1. We have 2 types of research, we have the scientific and the non scientific research method.
The scientific research method is the type of research conducted using laid down procedures and systematic methods to inquire into a given subject. If the procedures are not followed, it is no longer a scientific research.
The procedures are
I. Formulation of the problem to be inquired into
II. Make hypothesis and predictions about the problem formulated
III. Gather data to use in testing the hypothesis and predictions
IV. Analyse the data collected. This is the most delicate part of the research project
V. Finally draw conclusions from the analysed data

Non scientific research does not use systematic methods to provide answers to questions rather it uses traditional methods like guess work, draws conclusions based on past events, uses personal beliefs to provide answers.

2. The characteristics of scientific research includes the following:
Objectivity
Verifiable
Systematic exploration
Ethically neutrality
Verifiable: A research concerning a problem that is conducted in Nigeria should be proven to be true when the same problem is researched upon in India. This proves that the conclusions drawn were not falsified or tampered with due to personal reasons.
Objectivity. The data collected should be based on facts not on what the researcher desires it to be. Personal values should not affect the research project.

1. Non-logical examination alludes to investigate that did not depend on the logical strategy. It might include the assortment and investigation of subjective information, like perceptions, meetings, and unconditional overviews. Non-logical examination frequently needs severe controls and isn’t commonly likely to peer survey. The consequences of non-logical examination may not be generalizable to a bigger populace and will be unable to be duplicated.

Logical examination, then again, depends on the logical technique and includes the assortment and investigation of quantitative information. The logical technique is an orderly course of perception, speculation testing, trial and error, and replication. The aftereffects of logical examination are likely to peer survey and are by and large viewed as more dependable and legitimate than non-logical exploration. Logical examination is many times used to make forecasts and test speculations about how the world functions.

In rundown, the principal contrast between non-logical and logical examination is that non-logical exploration did not depend on the logical technique and needs severe controls, while logical exploration depends on the logical strategy and includes severe controls to guarantee unwavering quality and legitimacy of results.

2. Talk about and profoundly make sense of the attributes of logical exploration

Logical examination is a precise and controlled process that utilizes logical techniques to assemble, break down, and decipher information to test speculations and gain new information. The primary attributes of logical examination include:

Induction: Logical examination depends on exact proof, which is data assembled through perception and trial and error. This proof is utilized to help or invalidate speculations and hypotheses.

Objectivity: Logical exploration is led in a nonpartisan and impartial way. Analysts utilize controlled strategies and procedures to dispense with individual inclination and limit the impact of unessential factors.

Replicability: Logical exploration is intended to be repeatable and obvious. Different analysts ought to have the option to repeat the review involving similar strategies and procedures to affirm the outcomes.

Testability: Logical exploration depends on testable speculations and hypotheses. The consequences of logical examination are utilized to test the legitimacy of speculations and hypotheses and to produce new ones.

Peer survey: Logical examination is dependent upon a course of friend audit, in which different specialists in the field audit and assess the exploration. This interaction assists with guaranteeing the quality and legitimacy of the examination.

Straightforwardness: Logical exploration is open and straightforward, with specialists making their strategies, information, and results accessible to others for survey and replication.

Progress: Logical exploration is a dynamic and continuous cycle, with new revelations expanding on past information and prompting new inquiries and areas of examination.

Interdisciplinary: Logical exploration is interdisciplinary, implying that it can include various fields of study and different techniques for request.

Logical technique : Logical examination depends on logical strategy which is a precise course of social occasion and dissecting information, reaching determinations, and making deductions.

Self-amending: Logical examination is self-revising, intending that after some time, mistakes and errors are recognized and adjusted through replication and further exploration.

2019/241246
ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
ECONOMICS EDUCATION

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NON-SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.

ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
2019/241246
ECONOMICS EDUCATION

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.

1. The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion.
Also, Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well.
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.
Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested.
There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.
Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
In scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation.
Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion.
Non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

2. Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
● Controlled: Scientific research must avoid chance, and the process must be supported by control mechanisms that allow it to obtain truthful results. Chance has no place in scientific research: all actions and observations are controlled, according to the researcher’s criteria and according to the object investigated, through well-defined methods and rules.
● Ordered: Scientific research needs rigorous planning so that it can yield true results. This planning must have a specific order, which responds to the interests of the study. In a scientific investigation it is necessary that the processes are designed and ordered in such a way that they reach secondary objectives that, in the last instance, can help to verify the main objectives raised by the researcher. In turn, the whole exploratory process of a scientific investigation must be based on an orderly structure that allows to develop a veracious, empirical and verifiable study.
● Rigorous: it must be based on good theoretical base and sound methodology. You must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
● Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.
This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.
● Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.
Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

Ezeoha Nnenna Mercy
2019/249099
Economics Education
300l

What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.
Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

What is Non-Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.

In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion

Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms
What is the Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research

The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Both scientific and non-scientific research studies vary from one another in their methods. Basically, scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that do not contain a scientific base in acquiring knowledge.

What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.

Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

What is Non-Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.

In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

What is the Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research?

Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

What is the Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research

The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Both scientific and non-scientific research studies vary from one another in their methods. Basically, scientific research uses a logical process in conducting the research, whereas non-scientific research uses techniques and strategies that do not contain a scientific base in acquiring knowledge.

What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.

Scientific research operates at two levels. One level is the theoretical level, and the other is the empirical level. At the theoretical level, concepts are developed, especially concepts related to social and natural phenomena. At the empirical level, theoretical concepts and relationships are tested. There are two forms of scientific research: inductive and deductive. This depends on the researcher’s training and interest. In inductive research, the researcher gathers theoretical concepts from observed data, while in deductive research, the researcher tests concepts and patterns of the theory using new empirical data.

What is Non-Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.

In non-scientific research, logical and systematics methods are not used in analyzing data. Non-scientific research simply gives a solution for a certain problem. It does not focus on other activities or recommendations for that particular problem. Moreover, it does not use a logical or organized procedure to form the conclusion.

What is the Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research?
Although both scientific and non-scientific research are used in collecting data, they follow different methods and procedures. The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Moreover, in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation. Besides, scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion. Furthermore, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

The difference between scientific and non-scientific research in tabular form for side by side comparison moreover, in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation. Besides, scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion. Furthermore, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

The difference between scientific and non-scientific research is as follows:

Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis
Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs
In scientific research, data is collected using multiple techniques like observation, formulation, and testing of hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data is collected only on the basis of observation
Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion, while non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method
Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective..

The difference between scientific and non-scientific research is as follows:

Scientific research is defined as the research that obtains data with the help of scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is the research conducted without the help of any scientific methods and/or scientific basis
Scientific research can be repeated a number of times by making use of the same methods and data whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it makes use of intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

Distinguish or different between scientific research and non scientific research

Scientific research is a logically stepped process used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding. The findings of scientific research can be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent. While in non scientific research, the research it’s not logically stepped process that used for investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding

Scientific research acquiring knowledge and truths about the data or information using techniques that follow the scientific methods such as identification of a problem, formulation of statement of a problem, formulation of hypothesis, data analysis data recording, presentation and interpretation, testing hypothesis and recommendation and conclusion. while Non scientific acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques without follow the scientific method.

Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. While non scientific research does not follow systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity

Scientific research is a systematic way of analyzing and interpreting new or existing material through experimentation and observation, While Non scientific research is based upon investigation of natural phenomenon without systematic

In general. Scientific research and non scientific research, both are used in collection of data, information and knowledge that can be added to the existing one. Can be used to solve different disputes such as political conflict economic issues and social conflict.

Major Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge:

There are different types of researches and research methods that may be considered by a researcher. But no doubt, the results of a scientific research are more readily acceptable by the majority of the public. The major reason why this is the case is because of the features which scientific research works carry. The major characteristics of scientific knowledge includes the following: Empirical, Objective, Accuracy, Systematic, Ethical consideration, Reliable, Predictable, Replicable, Controlled and have a definite objective.

QUESTION 2

Major Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge/ Research
1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.

It is only when such research work is verified and the results are seen to confirm with the original objectives and statements of the researcher that it may be correctly termed as a scientific research. Where a work cannot be verified with credible facts, evidence or materials, it cannot be said to qualify as a scientific research.

2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.

This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.

3. Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.

Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

4. Systematic Exploration: Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out. This systematic exploration mechanisms laid down allows for a detailed and accurate repetition of the research work and the materialization of a similar result.

5. Reliable: It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.

This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.

6. Accuracy: All scientific research works must have this all-important feature of being accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. This end result must be attained a 100 percent. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.

Science does not leave room for speculations and doubts as these may prove to be really costly in the long run. Any research work that does not show precision and exactitude cannot does qualify to be considered a scientific research work.

Also see: Best science courses to study in the university

7. Predictability: A good scientific research work should be predictable. This simply means that at the very early stages of the research work, a researcher should be able to predict the outcome. Due to the precise nature of science and scientific works, they are very easily predictable. Science does not allow for huge uncertainties and unknown variables. All unknown variables and uncertainties must therefore be eliminated so as to allow for a more predictable and reliable result.

8. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

9. Controlled: All scientific research works are usually examined under a controlled environment. This allows for specific variables to be known as the knowledge of these variables allow for ease of repeating the said research work. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.

10. Objective/ Goal: Lastly, all scientific research works have a specific objective or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any objective or goal in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

This is a brief analysis of the major characteristics of a scientific research work. Any research that does not meet with these requirements cannot thus be rightly considered scientific.

Bscholarly LLC is an international education and legal blog that is focused on disseminating Legal tips/news, Court judgments, Case Summaries, Admission News and school tips for scholars all over the world.

1. Non-scientific Research
When I was about 5 years old my mother told me that whenever you are in the middle of a green grass area and the wind starts to blow hard just know that a snake is coming towards you. Of course, I believed her and never liked crossing a bushy path till today. Also, there is this popular sacrifice that traditionalists perform in Lagos called “Ebo”, where they put some eggs with red oil on a plate and place it in the middle of the road with the belief that a certain spirit would come to eat it. This bothered me so much until one day one was placed by the side of a major road close to my Mum’s kiosk. In my mind, I concluded that I must see when these eggs inside the plate vanish. I was in my Mum’s kiosk watching and waiting until a customer came, only for me to finish attending to the customer, and then saw Ijebu, a popular madman in the area eating the “Ebo” that was supposed to be for the spirit.
These among many other myths are what constitutes fear among the populace on this side of the globe. They have not undergone any proper research as such to prove that they are true, yet people live their lives by it.

The instances given above are clear examples of what dogma is. Dogma is a set of beliefs that a people are supposed to accept without proper reasoning or scrutiny. However, a dogma is non-scientific in nature. It entails acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method.

Although, we can’t blame the men of the orient for propounding such beliefs for it was a way they knew best to protect their values and culture. But yet there is now an unintended consequence it has on us today, and that is ‘Rigidity in thinking’. Rigidity in thinking often results in maladaptive emotional and behavioral consequences which now prevail in our society today. If I had known that what my Mum said was a lie earlier I could have been working freely in a bush path 15 years ago, even at night.

Aside from dogmatism, there are other forms of non-scientific research which include; speculation/guesswork, theology/divine revelation, experience, intuition, etc. Sometimes I’m tempted to ask how a prophet knows that it would rain tomorrow or how he knows that a certain disaster would come upon a person at a particular future time.

Nonetheless, I’ve come to understand that despite the faults of non-scientific research it still has its relevance in the social sciences, based on the fact that human behaviors are sometimes rigorous to understand due to their dynamic nature of feelings, fears, insecurities, and other like conditions. So, scientific research in this case may not accurately decode behavioral patterns better than our intuitions, speculations, etc. would.

Scientific Research
There is this spring water in my village community. It has been serving the entire community for centuries, although some say it was discovered during the Biafra war. Of the three water supplies we have in the community, it is the purest. It is located remotely in the forest, with narrowly carved steps to reach about 30 fits downhill before you can now see the water coming from a pipe into a wall.
It used to be believed that the gods of the land were the ones who answered the people’s prayers and provided them with drinkable water. Obviously, it was my orientation as a child until I came across the information below;
Water in springs seeps, and wells generally originate as rainfall that has soaked into the soil and percolated into underlying rocks. Permeable rocks (those containing interconnected pore spaces through which water can migrate), such as limestone and sandstone, store and transmit water and are called aquifers. Sometimes the water in an aquifer becomes confined between two impermeable rock layers, such as clay or shale. When these strata are tilted or folded into a structural trap, the water in the lower part of the aquifer is stored under pressure. If the pressure is sufficiently high and a well is sunk through the capping layer, the water will rise to the surface without pumping. This is called an artesian well. Spring | water | Britannica.

I was actually amazed to discover this type of knowledge that is verifiable, replicable, empirical, and understandable. This is what scientific research is. If certain research can not prove to be replicable or verifiable, it cannot be termed scientific as such.

Differences Between Scientific and Non-scientific Research
 Scientific research is defined as research that collects data using scientific methods and strategies. Non-scientific research is research that is conducted without the use of scientific methods or a scientific foundation.
 Data in scientific research is collected using a variety of techniques such as observation, hypothesis formulation, and testing. Non-scientific research, on the other hand, gathers data solely through observation.
 Scientific research employs a logical and systematic approach to reaching a conclusion, whereas non-scientific research employs no logical, scientific, or systematic approach.
 Scientific research is objective, whereas non-scientific research is subjective

2. Characteristics of Scientific Research
 Empirical – This involves the collection of data at first hand, which means having concrete evidence of the data that you want to analyze. This is what the branch of economics called econometrics tries to help us do in research. It provides empirical support for theories. We can understand that a theory is just a mere statement or hypothesis that is mostly qualitative in nature, however, they do not provide a numerical explanation of a proposed idea as such. A vivid example would be the popular law of demand. An econometrist would say that it is not enough to state that “The higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded and vice versa”, instead he would go as far to provide empirical evidence in the form of numerical data to prove the theory and now call it scientific research as we have it.

 Generalizability – Generalizability is the extent to which one can apply the results of your study to a broader context. In scientific research there is no such thing as ‘it only applies to Chike, because he is rich’. Consider this example; It is normal science that if a person is looking to grow healthy body-muscle he or she must take in enough protein to replace the calories already burned-out during a workout session. So, we already know that foods that contain the required amount of protein are usually expensive and low-income earners can ill afford it. With this background it would now be fallacious to say that the theory only applies to Chike, because he is rich. However, it can no longer be called science if the theory doesn’t apply to Ebuka as well. In essence, for the theory to be termed scientific Ebuka, should be able to grow healthy muscle only if he takes in the right amount of protein. So, research results are considered generalizable when the findings can be applied to most contexts, most people, most of the time.

 Purposeful – Scientific research must have a specific purpose for conducting the research, and the different variable gathered must be geared towards achieving that purpose otherwise, the researcher would be overwhelmed by the research process. This is the reason why it is good practice to pose a research question first before going into findings about the topic. Not that the research question is the purpose but it helps you remain geared to the purpose. For example, the researchers that discovered the secrete of muscle growth must have posed a question like; ‘What is the correlation between the daily intake of food and level of muscle growth?’ and then the purpose that the researchers should focus on could now be ‘what particular nutrient has the highest correlation’.

 Systematic – For a particular research work to be termed scientific it must have followed a systematic process of planning, data collection, analysis and reporting. In the planning phase is where you take your time to map out how you really want the entire process to be; starting with a clearly defined goal – where you decide on the actual purpose of conducting the research, or What is expected to be found out, Method – What will be the steps to be followed to collect the data, and Deadline – set deadlines for every objective. The second is to collect data. Here you get to decide the source of data – is it primary or secondary, and the type of data – is it quantitative or qualitative. Thirdly, Analysis of data. Here you get to critically analyze the data that you’ve gotten to unearth important findings that is relevant to your goal. And lastly, reporting. Here is where you get to showcase and interpret all your findings either technically or using visuals for better understanding, depending on your type of audience.

 Controlled – Scientific research must avoid chance, and the process must be supported by control mechanisms that allow it to obtain truthful results. Controlled research is so important because if you don’t limit the influences on your research work, you won’t be able to determine why you got the results you did. For example, let’s assume our research goal is to know the effect of protein diet on muscle growth, and we want to conduct the experiment on Ebuka, from our earlier example. For this research to be termed scientific, the researcher must make sure that Ebuka doesn’t eat any food that doesn’t contain protein over a period of time to avoid being biased. Chance has no place in scientific research: all actions and observations are controlled, according to the researcher’s criteria and according to the object investigated, through well-defined methods and rules.

 Rigorous – Rigor in research means quality control, there is no science without rigor. Rigor is also called control and this word is used in science as well as in our day-to-day life. You need rigor to make your research valid, reliable, generalizable, and authentic. So, in a sense rigor comes first, and then you can say that your research has all other characteristics. While rigor improves validity, reliability, and reproducibility of research but of course, it is not the absolute criterion.
 Valid and verifiable – Reliability and validity are concepts used to assess the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique, or test measures something. The consistency of a measure is referred to as its reliability, while the accuracy of a measure is referred to as its validity. It is critical to consider reliability and validity when developing your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your findings, especially in quantitative research. Failure to do so may result in various types of research bias and have a negative impact on your work.
 Logical and objective – Research must be logical and objective in order to be used for anything scientific. The characteristic is that the person doing the research wants the truth and does not bias the research with feelings.

Name:Ukaegbu Nneoma Roseline
Reg number:2019/245510
Department:Economics

1.Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data,while Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Having known the meaning of the two research method ,it is important to note their diffrences;
The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs( ie in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses,rather for non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation. It is also important to note scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but,for non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a iconclusion. In addition this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.

2. Characteristic Of scientific research method

*Point/Goal: All scientific research works have a specific why or goal as the end result in the mind of the researcher. Research are not just carried out without any main reason or the why in mind. A research work is usually carried out with the aim of solving some world problems or making some new innovations. Thus, all scientific research must have a goal as the end product. This goal serves as the driving force for such research work.

*Controlled: Chance has no place in scientific research all actions and observations are controlled, according to the researcher’s criteria and according to the object investigated, through well-defined methods and rules. the concept of control implies that in exploring relationship between two variable ,you sent your own study it minimize the effect of other factors that affect such relationship. Scientific research must avoid chance, and the process must be supported by control mechanisms that allow it to obtain truthful results.

* Reliable: It is a key feature of a research work qualified as scientific to be reliable. Reliable in this sense means that any other person may replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it cannot be qualified as a scientific research.

This is why there is a need for a systematic exploration in scientific research works so that these laid down steps can be easily followed and a similar result attained. It is only when this is present that such research work my be considered as being reliable by the majority of the public and also readily accepted.

NAME: MBAH JULIET EZINNE
REG NO: 2019/241713
DEPARTMENT: EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC
COURSE: RESEARCH METHOD IN ECONOMICS

1) What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research refers to research that collects data using systemic methods and strategies. There is a scientific and systemic basis in the collection of data, interpretation, and evaluation of data. When conducting scientific research, the researcher should plan the research and specify the methodology. According to the techniques used in data collection, scientific research can be classified into different categories as observational and experimental.
What is Non-Scientific Research?
Non-scientific research is research conducted without any systematic methods and scientific basis. In non-scientific research, intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs are used as techniques to reach a conclusion. Thus, conclusions in non-scientific research are basically based on personal thinking and presumption.
Difference Between Scientific and Non-Scientific Research
The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that;
1) Scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.
2) Scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, Non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation.
3) Scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in Non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion.
4) Non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific, or systematic method. Thus, this is another major difference between scientific and non-scientific research. In addition, scientific research is objective, while non-scientific research is subjective.
2) CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1- Systematics
The systematization of scientific research is linked to the need for it to be rigorous in procedures.This is not a random observation, but is the result of a well-structured plan, with specific objectives.The systematic plan that must guide a scientific investigation must consider all the aspects and moments of this research: from the objects of study and the variables to be taken into account, to the rhythm of work that must be followed in order to arrive at conclusions in time expected.
2- Controlled
Scientific research must avoid chance, and the process must be supported by control mechanisms that allow it to obtain truthful results.Chance has no place in scientific research: all actions and observations are controlled, according to the researcher’s criteria and according to the object investigated, through well-defined methods and rules.
3- Empirical
The results of a scientific investigation must deal with the aspects of reality related to the subject under investigation. The aspects that characterize a particular research must be observable in the real world.Scientific research refers to issues that can be measured and identified as facts.
4- Rational
Science in general is characterized by being rational and logical. In a scientific investigation must emphasize the rationality on the subjectivity.
Its empirical characteristic makes it necessary to be based on real and verifiable facts, and demands from the researcher a critical attitude and a dispossession of his personal conceptions or judgments of value
5) Reproducible
The findings obtained through scientific research should be able to be reproduced under the same conditions established in the study.Given the systematized nature of scientific research, it must be verifiable. The fact of having controlled the variables that were part of the process, allows to be able to reproduce the results achieved.
6)- Objective
Just as rationality and critical character must be emphasized in scientific research, it must also be objective.The goal of the investigator is not to justify own postures, but to expose the facts in the purest way possible.The explanation arising from scientific research must be legitimate for people with different inclinations of thought. The results of scientific research must be universal.

NAME: IROEGBU BLESSING ONYINYECHI

REG NO: 2017/249518

DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

Scientific research differs from non-scientific research in that the former focuses on solving problems and pursues a step-by-step logical, organized,and rigorous method. The scientific research also follows a systematic process in producing the results of the research. Non-Scientific research produces answers or results of a research without empirical evidence as in the case of scientific research. Non- scientific research is conducted through speculations, experience, magic or mysticism,divine revelations etc. These means of conducting non-scientific research are not valid,as the conclusion or results derived from them can not be empirically proved. Scientific research follows a systematic process in arriving at a valid and a verifiable conclusion. Some of the methods or process involved in scientific research includes:

(i) Identifying the problem we are making research on

(ii)Collecting data

(iii) Analyzing and explaining the data and

(iv) Drawing valid conclusions

(2) The following are some of the characteristics of scientific research:

(I) Purposeful: A scientific research is directed towards a clear and specific purpose. Data collected for the purpose of the research is used for new purpose which is directed towards finding a solution to a problem.

(ii) Controlled: In a scientific research, researchers are able to manipulate and control the data used in analyzing the relationship between variables. They can do this by removing or adding a variable depending on there studies.

(iii) Rigorous: A scientific research must be based on theoritical base and sound methodology. A researcher must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.

(iv) Critical: There must be critical scrutiny of the process and procedures employed to a research enquiry. The process and procedures used must be free from irrelevant methodologies,to avoid draw backs.

(v) Valid and Verifiable: All scientific research must be able to provide empirical evidence to prove the answers to questions in the research and to provide a valid and a verifiable results and conclusions. A valid research is the one that can be replicated or worked on to improve it by another researcher.

(vi) Empirical: The conclusions or answers provided in every scientific research should entail objectivity and should be devoid of personal opinion, biases, idiosyncrasies etc. Conclusions should be drawn from hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experience or observations and subjected to experimentation and analysis.

(vii) Logical and Objective: Every step taken in a scientific research should be reasonable in order to ensure validity of steps or procedures,tools and conclusions. Objectivity of a scientific research entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective and supported by theoritical model.

(viii) Systematic: There must be a systematic processes or steps in planning, collection of data , analysis and reporting. It must follow a clearly stipulated process.

NAME: ALOZIE UCHE DANIEL
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2019/245679

1.
Scientific research is a investigating and acquiring or expanding our understanding whereas nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method.

The key difference between scientific and non-scientific research is that scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods and data, whereas non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, personal experience, and personal beliefs.

in scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation, and testing hypotheses. On the other hand, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observation.

scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion but, in non-scientific research, only the beliefs and expectations of people are considered in arriving at a conclusion.

2.
1. Empirical: A cardinal feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. Simply put, this means that it can be verifiable. Thus for a work to qualify as a scientific work, persons should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work.

2. Objectivity: All scientific knowledge are objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective. The purpose of a research work is usually to solve a problem or give explanation to a problem.

This makes it very important for such work to be conducted from an objective point of view. Also, a work will get easily verified and serve the general public more easily when it is conducted objectively. A research work bearing and carrying the personal positions, feelings, untested ideas and idiosyncrasies of a researcher cannot thus qualify as a scientific research.

3. Ethical: Science does not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Thus true and acceptable science must in some ways, put into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society.

Any research work that gravely objects to key and fundamental tenets and beliefs of the society is greatly objected to and as such loses general acceptance. For instance, the sacred nature of life is a core value in the society, thus a research work that threatens this core principle will be stiffly objected to and would ordinarily lose its scientific flavour.

4. Systematic Exploration: Scientific research require verification and the only way a scientific research can be verified is where there is a systematic exploration which can be repeated. This means that a key feature of a scientific research is that it follows some particular steps and procedures and if these steps and procedures are repeated by any other person within a specific condition, the same result can be attained.

This is why scientific research normally involves well laid out steps and detailed introductory explanation on the conditions within which the research has been carried out.

5. Replicated: A scientific work will be of little to no relevance of it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator. The possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes for the general acceptability of scientific works. The fact that a research conducted in a lab in Europe can be replicated in Africa and a similar result attained qualifies such research as being scientific. If after the due procedures and steps are followed, a similar result cannot be attained, then the research work cannot be termed scientific.

Non scientific research is usually pusedo written by people who don’t have any claims or back up .it lacks critical thinking and logical reasoning written to clearly impress naive people . In some rare cases it could lead to exposure of some vices between the author and the overly enthusiastic reader.non scientific research also includes research influenced by underlying goal or a compelled work for the purpose of funding .
Scientific research has a huge difference from unscientific research, it requires logical reasoning, critical thinking, mind consciousness,it requires inventing new or improving existing scientific method of solving problems.
It’s focused on developing falsifiable statement or models that Can be tested through experiment and observations.

2. Systematic: the systemization of a scientific research is linked to the need for it to rigirous in nature,the systematic plan that must guide scientific research must consider all the aspects and moments of the research from the object of study and the variables to be taken into account.

Controlled. Scientific research must avoid chance, and the process must be supported by fully control mechanisms that allow it to obtain clean and truthful results.

Empirical.the results of a scientific investigation must deal with the aspects of reality related to the subject under investigation. The aspects that characterize a particular research must be observable in the real world.

Reproducible. The findings obtained through a scientific research should be able to be reproduced under same circumstances.

Objective: the goal of a scientific research must be objective not just to justify his own posture but to expose the correct facts in the purest way possible

School: University of Nigeria Nsukka
Department: Social science education (Education/Economics)
Course: research methods I (Eco 391)
Name: Diugwu Salvation Nmesoma
Reg. No: 2019/242289
Lecturer: Dr. Tony Orji
Email address: salvationnmesoma65@gmail.com

(1.) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

Non-scientific research
Non-scientific research is defined as study that is not carried out in accordance with the scientific method. Research in the humanities, social sciences, and arts are examples of this, which may employ techniques including interviewing, surveying, and historical analysis. Non-scientific research is frequently qualitative in character and might not yield numbers or outcomes that are easily quantifiable. Non-scientific research also lacks the impartiality, reproducibility, and generalizability that are characteristics of scientific research.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
systematic study of natural events via experimentation and observation is known as scientific research. The purpose of scientific research is to increase our knowledge of the world and to create new tools and cures. Using the scientific process, which entails developing a hypothesis, testing it through observation and experimentation, and then interpreting the findings to reach conclusions, is how scientists do their research. Physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and psychology are just a few of the numerous domains in which scientific study is carried out

The difference between scientific research and non scientific research

1. Scientific inquiry is a methodical and logical technique to learning new information and developing fresh insights into a certain subject or event. It is based on the scientific process, which entails making observations, forming hypotheses, creating experiments or studies to test those hypotheses, and then evaluating data to develop conclusions. Rigid methodology, meticulous observation and measurement, and a focus on empirical facts and proof are all characteristics of scientific inquiry.
Contrarily, non-scientific research does not rely on empirical data or the scientific method. Instead of being based on factual data and measurements, it can be based on intuition, personal experience, or personal judgments. Non-scientific research sometimes lacks a systematic and logical methodology, and its results may not be as dependable as those of scientific study.

2. Non-scientific research may not be peer-reviewed, whereas scientific research is, meaning that it is examined by experts in the area to verify its validity and trustworthiness.

3. In contrast to non-scientific research, which may not be repeatable, scientific research may be repeated by other researchers with comparable findings.

4. Non-scientific research may be published in popular publications or internet sources, whereas scientific research is often published in scholarly journals.

5. Scientific research is published in scholarly journals, while non-scientific research may be published in popular magazines or online sources.

6. Non-scientific research employs methods and tactics that are not based on the scientific method in order to gather information and reach a result, whereas scientific research follows a logical procedure in doing the study and producing the conclusion.

(2.) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.

Scientific research is a methodical and rational approach to learning new things, finding solutions to issues, and comprehending the natural world. The following are some crucial aspects of scientific research:

1. Empiricism: Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. Scientific inquiry is based on quantifiable facts gathered by experiments, observations, or other types of empirical evidence.

2. Objectivity: This refers to the capability of making a fair judgment or choice that is unaffected by one’s own sentiments or opinions. When gathering and analyzing data, scientific research works to reduce subjectivity and prejudice.

3. Replicability: This refers to an experiment’s or trial’s capacity to be repeated in order to provide a reliable result in science.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the idea that other researchers may duplicate and replicate tests and investigations to confirm the findings.

4. The concept of parsimony, used in scientific study, states that the simplest explanation for a phenomena should be used.

5. Testability: The capacity to quantify and “test” empirical research data adequately to establish whether or not the hypothesis being tested can be reliably classified as true or untrue is known as testability.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the notion that ideas and hypotheses may be put to the test through observation and experiment.

Self-correction: Scientific inquiry is a process that can modify or reject prior ideas and hypotheses as a result of fresh information and data.

6. Generalizability: Generalisability is the degree to which you can apply the results of your study to a broader context. Scientific study seeks to identify overarching principles that hold true in a variety of contexts and occurrences.

7. Evaluation: Evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject’s merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. To assure the quality and validity of the study, scientific studies are submitted to examination and criticism from other authorities in the field.

Scientific research is carried out in an open and transparent manner, with methods and conclusions described in enough detail to enable replication and validation of the findings.
8.Progress: New information and understanding are accumulated over time as a result of continuing scientific inquiry.

School: University of Nigeria Nsukka
Department: Social science education (Education/Economics)
Course: research methods I (Eco 391)
Name: Diugwu Salvation Nmesoma
Reg. No: 2019/242289
Lecturer: Dr. Tony Orji
Email address: salvationnmesoma65@gmail.com

(1.) The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NON-SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Non-scientific research is defined as study that is not carried out in accordance with the scientific method. Research in the humanities, social sciences, and arts are examples of this, which may employ techniques including interviewing, surveying, and historical analysis. Non-scientific research is frequently qualitative in character and might not yield numbers or outcomes that are easily quantifiable. Non-scientific research also lacks the impartiality, reproducibility, and generalizability that are characteristics of scientific research.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
systematic study of natural events via experimentation and observation is known as scientific research. The purpose of scientific research is to increase our knowledge of the world and to create new tools and cures. Using the scientific process, which entails developing a hypothesis, testing it through observation and experimentation, and then interpreting the findings to reach conclusions, is how scientists do their research. Physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and psychology are just a few of the numerous domains in which scientific study is carried out

The difference between scientific research and non scientific research

1. Scientific inquiry is a methodical and logical technique to learning new information and developing fresh insights into a certain subject or event. It is based on the scientific process, which entails making observations, forming hypotheses, creating experiments or studies to test those hypotheses, and then evaluating data to develop conclusions. Rigid methodology, meticulous observation and measurement, and a focus on empirical facts and proof are all characteristics of scientific inquiry.
Contrarily, non-scientific research does not rely on empirical data or the scientific method. Instead of being based on factual data and measurements, it can be based on intuition, personal experience, or personal judgments. Non-scientific research sometimes lacks a systematic and logical methodology, and its results may not be as dependable as those of scientific study.

2. Non-scientific research may not be peer-reviewed, whereas scientific research is, meaning that it is examined by experts in the area to verify its validity and trustworthiness.

3. In contrast to non-scientific research, which may not be repeatable, scientific research may be repeated by other researchers with comparable findings.

4. Non-scientific research may be published in popular publications or internet sources, whereas scientific research is often published in scholarly journals.

5. Scientific research is published in scholarly journals, while non-scientific research may be published in popular magazines or online sources.

6. Non-scientific research employs methods and tactics that are not based on the scientific method in order to gather information and reach a result, whereas scientific research follows a logical procedure in doing the study and producing the conclusion.

(2.) Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.

Scientific research is a methodical and rational approach to learning new things, finding solutions to issues, and comprehending the natural world. The following are some crucial aspects of scientific research:

1. Empiricism: Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. Scientific inquiry is based on quantifiable facts gathered by experiments, observations, or other types of empirical evidence.

2. Objectivity: This refers to the capability of making a fair judgment or choice that is unaffected by one’s own sentiments or opinions. When gathering and analyzing data, scientific research works to reduce subjectivity and prejudice.

3. Replicability: This refers to an experiment’s or trial’s capacity to be repeated in order to provide a reliable result in science.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the idea that other researchers may duplicate and replicate tests and investigations to confirm the findings.

4. The concept of parsimony, used in scientific study, states that the simplest explanation for a phenomena should be used.

5. Testability: The capacity to quantify and “test” empirical research data adequately to establish whether or not the hypothesis being tested can be reliably classified as true or untrue is known as testability.The foundation of scientific inquiry is the notion that ideas and hypotheses may be put to the test through observation and experiment.

6. Self-correction: Scientific inquiry is a process that can modify or reject prior ideas and hypotheses as a result of fresh information and data.

7. Generalizability: Generalisability is the degree to which you can apply the results of your study to a broader context. Scientific study seeks to identify overarching principles that hold true in a variety of contexts and occurrences.

8. Evaluation: Evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject’s merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. To assure the quality and validity of the study, scientific studies are submitted to examination and criticism from other authorities in the field. Scientific research is carried out in an open and transparent manner, with methods and conclusions described in enough detail to enable replication and validation of the findings.

9. Progress: New information and understanding are accumulated over time as a result of continuing scientific inquiry.

NAME: BENJAMIN IZUAGBA C.
Reg:2018/245945
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

(1) Scientific research can be described as the type of research by which scientists study various phenomenon using systematic methods of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. It involves the use of scientific tools, methods and techniques in gathering data, It is often referred to as a creative process because it involves novel ways to test ideas that can lead to new ideas and information. It involves innovation, which can lead to discovery and vigorous explanation of new ideas to enhance and edify both the intellect of the reader and the researcher.
Nonscientific research refers to acquiring of knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method or non scientific methods, it deals more on guess work, intuition, and the likes, it does not have a valid and empirical facts to draw conlusions from. Its a research drawn from what the researcher thinks or feels.
Scientific research is about investigating, acquiring or expanding our understanding through valid, logical, systematic and empirical methods whereas Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method, but follows the researchers own feeling or ideas, it involves theology’s, divine revelations, experience, mysticism and so on.

(2) Empirical: A key feature of a scientific research work is that it is empirical. this means that it can be verifiable. Therefore for a work to qualify as a scientific work, people should be able to verify the truth or otherwise of the said research work. Thus with a knowledge of the materials and tools used by the original research and an understanding of the research procedure, any third party with the requisite knowledge should be able to verify the said research work. This also implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information from real life experiences which are subject to experimentation.
Objectivity: All scientific knowledge must be objective as opposed to being subjective. This simply means that they are considered from the general perspective as opposed to being considered from the personal perspective or supported by theoretical model. The purpose of a research work is mainly to solve a problem or give detailed explanation to a problem.
Ethical: Science can not exist on an island of it’s own, but exists within the framework of the human environment. Therefore true and acceptable science must in some ways, input into consideration the values, morals, and ethical considerations of the society it exits in

Reliable: A research must be very reliable. Reliable simplynmeans that any other person may be able to replicate similar results by following the systematic procedures laid down by the previous researcher. If a research work cannot be relied upon by others and a similar result replicated, then it can’t be qualified as a scientific research.
Accuracy: All scientific research must be accurate. A research work usually lays down the goals at the beginning stage and the results aimed to achieve at the end. The end result be be completely accurate. The precise nature of science increases the reliability of scientific research works.
Replicated: A scientific work will be of no relevance if it cannot be replicated following a systematic exploration/ procedure laid down by the originator or previous researcher. The ability and possibility of replicating a particular research work and attaining a result which is exact with the original research is what makes the research to be generally acceptable as a scientific work. For instance what was researched or created in America can easily be replicated in Nigeria.
Controlled: All scientific research works must be examined under a controlled environment. Here variables are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. All of the controlled variables must be made known so that a person who wishes to carry on the research can do so and attain a very similar result.
Rigorous: research must follow or be based off a good theoritical bbase and sound mythology. The researcher must be careful in ensuring that the procedures followed in obtaining the answers to the questions are relevant, appropriate and justifiable.
Critical: this implies that the methods and procedures employed in investigation or carrying out research must be free from any draw backs and avoid irrelevant methodologists.
Systematic: this is the process of collecting data, analysing and reporting. Each procedure adopted to undergo the investigation must follow a logical sequence.

Anyanwu Paschal Ositadinma
2019/244008
Department of Economics

1. The difference between the non scientific and scientific research goes as follows:
Non scientific research focuses sorely on the researcher by this I mean by,
a.Speculation or guess work
b.Experience
c.Hunches, Intuition and premonition..
d. Mysticism
e. Theology or divine Revelations
While
Scientific research focuses on solving problems and pursues a step by step logical, organized and rigorous method to
. Identify problems
. Collect data
. Analyse and
. Draw valid conclusions.
2. The characteristics of scientific research are as follows:
a. Purposeful (AIM):
.The purpose of scientific research is clear.
. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose.
. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b. Controlled:
. The concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between two variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship.
. Here, variables in their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire.
. Also a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
C. Rigorous:
. It must be based on good theoretical base and sound methodology.
. You must be careful and scrupulous on ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to questions are relevant to appropriate and justified.
D. Critical:
. Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry.
. The process and procedures of investigation must be free from drawbacks (avoid irrelevant methodologies).
E. Valid and Verifiable (replicability):
. Your conclusions must be correct and verifiable
that means the same relationship stands repeatedly under the same design parameters.
. If another researcher in another part of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained.
. This guides against fraud in research.

ODO LOVELYN CHIOMA
2019/241246
chiomalovelyn10@gmail.com
ECONOMICS EDUCATION

1.The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results. In view of this, clearly discuss non-scientific and scientific research and their differences.

NONSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Nonscientific research is acquiring knowledge and truths about the world using techniques that do not follow the scientific method. For instance, Plato was a large proponent of some of these, and Freud’s theories use several of them as well. Let’s look at several of the more oft-used nonscientific methods to see what pitfalls are out there.
Characteristics of nonscientific research
a: Speculations or guess work: conclusions are drawn based on what the researcher feels or think. Eg: performance of students from private and public universities fees and performance.
b: experience: conclusions drawn from past experiences.
c.Hunches, intuition and promotion: Drawing conclusion from an idea that is based on inner feeling without proof,(hunch) or assumptions.
d.Mysticism: here, knowledge is acquired through magic or occultism. The inquirer gets information.
e.Theology or divine revelation: here, informations are obtained through divine revelations and inductions. The teachings of various religions set falls under this category. Here, faith is the medium of acceptance of truth not by experimental reality.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research.
It focuses on solving problems and pursuing a step by step logical organized and rigorous method to: identify the problems, collect data, analyze and draw valid conclusions.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND NON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
1.Definition: Scientific research refers to the research that collects data using systematic methods and strategies. While,
Non-scientific research refers to the research conducted without any systematic methods or scientific basis.
2.Nature: scientific research can be repeated several times using the same methods or data. While, Non-scientific research cannot be repeated since it uses intuition, persona experience and personal beliefs.
3.Data collected: under scientific research, data is collected using different techniques such as observation, formulation and testing hypothesis. While, in non-scientific research, data collection only uses observations.
4.Conclusion: scientific research follows a logical and systematic process in arriving at a conclusion. While, non-scientific research does not follow any logical, scientific or systematic method.
5.Objective vs Subjective: Scientific Research is objective. While, Non-scientific research is Subjective.

2.Discuss and deeply explain the characteristics of scientific research.
Characteristics of scientific research
a.Purposeful
b.Controlled
c.Rigorous
d.Critical
e.Valid and verifiable
f.Empirical
g.Logical and objective
h.Systematic
i.Generalizability

a.Purposeful: the purpose of scientific research is clear. Gathering new data or using existing data for a new purpose. Directed towards the solution of a problem.
b.Controlled: the concept of control implies that in exploring the relationship between tow variables, you set up your own study in such a way that minimizes the effect of other factors that affect such a relationship. Here, variables In their natural phenomena are not allowed to move in any direction they desire. Also, a researcher can remove or add variables depending on the study.
c.Rigorous: it must based e on good theoretical base and sound methodology, you must be careful and scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed in finding answers to various questions are relevant, appropriate and justified.
d.Critical: critical study to the procedures used and methods employed is crucial to a research enquiry. The purposes and procedures for investigating a must be free from draw backs. (Avoid irrelevant methodologies)
e.Valid and verifiable (replicability): your conclusions must me collect and viable. This also implies replicability;that means the same relationship stand repeatedly under the same design parameters. If another researcher in another oat of the world repeats the same process of research and experimentation, similar or exact result will be obtained. This guide against fraud in research.
f.Empirical: Empiricism implies that conclusions are drawn from hard evidence gathered from information or data collected from real life experiences or observations and subjected to experimentations and analysis. This entails objectivity and absence of personal opinion ,biases, feelings and idiosyncrasies. Here. we test theoretical models by stimulation or experiment.
g.Logical and objective: logical means that every possible step is taken reasonably to ensure validity of procedures tools and conclusions. Research is based on logical procedures and principles. Objectivity entails that conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective ; proven from trend in data, supported by theoretical model.
h.Systematic: systematic in procedures of planning, collection of data, analysis and reporting. It follows clearly stipulated procedures. This implies that the procedures adopted to undertake an investigation follows a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way, some procedures must follow others.
i.Generalizability: scope of applicability, the wider the better.