Eco. 391—20-8-2021(Online Discussion Quiz 1–The Meaning and Scope of Research)

Name: Ugwuegede Chiamaka Precious
Reg no: 2017/249463
Dept: Combined Social Sciences (Economics /Geography)
course Code: Eco 391
Course Title: Research Methods 1.

Assignment.

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

ANSWER:

As a special Adviser to Mr President on Research and strategy, I would like to define Research as, The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It is a creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It is the process of discovering new knowledge.
Research is a studious inquiry or examination in that it involves critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, with its aim being the discovery of new facts, and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions and theories.
Research is a systematic, exhaustive, and intensive investigation and study of a topic, often employing hypothesis and experimentation, to discover new knowledge, facts, theories, principles, and laws.
It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.”
Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language defines research as“studious inquiry or examination, especially critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts, and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or practical applications of new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws.”

NAME: OFODU SANDRA CHISOM
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2014/195507
EMAIL ADDRESS: adaofodu@gmail.com
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
LEVEL: EXTERNAL STUDENT
COURSE CODE: ECO 391
COURSE TITLE: RESEARCH METHODS 1

QUESTION:
IN THE VIEW OF THE ABOVE ASSERTION AND IN THE LIGHT OF OTHER DEFINITIONS OFFERED BY VARIOUS RESEARCH PUNDITS, CLEARLY AND CLINICALLY ANALYSE THE ABOVE STATEMENT AND ALSO LET US KNOW WHAT RESEARCH MEANS TO YOU AS THE SPECIAL ADVICER TO MR PRESIDENT ON RESEARCH AND STRATEGY.

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

The definition above is one out of the numerous definitions given by various authors. For the purpose of giving more insight of this topic, let us view some of these definitions of ‘Research’ below.

According to Wikipedia, it is the creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge.

Waltz and Bansell in 1981, defined research as A systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process, employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts.

Ogunnyi (1992) defines it as A careful or diligent search, studious and critical enquiry and examination aimed at discovery and interpretation of new knowledge.

The Department of Education and Teanining of the Western Sydney University, defines Research as the Creation of new knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous reseat h to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

According to Madueme (2010), it is A systematic and objective investigation or activity to unravel and provide solutions to unknown phenomena in the environment.

Some ideas are constant with thse definitions mentioned above. The ideas are
1: Research is systematic. It follows a guide, a rule, a set of laid out steps.
2: Research is careful. It should not and cannot be carried out carelessly.
3: At the end of a research, there is meant to be answers or solutions. An added knowledge.

Let us break down the word ‘Research’. ‘Re’ is a prefix that means again; anew. It indicates repetition. ‘Search’ is a verb which means to seek or examine carefully, closely or thoroughly, to test and try or to probe.

These words put together, form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish results which are facts or principles.

Nworgu (1991), noted that reseat h exists because of man’s curiosity and his inquisitive nature. Man has always searched and will continue to search for facts yet unknown to him; for answers to questions or puzzles yet unsolved. So it is safe to say, that research was born out of man’s curiosity and nature to know more. In our world today, there are still many facts, principles that are unknown and yet to be discovered. This is the reason that research has become rampant and even advancing.

The investigation called Research, involves the use of various analytical tools and techniques, which includes, the collection of data from different and vital data sources, data analysis and its interpretations. These tools and techniques when used will culminate into the extension of the frontiers of knowledge in any field of study.

Research is not impulsive. It is not a reflex action. It is not conducted just for its sake or to fulfil some righteousness. Rather, a research is carried out for a purpose it could be, to answer a question, to advance solutions for a problem, to dispute and correct a theory or to improve on the knowledge of the topic being researched.

As the Special Advicer to Mr President on Research and Strategy, I will define Research as an Indepth examination and investigation conducted with an open and unbiased mind, following a set of systematic steps like data collection, data analysis and interpretation, to provide new facts, to solve new or existing problems, to prove/develop theories and to broaden the bounds of knowledge.

Thank you Mr President.

Name: Selema Michael
Reg no: 2018/241842
Department: Economics
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Research Is Conducted To…
*Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework.
*To assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate manners.
Most research can be divided into three different categories: exploratory, descriptive and causal. Each serves a different end purpose and can only be used in certain ways.
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.
Qualitative methods
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.
Characteristics of Research:
There are 8 core characteristics that all research projects should have. These are:
(1)Empirical – based on proven scientific methods derived from real-life observations and experiments.
(2)Logical – follows sequential procedures based on valid principles.
(3)Cyclic – research begins with a question and ends with a question, i.e. research should lead to a new line of questioning.
(4)Controlled – vigorous measures put into place to keep all variables constant, except those under investigation.
(5)Hypothesis-based – the research design generates data that sufficiently meets the research objectives and can prove or disprove the hypothesis. It makes the research study repeatable and gives credibility to the results.
(6)Analytical – data is generated, recorded and analysed using proven techniques to ensure high accuracy and repeatability while minimising potential errors and anomalies.
(7)Objective – sound judgement is used by the researcher to ensure that the research findings are valid.
(8)Statistical treatment – statistical treatment is used to transform the available data into something more meaningful from which knowledge can be gained.

Name: Obiesie Mmesoma Rejoice
Reg. No: 2018/245427
Department: Economics/Education
E-mail: obiesiemmesoma@gmail.com
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!
Answer
Research is derived from a latin word ‘sciens’ meaning to know. Research is composed of two syllables re and search. “Re” is a prefix meaning again,anew or over again while “search” is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully to test and try or to probe.
Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research is a systematic, scientific, objective activity, which includes the collection of relevant information, and careful analysis of data, recording and reporting of valid conclusion, that may lead to creation of new knowledge, development of theory, principles, and generalization. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.
Research Has the Following Characteristics
1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it. It creates a path for generating new questions.
5. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.
As A Special Adviser To Mr. President, Research Means The Following Things To Me
1. My chief tool of analysis so as to enable me give the best advices to mr. president
2. it serves as my main method of analyzing and drawing accurate conclusions on events, happenings and policies in the country.
3. research will help me to advice the president on the best strategies to follow in tackling both home and abroad crisis.
There Are Three Main Purposes Of Research
A. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
B. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
C. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Name : IZUEKE CHIDERA MAXIMILIAN
REG NO: 2018/246268
DEPARTMENT : Combined social sciences
(Economics/political science)
ANSWERS

Research as a studious inquiry or examination,especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts,revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new facts and practically application of such new facts and revised theories of law
For me as a special Adviser to Mr President i will say that

Research involves ones willingness, A quest to know more about a phenomenon and there by carrying out some methods and procedures of how to achieve this aim.

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.

Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question
Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.
These are some characteristics of research:

(1) Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

(2) The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

(3) Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.

(4) There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.

(5) It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.

(6) It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.

(7) Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

NAME:OKOYE FAVOUR
REG NO:2018/249186
Ifyfavourokoye@gmail.com

Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

• Identify potential and new customers

• Understand existing customers

• Set pragmatic goals

• Develop productive market strategies

• Address business challenges

• Put together a business expansion plan

• Identify new business opportunities

What are the characteristics of research?

• Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

• The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

• Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.

• There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.

• It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.

• It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.

• Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?

There are three main purposes:

• Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

• Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

• Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

NAME: IGWILO UGOCHUKWU HENRY
REG NO: 2017/249345
DEPT; ECONOMICS/SOCIOLOGY (COMBINED SOCIAL SCIENCE)
COURSE: RESEARCH METHOD (ECO 391)

QUESTION
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyze the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

ANSWER

First of all, It is paramount that we do a little justice to the key word in this discuss by defining the key word (research); Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods.

Payton (1979) defined it as the process of looking for a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.
According to Waltz and Bansell (1981). Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships
A research work consists of 2 different methods of carrying it out and that is; inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

THERE ARE CERTAIN THINGS ONE NEED TO LOOK OUT FOR BEFORE A QUEST COULD ACTUALLY BE CALLED A RESEARCH. IT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING:

1. It is based on the work of others.
2. It can be replicated and doable.
3. It is generalisable to other settings.
4. It is based on some logical rationale and tied to theory.
5. It generates new questions or is cyclical in nature.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM MAY INCLUDE THE FACT THAT:

i) Topic of research selected should be within the range your resources and time
ii. Data should be accessible.
iii. Selected research problem should have a solution.
iv. Research methodology should be manageable and understandable.

TO CRITICALLY ANALYZE WHAT RESEARCH MEANS TO ME AS THE SPECIAL ADVISER TO MR. PRESIDENT ON RESEARCH AND STRATEGY

Thus, on a personal note and as a special adviser to Mr. President, In giving meaning to the word (research), it can be said to be the systematic, scientific, empirical or generally an organized quest for known or unknown phenomena with the aim of getting something meaningful out of it which could be called result, findings or conclusion

Name: Igweh Irene Chidubem
Reg no: 208/241400
Department: Economics
Course: Eco 391
Answer
The word ” research ” is composed of two syllables “re ” meaning again, anew or repeat and ” search” meaning to examine closely and carefully or to probe together . With this breakdown, we can say that research is the careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge undertaken to establish facts and principles.
Research as defined by Crewell J.W “is a process of steps used to collect and analyse information, to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three steps; pose a question, collect data to answer the question and present an answer to the question. There are some basic concept of research
Research undertaken many procedures, it is being done step by step
(1)A research is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies
(2)It uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability
(3)A research must be unbiased and objective. It is when the three citeria mentioned above adhered ,enables the process to be called research. Therefore research involves the systematic search for knowledge or any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish new facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas or develop new theories.
Research involves
R – rationale way of thinking
E — Expert/ exhaustive thinking
S — search for solution
E — exactness
A — Adequate date and data
R — relationships among facts, information
C — careful recording; critical observations
H — honesty; hardwork

Name: lko Grace Onu
Reg. No. 2011/179787
Assignment on Eco 391

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Research is simply a detailed and focused study, using scientific methods, to understand why something happens and/or what its applications are. Research is basically done for two purposes: to understand the world around us or why things or process work the way they do and to understand the applications of results. Furthermore, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known. While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges. The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met through forming hypotheses, collecting data, analysing results, forming conclusions, implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new research questions.
The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarised into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.
From weather forecasts to the discovery of antibiotics, researchers are constantly trying to find new ways to understand the world and how things work – with the ultimate goal of improving our lives.
The purpose of research is therefore to find out what is known, what is not and what we can develop further. In this way, scientists can develop new theories, ideas and products that shape our society and our everyday lives. The purpose of research is to further understand the world and to learn how this knowledge can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem solving. Although research can take many forms, there are three main purposes of research:
Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.
Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.
Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Reasons Why Research is Important
No matter what career field you’re in or how high up you are, there’s always more to learn. The same applies to your personal life. No matter how many experiences you have or how diverse your social circle, there are things you don’t know. Research unlocks the unknowns, lets you explore the world from different perspectives, and fuels a deeper understanding. In some areas, research is an essential part of success. In others, it may not be absolutely nec

Name :Akachukwu Christian Nonso
Dept:Economics
Reg No:2018/249531
Eco 391(development research)

(1)
The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times.
The increasingly complex nature of business and government has focused attention on the use of research in solving operational problems. Research, as an aid to economic policy, has gained added importance, both for government and business. •
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. For instance, government’s budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet these needs.
The cost of needs has to be equated to probable revenues and this is an aspect where research is mostly welcomed. Through research we can devise alternative policies and
can as well examine the implications of each of these alternative.
Decision-making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the decisions of the policy maker. Government has also to chalk out programmes for dealing with all facets of the country’s existence and most of these will be related directly or indirectly to economic conditions. The plight of cultivators, the problems of big and small business and industry, working conditions, trade union activities, the problems of distribution, even the size and nature of defence services are matters requiring investigation.
Thus, research is considered necessary with regard to the allocation of nations’ resources. • Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry.
Operations research and market research, along with motivational research, are considered crucial and their results assist, in more than one way, in taking business decisions. Market research is the investigation of the structure and development of a market for the purpose of formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales. Operations research refers to the application of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the solution of business problems of cost minimization or of profit maximization or the combination of the two called optimization problems.
Motivational research of determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with market characteristics. In other words, it is concerned with the determination of drives underlying the consumer (market) behaviour. All these are of great help to people in business and industry who are responsible for business decisions making.
Research with regard to demand and market factors has great utility in business. Given knowledge of future demand, it is generally not difficult for a firm, or for an industry to alter its supply schedule within the bounds of its anticipated capacity. Market analysis has become an essential device of making business policy these days. Business budgeting, which eventually results in a projected profit and loss account, is founded primarily on sales estimates which in turn depend on business research. Once an organization is able to project her sales, efficient production and investment programmes can be planned, this will include the purchasing and financing plans. Research, thus, replaces intuitive business decisions by more logical and scientific decisions. •
Research is equally significant for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.
It provides the intellectual satisfaction of knowing a few things just for the sake of knowledge and also, it has practical utility for the social scientist to know for the sake of being able to do something better or in a more efficient manner.
Research is concerned with both knowledge for its own sake and knowledge for what it can contribute to practical concerns. “This double emphasis is perhaps especially appropriate in the case of social science.” On the one hand, its responsibility as a science is to develop a body of principles that make possible the understanding and prediction of the whole range of human interactions.
Objectives of Research :-
The purpose of any research is to find solutions to problems through the application of scientific procedures.
The main purpose of research is to find out the truth which is not known and is yet to be revealed.
Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of groups. These include: •
To gain acquaintance with a phenomenon or to have understandings into it (studies with this object in mind are tagged exploratory or formativeresearch); •

To show accurately the features of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this objective are known as descriptiveresearch); •

To determine the rate at which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this kind of objective in view are known as diagnosticresearch);

To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between two or more variables (such studies are referred to as hypothesis-testingresearch).

(2) There are various problem associated with social science research in developing countries which are the following :-
Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic.

Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.

Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars.

A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources.

Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read.

Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

Lack of confidence: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

Concern that your focus is either still too broad or too narrow: This concern is inevitable. Be prepared to adapt your research as you look through the literature. This might require you to either increase its focus or narrow down so that the research is manageable. A broad focus for research might be narrowed down by adding an appropriate context or by looking for another variable within the research question or by focusing upon a theoretical viewpoint.

Library management: Library management and functioning is not satisfactory in many Universities; A lot of time and energy is spent on tracing appropriate books, journals, reports etc. Also, many of the libraries are not able to get copies of new reports and other publications on time.

Research demands immediate action on the part pf the concerned authorities or personnel at national levels, so as to transform these challenges into major opportunities.

NAME: Obi Chiedozie Joseph
Department: Economics
Reg number: 2018/241868
ASSIGNMENT QUIZ ON ECO 391
Research to me can be said to mean an inquisitive move made to verify the truth or falsehood entrenched in a particular statement, theory or model. It involves taking different steps towards achieving the main purpose of defining the real situation of a particular statement.
Research according to the Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary is “the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.”
Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue.(Wikipedia)
According to Question Pro(questionpro.com), Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

Assignment
Moses Igwe Ozioma
Economics Dept
300 level
Research is the product of curiosity. Research begins when we want to know more about a phenomena. It seeks to advance the body of knowledge and expand understanding. Research is the driver of economic growth and development as it reveals new technologies, answers pressing questions and offers solutions to national problems.

The United States today is said to have the highest economic growth rate even among the industrialized nations as a result of it’s distinguished policy of devoting a huge percentage of its national income to research and development. Certainly, there seems to be a correlation between research and economic growth. Research helps in the manufacturing of new products, the creation of new jobs and improvement in national welfare.

THERE ARE THREE MAIN PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
A. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
B. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
C. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

NAME:UGWU CYNTHIA UGOCHUKWU
REG:2018/245470
DEPT:ECONOMICS MAJOR
ECO 391 clearly and clinically analyze the statement above and let us know what research means to you as the special adviser to Mr president on research and strategy
Research is a creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.
WHAT IS RESEARCH
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcome.
Research can also be defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Research involves systematic investigation of phenomena, the purpose of which could be for:
1. Information gathering and/or Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring.
2.Descriptive: e.g., gathering informations, describing, summarizing Theory testing.
3.Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations.
4.Predictive: e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios. A research strategy is an overall plan for conducting a research study.
A research strategy guides a researcher in planning, executing, and monitoring the study. … Research methods tell the researcher how to collect and analyse data, e.g. through interviews, questionnaires, or statistical methods.
WHY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT FOR STUDENT
1. A Knowledge Building Tool
The most prominent reason to engage in research is to enhance your knowledge. Even if you are an expert of your field, there is always more to uncover. If researching about a topic entirely new to you, it will help build your unique perspective about it. The whole process of research opens new doors of learning and literary growth.
2. Enables Efficient Learning
Studies reveal that research helps restore and protect memory and enhances mathematic and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it prepares the mind for a better understanding of concepts and theories. A person’s learning capacity is improved and they can perform better in comparison who is reluctant to research.
4. Helps in Understanding Issues
It sheds light on problems that have not yet come out in the open. It gives people the opportunity to address issues and answer questions that the society doesn’t respond to.
5. Provides Truthful Evidence
The process of research can prove to dispel various myths that have been built up in our minds. They can either develop because of common belief or a wrong resource. Logical and fact-based knowledge is easily accessible if you only reach out to find the truth.
8. Keeps You Updated on Recent Information
In various fields, especially ones that are related to science, there are always new discoveries to explore. Research prevents you from remaining behind or have inaccurate information about a topic. You can use the latest knowledge to build upon ideas or talk confidently about a subject if required. Which takes us to the next factor about building credibility.
A research strategy is an overall plan for conducting a research study. A research strategy guides a researcher in planning, executing, and monitoring the study. … Research methods tell the researcher how to collect and analyse data, e.g. through interviews, questionnaires, or statistical methods.
In conclusion,Without research any intellectual growth is quite impossible. So as the special adviser to Mr president, a good research will help me figure out the goals and the challenges ahead, support truths, to know and to avoid the mistakes of the previous government.

NAME: NGADI GOD’SPROMISE CHICHOROBIM
REG NO:2018/242405
DEPT:ECONOMICS
COURSE:ECO 391
ASSIGNMENT
Online Discussion Quiz 1–The Meaning and Scope of Research
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyze the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

ANSWER
As the Special Adviser to Mr president on Reseach and Strategy, j would say that Research is a conscious and planned inquiry into a particular area with the sole aim of acquiring new knowledge and designing a better way of doing things.
Strategy to me refers to the various methods imployed in carryjngout Research. This methods are a function of certain parameters suchas  Data obtained, scope of the study, population sjze, etc.all these  determines the type of Strategy that would be employed in carryjngout a Research.

The term “Research” consists of two words, “Re” and “Search”. “Re” means again and again; and “Search” means to find out something. Research is simply the process of arriving at dependable solution to a research problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data, information or facts. It is one of the most effective ways of solving problems.
Research seeks to find explanations for unexplained events or occurrences, to clarify propositions or assertions, and to correct misconceived facts. Grinnell (1993) states that “Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable”.
FEATURES OF RESEARCH
●Rigorous
●Systematic
●Valid and verifiable
●Empirical
●Critical
●Unbiased and Objective
We will now examine each of these features below;
RIGOROUS: This means that the researcher must be thorough in ensuring that the steps followed to find answers are relevant and appropriate.
SYSTEMATIC: This entail that the procedures taken in research follows a logical sequence. These procedures or steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way. Some steps must logically follow others, not precede them.
VALID and VERIFIABLE: This means that a researcher’s conclusion based on his findings must be correct and can be verified by the researcher and others.
EMPIRICAL: This means that every conclusion arrived at by the researcher must be based on solid evidence obtained from information collected from real-life observations.
CRITICAL: The process or procedures for inquiry or investigation must be foolproof such that it will be able to withstand critical scrutiny.
UNBIASED and OBJECTIVE: This means that each step undertaken by the researcher must be unbiased and every conclusion drawn without introducing sentiments or personal opinion.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
Research help to fulfill the following functions:
I. Discovery and interpretation of facts
II. Diagnosis of problems and their analysis
III: Systemization of knowledge
IV. Control over social phenomena
V. Forecasting
VI. Development planning
VII. Social welfare

Name: Edeh Amarachukwu Jennifer
Reg. No: 2018/248241
Dept: Economics/Psychology

QUESTION

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

ANSWER
Research is the product of curiosity. Research begins when we want to know more about a phenomena. It seeks to advance the body of knowledge and expand understanding. Research is the driver of economic growth and development as it reveals new technologies, answers pressing questions and offers solutions to national problems.

The United States today is said to have the highest economic growth rate even among the industrialized nations as a result of it’s distinguished policy of devoting a huge percentage of its national income to research and development. Certainly, there seems to be a correlation between research and economic growth. Research helps in the manufacturing of new products, the creation of new jobs and improvement in national welfare.

Research serves a good number of functions. They include;

-exploring new facts and concepts about the world around us
Investigating the relationships between the various phenomena
-Adding to theoretical knowledge that would be applied for innovation and creation of products and services
-Solving national problems and challenges

Odo Onochie Godsmark
2017/249540
Economics Department
Eco 391
Online Discussion Quiz 1–The Meaning and Scope of Research
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyze the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

The term “Research” consists of two words, “Re” and “Search”. “Re” means again and again; and “Search” means to find out something. Research is simply the process of arriving at dependable solution to a research problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data, information or facts. It is one of the most effective ways of solving problems.
Research seeks to find explanations for unexplained events or occurrences, to clarify propositions or assertions, and to correct misconceived facts. Grinnell (1993) states that “Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable”.
FEATURES OF RESEARCH
From the foregoing clarifications above, it is clear that research is a process for collecting, analyzing and interpreting information in order to provide answer(s) to a research question. But for a work to qualify as a research, it must be;
●Rigorous
●Systematic
●Valid and verifiable
●Empirical
●Critical
●Unbiased and Objective
We will now examine each of these features below;
RIGOROUS: This means that the researcher must be thorough in ensuring that the steps followed to find answers are relevant and appropriate.
SYSTEMATIC: This entail that the procedures taken in research follows a logical sequence. These procedures or steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way. Some steps must logically follow others, not precede them.
VALID and VERIFIABLE: This means that a researcher’s conclusion based on his findings must be correct and can be verified by the researcher and others.
EMPIRICAL: This means that every conclusion arrived at by the researcher must be based on solid evidence obtained from information collected from real-life observations.
CRITICAL: The process or procedures for inquiry or investigation must be foolproof such that it will be able to withstand critical scrutiny.
UNBIASED and OBJECTIVE: This means that each step undertaken by the researcher must be unbiased and every conclusion drawn without introducing sentiments or personal opinion.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
Research help to fulfill the following functions:
I. Discovery and interpretation of facts
II. Diagnosis of problems and their analysis
III: Systemization of knowledge
IV. Control over social phenomena
V. Forecasting
VI. Development planning
VII. Social welfare

After clearly analyzing what research entails according to research pundits, here is what research means to me;
Research is any planned effort made in finding out solution to a problem or to revise old facts in the light of new information, utilizing scientific methods, processes or procedures to collect data, analyze data and interpret data in order to arrive at a relevant conclusion or provide a workable answer to a Research question.

Name:Nwokolo Emmanuel Chibuike.
Reg no:2018/248270
Department:Economics Department
Email:chibuikenwokolo20@gmail.com

Assignment
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us
Definition: Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final resul

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
[
There are three main purposes:

1.Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2.Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3.Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Resethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.

Name: Joseph chioma Mercy
Reg. no. 2018/242205
Dept. Education/Economics

“Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”
The above definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase knowledge, properly understand some theories and interpret them. It also helps to know how and when to apply the a given theory.
To my understanding, Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. For example, many people suffer from depression, and research has found that exercise, psychotropic medication, and therapy have reduced and sometimes eliminated the feelings of sadness, guilt, and worthlessness that come from depression.
The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study.
Research is also used to…
• Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework.
• To assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate manners.
• To help generate questions for further inquiries

Name: Chibugo faith Enyesiobi
Reg no:2018/247409
Department:Combined social science
(Economics and psychology)
Email: adabeauty940@gmail.com
Question:Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy.
Answer
Re is a prefix meaning again, search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully. Together they form a noun describing a careful systematic patient study and investigation.
Hyllegard mood and morrow said that the main goal of research is gathering and interpreting information to answer your questions meaning what prompts research are questions
(Best and Kahn 1998) Research also the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation that may lead to development and generalizations, principles or theories resulting in predications and possible control of events
We know there’s also what we call nonresearch which doesn’t follow systematic process
A broad definition of research is given by Martin Shuttle worth . In the broadest sense of word, the definition of research includes any gathering of information,data and facts for the advancement of knowledge
Characteristics of research includes
1. Empirical – based on observations and experimentation on theories.
Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
2.Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
3.Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
4. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical
5.Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.
Methods of research
Qualitative Research gathers data about lived experiences, emotions or behaviours, and the meanings individuals attach to them. It assists in enabling researchers to gain a better understanding of complex concepts, social interactions or cultural phenomena. This type of research is useful in the exploration of how or why things have occurred, interpreting events and describing actions.

Quantitative Research gathers numerical data which can be ranked, measured or categorised through statistical analysis. It assists with uncovering patterns or relationships, and for making generalisations. This type of research is useful for finding out how many, how much, how often, or to what extent.
Mixed Methods Research integrates both Qualitative and Quantitative Research. It provides a holistic approach combining and analysing the statistical data with deeper contextualised insights. Using Mixed Methods also enables Triangulation, or verification, of the data from two or more sources.
Part B: what research means to me
It plays an important role in discovering new treatments, and making sure that we use existing treatments in the best possible ways. Research can find answers to things that are unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the way that healthcare professionals work.
It’s a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.
It’s a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.
It helps us succeed in business.
It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information.
It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.
Conducting research doesn’t just arm us with knowledge—it helps teach us how to think.
Conducting research doesn’t just arm us with knowledge—it helps teach us how to thin

NAME: NELSON FAVOUR OGECHUKWU
REG NO: 2018/245389
DEPARTMENT: EDUCATION ECONOMICS
EMAIL: nelsonfavour38@gmail.com
Eco. 391—20-8-2021(Online Discussion Quiz 1–The Meaning and Scope of Research)

What is Research?
Definition: Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

1. Identify potential and new customers
2. Understand existing customers
3. Set pragmatic goals
4. Develop productive market strategies
5. Address business challenges
6. Put together a business expansion plan
7. Identify new business opportunities

What are the characteristics of research?
1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
5. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:
1. Exploratory:
As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2. Descriptive:
It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory:
Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.
When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.
To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and to manage your research data in one centralized repository.

Types of research methods and example
what is research
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

1. Qualitative methods
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:
1. One-to-one Interview
2. Focus Groups
3. Ethnographic studies
4. Text Analysis
5. Case Study

2. Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
Types of quantitative methods include:
1. Survey research
2. Descriptive research
3. Correlational research

Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.
It is essential to ensure that your data is:
1. Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
2. Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
3. Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
4. Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
5. Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.
Gather research insights

Eight tips for conducting accurate research
1. Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one.
2. Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears.
3. Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common.
4. Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have been identified in a SWOT analysis.
5. Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your study.
6. Act on your strategies
7. Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional inquiry if necessary
8. Plan to review the results and consider efficient methods to analyze and dissect results for interpretation.
Review your goals before making any conclusions about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your analysis revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendations.

The scope of a study explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies the parameters within the study will be operating.
Basically, this means that you will have to define what the study is going to cover and what it is focusing on. Similarly, you also have to define what the study is not going to cover. This will come under the limitations. Generally, the scope of a research paper is followed by its limitations.
As a researcher, you have to be careful when you define your scope or area of focus. Remember that if you broaden the scope too much, you might not be able to do justice to the work or it might take a very long time to complete. Consider the feasibility of your work before you write down the scope. Again, if the scope is too narrow, the findings might not be generalizable.
Typically, the information that you need to include in the scope would cover the following:
1. General purpose of the study
2. The population or sample that you are studying
3. The duration of the study
4. The topics or theories that you will discuss
5. The geographical location covered in the study
To learn in depth how you can write an engaging Introduction section, check out this course designed exclusively for researchers.

REFERENCE
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/
https://www.editage.com/insights/how-do-i-present-scope-of-my-study

Name : Nduka Olisazoba Chiebuniem
REG NO. 2018/241844
DEPARTMENT: Economics
Answers
Research could be defined as inquiry or examination.
A Special Adviser to the President is a supporting role in the executive arm of the Government of Nigeria, whose duty is to assist the President of Nigeria in the performance of his functions. Special Advisers are appointed by the President with confirmation by the National Assembly, but the President can dismiss them at will, and their appointment ceases once the President ceases to hold office.
The number of Special Advisers that a President can appoint and their remuneration and allowances is determined by law or by resolution of the National Assembly.
Now as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy i am in charge of analyzing the difference between current and planned behavior/performance of the economy.
I will be involved in identifying the market trends that their country can capitalize on. I will help the president make better economic decisions.
I will use various analytical software(s) and technologies to organize the nation’s economic data and perform real-time analytics.
I will also be involved in preparing presentation reports for the president and communicating the analytical reports.

Name: Ik-Ukennaya Ezekiel
Department: Economics
Reg no:2018/249 788
Email:ezekielikukennaya4@gmail.com

There are various definitions of research presented by various scholars and authors. In general, research is a way of thinking and finding answers to the questions that come into your mind. In our day-to-day life, we formulate several question in our mind. We want to get answers for these questions. Some of these questions can be answered easily without any need of scientific scrutiny. While there are also some questions that need to be answered in a logical manner.

According to
Shuttleworth – “In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.

Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states that – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

According to Waltz and Bansell (1981). Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships.

According to Kothari (2006). Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.

According to Payton (1979). Research is the process of looking for a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.

From my own perspective research is examination to seek or revise facts to find the reasons and answer to unanswered questions.Questions and problems leads to research process,the questions Why? What? And how? Pushes researchers to seek answers which is the solution to the above problems(how? Why? What? When? Etc).
The word Re means again & again and search means to seek .In other words research is simply and attempt to find something again and again till answers are found.

From the various research definitions given by scholars and what I understand as research, we can say the process that is called research should have the following features:

1.the process should follow valid and verifiable tools, techniques and procedures

2.It should follow a scientific procedure i.e formulation of hypothesis, creation of theories etc

3.the process follows the logical and sequential procedures that are established by the academic discipline in which you are conducting research.
The process to be followed

4. Research comprises “creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

1. Research expands your knowledge base
The most obvious reason to do research is that you’ll learn more. There’s always more to learn about a topic, even if you are already well-versed in it. If you aren’t, research allows you to build on any personal experience you have with the subject. The process of research opens up new opportunities for learning and growth.

2. Research introduces you to new ideas:
You may already have opinions and ideas about a topic when you start researching. The more you research, the more viewpoints you’ll come across. This encourages you to entertain new ideas and perhaps take a closer look at yours. You might change your mind about something or, at least, figure out how to position your ideas as the best ones.

3. Research helps with problem-solving
Whether it’s a personal or professional problem, it helps to look outside yourself for help. Depending on what the issue is, your research can focus on what others have done before. You might just need more information, so you can make an informed plan of attack and an informed decision. When you know you’ve collected good information, you’ll feel much more confident in your solution.

4.Research encourages curiosity:
Having curiosity and a love of learning take you far in life. Research opens you up to different opinions and new ideas. It also builds discerning and analytical skills. The research process rewards curiosity. When you’re committed to learning, you’re always in a place of growth. Curiosity is also good for your health. Studies show curiosity is associated with higher levels of positivity, better satisfaction with life, and lower anxiety.

Name: Olayiwola Nurudeen Akanni
Reg No: 2018/246563
Department: Economics
Course: Eco 391
Assignment
Question: Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy.
Answer
Research: Definition, Characteristics, Goals, Approaches
Definition: Research is an original and systematic investigation undertaken to increase existing knowledge and understanding of the unknown to establish facts and principles. Some people consider research as a voyage of discovery of new knowledge.
It comprises the creation of ideas and the generation of new knowledge that leads to new and improved insights and the development of new materials, devices, products, and processes. It should have the potentials to produce results that are sufficiently relevant to increase and synthesize existing knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” that meant to ‘search again.’ It implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete, and hence a repeated search is called for.
The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” that meant to ‘search again.’ It implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete, and hence a repeated search is called for.
In practice, the term ‘research’ refers to a scientific process of generating an unexplored horizon of knowledge, aiming at discovering or establishing facts, solving a problem, and reaching a decision. Keeping the above points in view, we arrive at the following definition of research:
In another word, Research is a scientific approach of answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data with the ultimate goal of making the findings of research useful in decision-making.
When do we call a research scientific? Any research endeavor is said to be scientific if
1. It is based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning;
2. It consists of systematic observations, measurement, and experimentation;
3. It relies on the application of the scientific methods and harnessing of curiosity;
4. It provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of nature;
5. It makes practical applications possible; and
6. It ensures adequate analysis of data employing rigorous statistical techniques.
The chief characteristic which distinguishes the scientific method from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory’s predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false.
Scientific research has multidimensional functions, characteristics, and objectives.
Keeping these issues in view, we assert that research in any field or discipline:
Attempts to solve a research problem;
Involves gathering new data from primary or first-hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose;
1. Is based upon observable experiences or empirical evidence;
2. Demands accurate observation and description;
3. Employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis;
4. Attempts to find an objective, unbiased solution to the problem and takes great pains to validate the methods employed;
5. Is a deliberate and unhurried activity that is directional but often refines the problem or questions as the research progresses.
Characteristics of Research
Keeping this in mind that research in any field of inquiry is undertaken to provide information to support decision-making in its respective area, we summarize some desirable characteristics of research:

1. The research should focus on priority problems.
2. The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should employ a structured procedure.
3. The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.
4. The research should be reductive. This means that the findings of one researcher should be made available to other researchers to prevent them from repeating the same research.
5. The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be scope to confirm the findings of previous research in a new environment and different settings with a new group of subjects or at a different point in time.
6. The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable characteristics of research because answering one question leads to generating many other new questions.
7. The research should be action-oriented. In other words, it should be aimed at reaching a solution leading to the implementation of its findings.
8. The research should follow an integrated multidisciplinary approach, i.e., research approaches from more than one discipline are needed.
9. The research should be participatory, involving all parties concerned (from policymakers down to community members) at all stages of the study.
10. The research must be relatively simple, timely, and time-bound, employing a comparatively simple design.
11. The research must be as much cost-effective as possible.
12. The results of the research should be presented in formats most useful for administrators, decision-makers, business managers, or the community members.
3 Basic Operations of Research
Scientific research in any field of inquiry involves three basic operations:
1. Data collection;
2. Data analysis;
3. Report writing.

1. Data collection refers to observing, measuring, and recording data or information.
2. Data analysis, on the other hand, refers to arranging and organizing the collected data so that we may be able to find out what their significance is and generalize about them.
3. Report writing is the ultimate step of the study. Its purpose is to convey the information contained in it to the readers or audience.

If you note down, for example, the reading habit of newspapers of a group of residents in a community, that would be your data collection.

If you then divide these residents, say, into three categories, ‘regular,’ ‘occasional’ and ‘never,’ you have performed a simple data analysis. Your findings may now be presented in a report form.

A reader of your report comes to know what percentage of the community people never read any newspaper and so on.

Here are some examples that demonstrate what research is:

A farmer is planting two varieties of jute side by side to compare yields;
A sociologist is examining the causes and consequences of divorce;
An economist is looking at the interdependence of inflation and foreign direct investment;
A physician is experimenting with the effects of multiple uses of disposable insulin syringes in hospital;
A business enterprise is examining the effects of advertisement of their products on the volume of sales;
An economist is doing a cost-benefit analysis of reducing the sales tax on essential commodities;
The Bangladesh Bank is closely observing and monitoring the performance of nationalized and private banks;
Based on some prior information, Bank Management is planning to open new counters for female customers.
Supermarket Management is assessing the satisfaction level of the customers in their products.
In the above examples, all are doing research, whether the instrument is an electronic microscope, hospital records, a microcomputer, a questionnaire, or a checklist.
Research Motivation – What makes one motivated to do research?
A person may be motivated to undertake research activities because;
1. He might have genuine interest and curiosity in the existing body of knowledge and understanding of the problem;
2. He is looking for answers to questions which remained unanswered so far and trying to unfold the truth;
3. The existing tools and techniques accessible to him, and others may need modification and change to suit the current needs.
One might research ensuring
Better livelihood;
Better career development;
Higher position, prestige, and dignity in the society;
Academic achievement leading to higher degrees;
Self-gratification.
At the individual level, the results of the research are used by many:
A villager is drinking water from an arsenic-free tube-well;
A rural woman is giving more green vegetable to her child than before;
A cigarette smoker is actively considering to quit smoking;
An old man is jogging for cardiovascular fitness;
A sociologist is using newly suggested tools and techniques in poverty measurement.
The above activities are all outcomes of the research.
All involved in the above processes are being benefited from the results of research. There is hardly any action in everyday life that does not depend upon previous research.
Research in any field of inquiry provides us with the knowledge and skills we need to solve the problems and meet the challenges of a fast-paced decision-making environment.
Desirable Qualities of Research
Good research is one that generates dependable data. It is conducted by professionals and can be used reliably for decision making.
It is thus of crucial importance that research should be made acceptable to the audience for which research should possess some desirable qualities in terms of its;
purpose,
research process,
research design,
ethical issues,
limitations,
results or findings,
conclusions,
recommendations and
the researcher’s experiences.
We enumerate below a few qualities that good research should possess.
Purpose clearly defined
Good research must have its purposes clearly and unambiguously defined.
The problem involved or the decision to be made should be sharply delineated as clearly as possible to demonstrate the credibility of the research.
Research process detailed
The research procedures used should be described in sufficient detail to permit other researchers to repeat the research at a later date.
Failure to do so makes it difficult or impossible to estimate the validity and reliability of the results. This weakens the confidence of the readers.
Any recommendations made from such research justifiably get little attention from the policymakers and implementation.
Research design planned
The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible.
In doing so, care must be taken so that the representativeness of the sample is ensured, and relevant literature has been thoroughly searched, experimental controls, whenever necessary, have been followed, the personal bias in selecting and recording data have been minimized.
Ethical issues considered
A research design should always safeguard against causing mental and physical harm not only to the participants but also to those who belong to their organizations.
Careful consideration must also be given to research situations when there is a possibility for exploitation, invasion of privacy, and loss of dignity of all those who are involved in the study.
Limitations revealed
The researcher should report with complete honesty and frankness any flaws in procedural design; he followed and provided estimates of their effects on the findings.
This enhances the confidence of the readers and finally makes the report acceptable to the audience. One can legitimately question the value of research where no limitations are reported.
Adequate analysis ensured
Adequate analysis reveals the significance of the data and helps the researcher to check the reliability and validity of his estimates.
Data should, therefore, be analyzed with proper statistical rigor to assist the researcher in reaching firm conclusions.
When statistical methods have been employed, the probability of error should be estimated, and criteria of statistical significance applied.
Findings unambiguously presented
The presentation of the results should be comprehensive, easily understood by the readers, and organized so that the readers can readily locate the critical and central findings.
Conclusions and recommendations justified.
Proper research always specifies the conditions under which the research conclusions seem to be valid.
It is therefore of importance that any conclusions drawn and recommendations made should be solely based on the findings of the study.
No inferences or generalizations should be made beyond the data. If this were not followed, the objectivity of the research would tend to decrease, resulting in confidence in the findings.
The researcher’s experiences reflected.
The research report should contain information about the qualification of the researchers.
If the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research, and is a person of integrity, his report is likely to be highly valued. The policymakers feel confident in implementing the recommendation made in such reports.
Goals of Research
The primary goal or purpose of research in any field of inquiry; is to add to what is known about the phenomenon under investigation through the application of scientific methods.
Though each research has its own specific goals, yet we may enumerate the following 4 broad goals of scientific research:
Exploration.
Description.
Causal explanation.
Prediction.
The link between the 4 goals of research and the questions raised in reaching these goals.
Goals/purposes Types of questions
Exploration
What is the full nature of the problem or phenomenon?
What is going on?
What factors are related to the problem?
Description
How prevalent is the problem?
What are the characteristics of the problem?
What is the process by which the problem is experienced?
Explanation
What are the underlying causes of the problem?
What do the occurrences of the problem mean?
Why does the problem exist?
Prediction
If problem X occurs, will problem K follow?
Can the occurrence of the problem be controlled?
Does an intervention result in the intended effect?
Let’s try to understand the 4 goals of the research.

Exploration and Explorative Research
Exploration is finding out about some previously unexamined phenomenon. In other words, an explorative study structures and identifies new problems.

The explorative study aims at gaining familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.

Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they meet during their study.

Through exploration, researchers attempt to

Develop concepts more clearly;
Establish priorities among several alternatives;
Develop operational definitions of variables;
Formulate research hypotheses and sharpen research objectives;
Improve the methodology and modify (if needed) research design.
Exploration is achieved through what we call exploratory research.

The end of an explorative study comes when the researchers are convinced that they have established the major dimensions of the research task.

Description and Descriptive Research
Many research activities consist of gathering information on some topic of interest. The description refers to these data-based information-gathering activities. Descriptive studies portray precisely the characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group.

Here we attempt to describe situations and events through studies, which we refer to as descriptive research.

Such research is undertaken when much is known about the problem under investigation.

Descriptive studies try to discover answers to the questions who, what, when, where, and sometimes how.

Such research studies may involve the collection of data and the creation of distribution of the number of times the researcher observes a single event or characteristic, known as a research variable.

A descriptive study may also involve the interaction of two or more variables and attempts to observe if there is any relationship between the variables under investigation.

Research that examines such a relationship is sometimes called correlational study. It is correlational because it attempts to relate (i.e., co-relate) two or more variables.

A descriptive study may be feasible to answer the questions of the following types:

What are the characteristics of the people who are involved in city crime? Are they young? Middle-aged? Poor? Muslim? Educated?
Who are the potential buyers of the new product? Men or women? Urban people or rural people?
Are rural women more likely to marry earlier than their urban counterparts?
Does previous experience help an employee to get a higher initial salary?
Although the data description in descriptive research is factual, accurate, and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation.
Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another.
In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. In sum, descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted and studied.
But there are always restrictions on that. All research must have an impact on the lives of the people around us.
For example, finding the most frequent disease that affects the people of a community falls under descriptive research.
But the readers of the research will have the hunch to know why this has happened, and what to do to prevent that disease so that more people will live a healthy life.
It dictates that we need a causal explanation of the situation under reference and hence a causal study vis-a-vis causal research.
Causal Explanation and Causal Research
Explanation reveals why and how something happens.
An explanatory study goes beyond description and attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It explains the reason for the phenomenon that the descriptive study observed.
Thus if a researcher finds that communities having larger family size have higher child death or that smoking is correlated with lung cancer, he is performing a descriptive study.
If he is explaining why it is so and tries to establish a cause-and-effect relationship, he is performing explanatory research or causal research. The researcher uses theories or at-least hypotheses to account for the factors that caused a certain phenomenon to occur.
Look at the following examples that fit causal studies:
Why are people involved in crime? Can we explain this as a consequence of the present crisis in the job market or for lack of parental care?
Will the buyers be motivated to purchase the new product in a new container? Can an attractive advertisement motivate them to buy a new product?
Why has the share market shown steepest ever fall in stock prices? Is it because of IMF’s warnings and prescriptions on the commercial banks’ exposure to the stock market or because of an abundant increase in the supply of new shares?
Prediction and Predictive Research
Prediction seeks to answer: when and in what situations the event will occur, if we can provide a plausible explanation for the event in question.
The precise nature of the relationship between explanation and prediction, however, has been a subject of debate.
One view is that explanation and prediction are the same phenomena except that prediction precedes the event while the explanation takes place after the event has occurred.
Another view is that explanation and prediction are fundamentally different processes.
We need not be concerned with this debate here but can simply state that in addition to being able to explain an event after it has occurred, we would also be able to predict when the event will occur.
Research Approaches
4 research approaches
There are two main approaches to doing research.
The first is the basic approach, which mostly pertains to academic research. Many people view this as pure research or fundamental research.
The research implemented through the second approach is variously known as applied research, action research, operations research, or a contract research approach.
Also, the third category of research, called evaluative research, is of importance in many applications. All these approaches have different purposes which influence the nature of the respective research.
Lastly, precautions in research are required for thorough research.
So, 4 research approaches are;
Basic Research.
Applied Research.
Evaluative Research.
Precautions in Research.
Areas of Research
The most important fields of research, among others, are;
Social Research.
Health Research.
Population Research.
Business Research.
Marketing Research.
Agricultural Research.
Biomedical Research.
Clinical Research.
Outcomes Research.
Internet Research.
Archival Research.
Empirical Research.
Legal Research.
Education Research.
Engineering Research.
Historical Research.
Precautions in Research
Whether a researcher is doing applied or basic research or research of any other form, he or she must take necessary precautions to ensure that the research he or she is doing is relevant, timely, efficient, accurate, and ethical.
The research is considered relevant if it anticipates the kinds of information that will be required by decision-makers, scientists, or policymakers.
Timely research is completed in time to influence decisions.
Research is efficient when it is of the best quality for the minimum expenditure, and the study is appropriate to the research context.
Research is considered accurate or valid when the interpretation can account for both consistencies and inconsistencies in the data.
Research is ethical when it can promote trust, exercise care, ensure standards, and protect the rights of the participants in the research process.

NWIGBO BLESSING CHIAMAKA.
2018/245390.
blessingmartha232@gmail.com.
Education/Economics.
25th August.

INTRODUCTION.
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

This definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
Activities that support the conduct of research and therefore meet the definition of research include:
professional, technical, administrative or clerical support staff directly engaged in activities essential to the conduct of research
management of staff who are either directly engaged in the conduct of research or are providing professional, technical, administrative or clerical support or assistance to those staff
the activities and training of HDR students enrolled at the HEP
the development of HDR training and courses
the supervision of students enrolled at the HEP and undertaking HDR training and courses
research and experimental development into applications software, new programming languages and new operating systems (such R&D would normally meet the definition of research).
WHAT’S THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH.
There are three main purposes:
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
CONCLUSION
Bedrock of every Innovation is research, it is a careful study of phenomenon to establish facts , it’s also a system of investigating the establish facts. Research it’s a pursuit of truth with the help of study observation, comparison and experiments.

References.
Westernsydney.edu.au.
Https// http://www.questionpro.com.

NAME: OYIBE, EBERE IZUINYA

REG. NUMBER: 2018/245131

DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

ECO 391(RESEARCH METHODS IN ECONOMICS).

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as a special advicer to Mr president on research and strategy!
Answers.

Research is a two syllabic word which comprises of : “re” and “search”.
“Re” means again and again while “search” means to examine something carefully or closely.
Research is a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge usually undertaken to establish a principle or facts.
Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
INDUCTIVE RESEARCH METHODS analyze an observed event, while
DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH METHODS verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research in businesses is conducted with a purpose to:
i. Identifying potential and new customers
ii. Understanding existing customers
iii. Setting pragmatic goals
iv. Developing productive market strategies
v. Addressing business challenges
vi. Putting together a business expansion plan
vii Identifying new business opportunities

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH.
i. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
ii. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
iii. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
iv. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
v. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
vi. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.
There are three main purposes of research. They are:
i. To explore,
ii. To describe,
iii. To explain.
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.
When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and to manage your research data in one centralized repository.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH
Research methods are broadly classified as:
I. Qualitative research methods, and
ii. Quantitative research methods
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS:
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.
Types of qualitative methods include:

One-to-one Interview
Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS:
Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:
Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
As a special advicer to Mr president,
Research would mean to me a process of finding out the solutions to a problem.
Research would mean an objective, systematic, controlled and critical activity, planned and directed towards discovery and development of dependable knowledge.
I would encourage the Mr president to encourage researchers by providing infrastructural base such as:
Good road network,
Electricity,
Security, etc.
Also private and public sectors should always keep records of their activities and those records should be made accessible to researchers.
Again, the masses should be educated on the importance of research as it will enable them to always provide the right information whenever they are confronted by researchers so as to make the data collection process to be easy for researchers and also make the data collected to be valid so that when replicated, will give the same results.
With all these, researchers would be encouraged to engage in new findings that will help to solve economic problems and as well improve the well-being of people and the economy as a whole.

Nweke Chelsea Kenechi
2018/243075
Department of Combined Social Sciences (Economics and Psychology)
300 level
Eco 391
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Research can be said to be the process of studying is Romania or its subject over and over again to get new information facts or to reach new conclusion. Research are carried out in order to get more information about the phenomenon or to solve a problem. It is the scientific systematic method of acquiring knowledge.

Different scholars definition of the term research.
According to Walt and bansel 1981 research is said to be a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solution to problems or to discover and interpret new fact.

According to Kothari (2006). Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.

According to Payton (1979). Research is the process of looking for a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.

Kerlinger (1873). Research is a systematic controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

Research can be used to shed more light on new facts and ensure accuracy of past theory. We have the basic research which is they said to gather general knowledge is something specific and we have the applied research which is the research for the purpose of solving problems. Researchers used as the basis of knowledge.
Research as a concept can be defined as the process we use to learn new things. It is the search for knowledge it’s also a systematic investigation on new fact and the solving of new and existing problems.
Research can be used to observe and control population, to figure out what are the causes of our underdevelopment and profer possible solutions.
In general can be used to understand economic problems such as unemployment, poverty, overpopulation, depression, recession, inflation etc as well as provide more reliable solutions to help solve these economic problems gearing the economy towards development.

Name: Onyemelukwe Chinenye Favour
Reg. Number: 2018/241854
Dept.: Economics

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data, documentation of critical information and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Research simply put is a study carried out to find out the solution to a certain problem.

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

The above definition goes to show that research involves;
a. A careful, well-planned and diligent study to establish facts and solve a problem.
b. Finding out new things
c. Synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new conclusions.
d. The use of research discoveries
e. Data collection
f. Interpretation, explanation in clear, lucid language with facts not emotions.
g. There are ethics guiding research.

The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”.

The major steps in conducting Research include:
i. Identification of research problem
ii. Literature review
iii. Specifying the purpose of research
iv. Determining specific research questions
v. Specification of a conceptual framework, sometimes including a set of hypotheses
vi. Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
vii. Data collection
viii. Verifying data
ix. Analyzing and interpreting the data
x. Reporting and evaluating research
xi. Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations.

Relevance of Research to a Nation’s Development

With sufficient research funding (private and government agencies), the scientific advancement will help to eliminate poverty and improve home grown economic development, hence, improve the quality of life.
Research and development generated by higher education, more than anything else, contributes to the rise and expansion of the world knowledge economy.
Research will help the government of a nation notice sectors of the economy that needs its attention and areas to improve on so it doesn’t operate blind.
Research creates knowledge and development designs and builds prototypes to prove their feasibility. Engineering then converts these prototypes into products or services that can be offered to the marketplace or into processes that can be used to produce commercial products and services. This will help the tech industry of a nation.
The main aim of research is gaining knowledge so that we can build our nation very well. We have need to connect research with nation development to build society, polity and economy for the removal of poverty, unemployment, inequality, etc

NAME: ANYANWU COLETTE CHINAZAEKPERE
REG. NO: 2018/242442
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS (MAJOR)
COURSE: ECO 391
EMAIL: colettechinazaekpere@gmail.com
LEVEL: 300L

MEANING AND THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

ETYMOLOGY
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”, or “sercher”, meaning ‘search’. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

DEFINITION
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

One definition of research is used by the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.”

Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

FORMS OF RESEARCH
Original research, also called primary research, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary-source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the laboratory or in the field, documents the methodology, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher.

The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals and usually established by means of peer review. Graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation.

Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate).

Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.

Artistic research, also seen as ‘practice-based research’, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.

STEPS ON CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:

Observations and formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of one’s interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables.
Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts.
Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it.
Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures, and pictures, and then described in words.
Test, revising of hypothesis
Conclusion, reiteration if necessary
A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather, null hypothesis). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see falsifiability). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

RESEARCH METHODS

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.
Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.
There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:

Qualitative research
This involves understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, by asking a broad question, collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc. that is analyzed, and searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time-consuming and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses. Qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social constructionism.
Social media posts are used for qualitative research.

Quantitative research
This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive) derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.
The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.

If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.

In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.

Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.

Big data has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed.

TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS
1. Observatory Research Method
2. Correlation Research Method

Switching topics
There have been indications that during the last decades scientists have switched between scientific topics more frequently.

Non-empirical research
Non-empirical (theoretical) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See Scientific method.

A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of cosmological research is theoretical in nature. Mathematics research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove theorems about mathematical objects.

RESEARCH ETHICS
Research ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise during or as a result of research activities, as well as the ethical conduct of researchers. Historically, the revelation of scandals such as Nazi human experimentation and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment led to the realisation that clear measures are needed for the ethical governance of research to ensure that people, animals and environments are not unduly harmed in research. The management of research ethics is inconsistent across countries and there is no universally accepted approach to how it should be addressed.[46][47][48] Informed consent is a key concept in research ethics.

When making ethical decisions, we may be guided by different things and philosophers commonly distinguish between approaches like deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics and value (ethics). Regardless of approach, the application of ethical theory to specific controversial topics is known as applied ethics and research ethics can be viewed as a form of applied ethics because ethical theory is applied in real-world research scenarios.

Ethical issues may arise in the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation or animal experimentation. There may also be consequences for the environment, for society or for future generations that need to be considered. Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research, the most notable Code being the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate different types of ethical concerns to those in medical research.

In countries such as Canada, mandatory research ethics training is required for students, professors and others who work in research.

Nowadays, research ethics is commonly distinguished from matters of research integrity that includes issues such as scientific misconduct (e.g. fraud, fabrication of data or plagiarism).

Name: Umeh Chinaza Lucy
Reg number:2018/246901
Dept:Social science (Education/Economics)
Course code:Eco 391
Course title: Research methods in economics 1
Email:umehlucy37@gmail.com
Assignment
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Meaning Of Research According To Different scholars
From the above definition and the different definitions given by various pundit/ scholar on research which according to Clarke and Clarke is a careful, systematic and objective investigation conducted to obtain valid facts, draw conclusions and established principles regarding an identifiable problem in some field of knowledge to John .W. Best Research is a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, resulting in prediction for seeing and possibly ultimate control of events. Clifford Woody said that Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something.
Mouley explained research as a process of arriving at dependable solution to the problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. “In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary explained it as a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Waltz and Bausell, 1981 said research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships. Payton 1979 explained research as a process of looking for a specific answer to a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.
Kerlinger, 1973 said research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.
Research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment; the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem according to Kothari, 2006.
Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem according to Payton (1979).27 Mar 2017. From the various definition given by various scholar i can say that from all the definition given that research demand alot of careful scrutinizing of events , observations or problems with the aim of discovering, interpreting and finding Solution to issues and it is essential to find out which treatments work better for patients. It plays an important role in discovering new treatments, and making sure that we use existing treatments in the best possible ways. It can find answers to things that are unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the way that healthcare professionals work. Some of the common aims for conducting research studies are to:
_Diagnose diseases and health problems
_Prevent the development or recurrence of disease and reduce the number of people who become ill
_Treat illness to improve survival rates or increase the number of people who are cured
_Improve the quality of life for people living with illness
And as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy I can say that research is a process of carrying an investigation to find answers to a question in an organized and reliable way which in turn helps with problem solving and introduces us to new ideas.
Importance of Studying Research
Research is important because it gives direction to deal with a specific problem. Whether the problem is thoroughly solved or not is not the forte of the research work. Accumulating amicable and all the possible solutions hypothetically are in itself considered a commendable achievement.
-Research expands your knowledge base.
-Research gives you the latest information.
-Research helps you know what you’re up against.
– Research builds your credibility.
-Research encourages curiosity.
– Research helps you narrow your scope.
-Research teaches you better discernment.
-Research helps you reach people.

Types of Research
Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.
It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated. Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Classification of Types of Research
There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.
Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question. Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers. For example, a philosophical dissertation, since the aim is to generate new approaches from existing data without considering how its findings can be applied or implemented in practice.
Applied Research
Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine. This type of research is subdivided into two types:
-Technological applied research: looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
-Scientific applied research: has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects. For example, market research, because by examining consumption patterns, strategies can be developed for the development of new products and marketing campaigns, etc.
Note: Applied research is usually based on knowledge or results obtained through theoretical research.
In fact, it is common for research projects to first establish the theoretical framework both to define the field of study and to identify possible theories that could be tested or applied to solve the specific problem posed in the project.
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated. Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it. In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved. For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment. For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.
Qualitative research
methods are often used in the social sciences to collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations. In order to use statistical methods to validate their results, the observations collected must be evaluated numerically. Qualitative research, however, tends to be subjective, since not all data can be fully controlled. Therefore, this type of research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon (the ‘why’) than its cause (the ‘how’). For example, examining the effects of sleep deprivation on mood.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research study delves into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them. This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time. For example, conducting a computer simulation on vehicle strike impacts to collect quantitative data.
Types of Research Methodology
According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables
Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method. For example, randomised controlled trial studies for measuring the effectiveness of new pharmaceutical drugs on human subjects.
Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research. For example, a study on the effects of the use of certain chemical substances in a particular population group can be considered a non-experimental study.
Quasi-Experimental Research
It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations. This is to ensure the collected data is relevant and that the knowledge, perspectives and opinions of the population can be incorporated into the study. For example, assessing the effectiveness of an intervention measure in reducing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
According to the Type of Inference
Deductive Investigation
In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to certain conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the premise of the research problem and considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is applied correctly.
Inductive Research
In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation to achieve a generalisation. It is based on the collection of specific data to develop new theories.
Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation
It is based on observing reality to make a hypothesis, then use deduction to obtain a conclusion and finally verify or reject it through experience.
Descriptive Research Design
According to the Time in Which it is Carried OutLongitudinal Study (also referred to as Diachronic Research) It is the monitoring of the same event, individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas. For example, a cohort study that analyses changes in a particular indigenous population over a period of 15 years.
Cross-Sectional Study (also referred to as Synchronous Research)
Cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.
According to The Sources of Information
Primary Research
This fundamental research type is defined by the fact that the data is collected directly from the source, that is, it consists of primary, first-hand information.
Secondary research
Unlike primary research, secondary research is developed with information from secondary sources, which are generally based on scientific literature and other documents compiled by another researcher.
Action Research Methods according to How the Data is Obtained
Documentary (cabinet)
Documentary research, or secondary sources, is based on a systematic review of existing sources of information on a particular subject. This type of scientific research is commonly used when undertaking literature reviews or producing a case study.
Field
Field research study involves the direct collection of information at the location where the observed phenomenon occurs.
From Laboratory
Laboratory research is carried out in a controlled environment in order to isolate a dependent variable and establish its relationship with other variables through scientific methods.
Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory
Mixed research methodologies combine results from both secondary (documentary) sources and primary sources through field or laboratory research.

Name: Umeh Chinaza Lucy
Reg number:2018/246901
Dept:Social science (Education/Economics)
Course code:Eco 391
Course title: Research methods in economics 1
Email:umehlucy37@gmail.com
Assignment
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Meaning Of Research According To Different scholars.
From the above definition and the different definitions given by various pundit/ scholar on research which according to Clarke and Clarke is a careful, systematic and objective investigation conducted to obtain valid facts, draw conclusions and established principles regarding an identifiable problem in some field of knowledge to John .W. Best Research is a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, resulting in prediction for seeing and possibly ultimate control of events. Clifford Woody said that Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something.
Mouley explained research as a process of arriving at dependable solution to the problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. “In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary explained it as a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Waltz and Bausell, 1981 said research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships. Payton 1979 explained research as a process of looking for a specific answer to a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.
Kerlinger, 1973 said research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.
Research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment; the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem according to Kothari, 2006.
Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem according to Payton (1979).27 Mar 2017. From the various definition given by various scholar i can say that from all the definition given that research demand alot of careful scrutinizing of events , observations or problems with the aim of discovering, interpreting and finding Solution to issues and it is essential to find out which treatments work better for patients. It plays an important role in discovering new treatments, and making sure that we use existing treatments in the best possible ways. It can find answers to things that are unknown, filling gaps in knowledge and changing the way that healthcare professionals work. Some of the common aims for conducting research studies are to:
_Diagnose diseases and health problems
_Prevent the development or recurrence of disease and reduce the number of people who become ill
_Treat illness to improve survival rates or increase the number of people who are cured
_Improve the quality of life for people living with illness
And as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy I can say that research is a process of carrying an investigation to find answers to a question in an organized and reliable way which in turn helps with problem solving and introduces us to new ideas.
Importance of Studying Research
Research is important because it gives direction to deal with a specific problem. Whether the problem is thoroughly solved or not is not the forte of the research work. Accumulating amicable and all the possible solutions hypothetically are in itself considered a commendable achievement.
-Research expands your knowledge base.
-Research gives you the latest information.
-Research helps you know what you’re up against.
– Research builds your credibility.
-Research encourages curiosity.
– Research helps you narrow your scope.
-Research teaches you better discernment.
-Research helps you reach people.

Types of Research
Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.
It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated. Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Classification of Types of Research
There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.
Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question. Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers. For example, a philosophical dissertation, since the aim is to generate new approaches from existing data without considering how its findings can be applied or implemented in practice.
Applied Research
Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine. This type of research is subdivided into two types:
-Technological applied research: looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
-Scientific applied research: has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects. For example, market research, because by examining consumption patterns, strategies can be developed for the development of new products and marketing campaigns, etc.
Note: Applied research is usually based on knowledge or results obtained through theoretical research.
In fact, it is common for research projects to first establish the theoretical framework both to define the field of study and to identify possible theories that could be tested or applied to solve the specific problem posed in the project.
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated. Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it. In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved. For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment. For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.
Qualitative research
methods are often used in the social sciences to collect, compare and interpret information, has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations. In order to use statistical methods to validate their results, the observations collected must be evaluated numerically. Qualitative research, however, tends to be subjective, since not all data can be fully controlled. Therefore, this type of research design is better suited to extracting meaning from an event or phenomenon (the ‘why’) than its cause (the ‘how’). For example, examining the effects of sleep deprivation on mood.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research study delves into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them. This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time. For example, conducting a computer simulation on vehicle strike impacts to collect quantitative data.
Types of Research Methodology
According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables
Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method. For example, randomised controlled trial studies for measuring the effectiveness of new pharmaceutical drugs on human subjects.
Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research. For example, a study on the effects of the use of certain chemical substances in a particular population group can be considered a non-experimental study.
Quasi-Experimental Research
It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental. In this case, the study and the focus group cannot be randomly selected, but are chosen from existing groups or populations. This is to ensure the collected data is relevant and that the knowledge, perspectives and opinions of the population can be incorporated into the study. For example, assessing the effectiveness of an intervention measure in reducing the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
According to the Type of Inference
Deductive Investigation
In this type of research, reality is explained by general laws that point to certain conclusions; conclusions are expected to be part of the premise of the research problem and considered correct if the premise is valid and the inductive method is applied correctly.
Inductive Research
In this type of research, knowledge is generated from an observation to achieve a generalisation. It is based on the collection of specific data to develop new theories.
Hypothetical-Deductive Investigation
It is based on observing reality to make a hypothesis, then use deduction to obtain a conclusion and finally verify or reject it through experience.
Descriptive Research Design
According to the Time in Which it is Carried OutLongitudinal Study (also referred to as Diachronic Research) It is the monitoring of the same event, individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas. For example, a cohort study that analyses changes in a particular indigenous population over a period of 15 years.
Cross-Sectional Study (also referred to as Synchronous Research)
Cross-sectional research design is used to observe phenomena, an individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.
According to The Sources of Information
Primary Research
This fundamental research type is defined by the fact that the data is collected directly from the source, that is, it consists of primary, first-hand information.
Secondary research
Unlike primary research, secondary research is developed with information from secondary sources, which are generally based on scientific literature and other documents compiled by another researcher.
Action Research Methods according to How the Data is Obtained
Documentary (cabinet)
Documentary research, or secondary sources, is based on a systematic review of existing sources of information on a particular subject. This type of scientific research is commonly used when undertaking literature reviews or producing a case study.
Field
Field research study involves the direct collection of information at the location where the observed phenomenon occurs.
From Laboratory
Laboratory research is carried out in a controlled environment in order to isolate a dependent variable and establish its relationship with other variables through scientific methods.
Mixed-Method: Documentary, Field and/or Laboratory
Mixed research methodologies combine results from both secondary (documentary) sources and primary sources through field or laboratory research.

Name:Mbah Chidimma Judith
Reg no:2018/243101
Dept: Economic nd sociology
Topic: meaning and scope of research
MEANING OF RESEARCH

Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. It’s the adult form of the science fair projects back in elementary school, where you try and learn something by performing an experiment. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.

Research can be about anything, and we hear about all different types of research in the news. Cancer research has ‘Breakthrough Cancer-Killing Treatment Has No Side Effects in Mice,’ and ‘Baby Born with HIV Cured.’ Each of these began with an issue or a problem (such as cancer or HIV), and they had a question, like, ‘Does medication X reduce cancerous tissue or HIV infections?’

But all I’ve said so far is what research has done (sort of like saying baking leads to apple pie; it doesn’t really tell you anything other than the two are connected). To begin researching something, you have to have a problem, concern, or issue that has turned into a question. These can come from observing the world, prior research, professional literature, or from peers. Research really begins with the right question, because your question must be answerable. Questions like, ‘How can I cure cancer?’ aren’t really answerable with a study. It’s too vague and not testable.

Having a question creates an internal state of ‘I need to know something.’ To continue the baking example, this internal state of wanting something is like having a hankering for apple pie. Since you are reading this in a psychology section, we will put a psychological slant on this, and hopefully lose some of the baking metaphors.
PURPOSE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Psychological researchers want to learn and understand human behavior. It can be about how people think, how they feel, how they behave, or some combination of these issues. Research, and the understanding that follows, trickles down from the scientists and alters society. There is constant and competing research. For example, about what is the best way to punish and rehabilitate criminals (such as Zimbardo’s prison experiment), the best and worst ways to raise children (Bowlby and attachment, Spock and children), and how to treat the mentally ill (with too many to count).

More specifically, psychological research is used to measure, describe, and categorize human behavior. This can result in understanding what might be called normal behavior. More interesting and more often researched are the abnormal behaviors, those that eventually become categorized and labeled with a diagnosis. A diagnosis is a constellation of common behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that occur together.

For example, many people suffer from depression, and research has found that exercise, psychotropic medication, and therapy have reduced and sometimes eliminated the feelings of sadness, guilt, and worthlessness that come from
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final
THREE MAIN PURPOSE OF A RESEARCH
No:1Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
No 2:_Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
no:3 -Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
EXERCISE
Exercise
You are a research associate working in a laboratory. Before giving you complex assignments, your supervisor wants to ensure that you understand the various steps involved in the research methodology. You are therefore given a very simple question to answer through research: “If one were to flip a coin 10 times, how many times would the coin land on the tails side?”

You will thus conduct the experiment using a coin at home. Most importantly, you will detail your experiment and findings in a report using proper research methodology. Your report should thus include:

The research question,
The hypothesis,
The experiment itself, and
The conclusion to your findings.
Solution
Although students will not all get the same results, an example of a report would include the following components:

Research Question:
“If one were to flip a coin 10 times, how many times would the coin land on the tails side?”

Hypothesis:
Based on basic statistical knowledge, there is an equal chance of a coin landing on either the heads or tails side. Therefore, 50% of the coin flips should result in tails, which works out to 5 out of the 10 coin tosses.

Experiment:
The following results were noted:

Flip No. Result
1 Heads
2 Tails
3 Heads
4 Heads
5 Tails
6 Tails
7 Heads
8 Heads
9 Tails
10 Heads
The following findings were noted:

Result Heads Tails
Number of occurrences 6 4
Conclusion:
Although there is an equal chance that each coin toss can result in either the ‘heads or tails side, the fact that the test is done at random for such a small population size suggests that the most probabilistic outcome (i.e. 5 tails occurrences) is not the only possible outcome.
CONCLUSION
Review your goals before making any conclusions about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your analysis revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendations

Name: Obeleze Christiantus Ifeanyi
Reg no: 2018/242407
Dept: Economics
Email: obelezechristiantus@gmail.com
Assignment
clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!
Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”, or “sercher”, meaning ‘search. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.
One definition of research is used by the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.
Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research.[29] The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. The major steps in conducting research are:[30]

Identification of research problem
Literature review
Specifying the purpose of research
Determining specific research questions
Specification of a conceptual framework, sometimes including a set of hypotheses[31]
Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
Data collection
Verifying data
Analyzing and interpreting the data
Reporting and evaluating research
Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations
The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps.[32] Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study.[33] The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as empirical research. The results of the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the end, the researcher may discuss avenues for further research. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving “up” to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted.
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):
Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.
Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.
There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:
Qualitative research
This involves understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, by asking a broad question, collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc. that is analyzed, and searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time-consuming and typically limited to a single set of research subjects.[citation needed] Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses.[citation needed] Qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social constructionism.
Social media posts are used for qualitative research.
Quantitative research
This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive). Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.
The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories.[citation needed] These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.
If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment).[citation needed] If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.
In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.
Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.

REG NO: 2018/249273
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
COURSE: ECO 391(RESEARCH METHODS IN ECONOMICS I)

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination, especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyze the above statement and also let us know what research means to yeas the special adviser to Mr. President on research and strategy.

  Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. It can also be defined as a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon, it involves inductive and deductive methods. Research is concerned with a purpose to
. Identity potential and new customers
. Understand existing customers
. Set pragmatic goals
. development productive market strategies
. Address business challenges
. Put together a business expansion plan
. Identify new business opportunities

Research is a careful study of a subject  in order to discover new facts or information about it. It involves spending a lot of time studying /reading to find something that was hidden or that you did not expect to find. It also involves getting more valid information about something, examining accepted facts or theories for more clarification.

It  is also  the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.

NAME: Mbah Chisom Mary
DEPARTMENT: Social Science Education
REG NO: 2018/244295
EMAIL: chisommary111@gmail.com
ANSWERS
So many people have defined the meaning of research as well. According to Longman Dictionary of contemporary English. (1997) defined Research as a serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test ideas. Also, Waltz and Bansell (1981). Viewed research as a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships.
From the above assertions it can be deduce that research is the critical and careful study of existing truth or phenomenon as well as finding of answers and solution to new discoveries. It also includes the modification of known or alrey existing information or phenomenon and the putting into use the discovered One. That is, substituting into use the discovered.
In my own understanding, research is the activity of seeking and analyzing information inorder to solve a problem through the findings of the unknown or existing facts. Research is carried out in order to figure the causes, effects and benefits of new ideas, theories,laws, products etc or to improve existing facts or ideas basically to provide solutions to a problem. Research is inevitable in human existence.
Research is important for so many reasons which includes; to build your credibility, it helps one to be precise,it equally gives one the current information,it introduces one to the new ideas and most importantly research helps with problem solving.

Name : Ezeh Chukwuemeka Kingsley
Reg number: 2018/248271
Department: Economics
Topic: Research ;The Meaning and Scope of Research

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
trol the observed phenomenon.

RESEARCH HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS

1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data.
2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions.
5. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

As a special adviser to mr. president, research means the following things to me
1. My chief tool of analysis so as to enable me give the best advices to mr. president
2. it serves as my main method of analyzing and drawing accurate conclusions on events, happenings and policies in the country.
3. research will help me to advice the president on the best strategies to follow in tackling both home and abroad crisis.

THERE ARE THREE MAIN PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
A. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
B. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory

Name: Ekpe Esther Chidinma
Reg. Number:2018/250324
Department: Economic

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationship and expand and to verify the existing knowledge.
The main goal of research is the gathering and interpreting of information to answer questions.

The different between research and non research is activity is: in the way we find answers.

The process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify the requirements by examining some definition of research.
# Philosophies means approaches e.g qualitative, quantitative and the academic disciplines in which you have been trained.
# Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to questions.
# Reliability to refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
# Unbiased and objectives means that you have taken each steps in an unbiased manner and draw each conclusion in the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interests.

Udeze Obianuju Charity
2018/244283
Education Economics

Question: what is the meaning and scope of research.

Answer: Research in my understanding is a careful and a systematic analysis of a phenomenon in order to discover new things or modify old ones. It is usually systematic so that others can also carry out the same research and get the same result at the end. Every research must be replicable for it to be valid.

The scope of research simply tells us of the extent or the area that a research work must cover. This helps the researcher to be focused on those areas of such a research.

Name: Okoli Chibuzor Divinelove
Reg no; 2018/249713
Dept: Economics
Assignment
Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy.
Answers
Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Its involves inductive and deductive methods.
Research is conducted with a purpose to:

1. Identify potential and new customers
2. Understand existing customers
3. Set pragmatic goals
4. Develop productive market strategies
5. Address business challenges
6. Put together a business expansion plan
7. Identify new business opportunities
Characteristics
1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
Types of research methods
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
1. Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical.
2. Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data.
8 tips of conducting accurate research

1. Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one.
2. Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears.
3. Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common.
4. Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have been identified in a SWOT analysis.
5. Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your study.
6. Act on your strategies
7. Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional inquiry if necessary
8. Plan to review the results and consider efficient methods to analyze and dissect results for interpretation.

NAME:. Ifiegbu Ononuju Julie
REG NO: 2017/245848(3/4)
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS EDUCATION.
EMAIL:. juliexfib@gmail.com

QUESTION;

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!1

ANSWER:.
* In analysing from the above definition :
The analysis from the above definition, it simply means RESEARCH is:
*An intellectual activity of a high order;
*An investigation of a phenomenon, event or activity;
*Aims to discover data and facts and their interpretations;
*To arrive at conclusions to formulate new theories and laws or revise the already established theories and laws;
*To communicate the results for peer review; and
*To be accepted or rejected before adding this new knowledge to the already existing general pool of knowledge.

****In throwing more light to Definitions about research.
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

*One definition of research is used by the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.”

*Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

*According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Research is a systematic inquiry into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, etc.

*Busha in his publication Research Methods in Librarianship says that Research is “a systematic quest for knowledge that is characterized by disciplined enquiry. Efficient and effective approach to expand knowledge is the conduct of special, planned and structured investigations.”

*Ranganathan describes research to represent a critical and exhaustive investigation to discover new facts, to interpret them in the light of known ideas, theories and laws, to revive the current laws and theories in the light of the newly discovered facts to apply the conclusion to practical purpose.

*** Coming to my own definition of research.
I understand research is a creative activities that can lead to new knowledge, improve one’sability to solve problems, result in new theory.
Research is a process of careful inquiry leading to the discovery of new information.

NAME: OKONKWO CHISOM JUDITH
REG NO:2018/243044
DEPT :CSS_ECONOMICS/SOCIOLOGY
COURSE CODE:ECO 391
LEVEL:300LEVEL
Assignment
Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research mean to you as speacial advicer to Mr President on research and strategy.

What is Research? – Purpose of Research

The purpose of research is to enhance society.By term “Research” consists of two words, “Re” and “Search”. “Re” means again and again; and “Search” means to find out something. Research is simply the knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met through forming hypotheses, collecting data, analysing results, forming conclusions, implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new research questions.

What is Research
Simply put, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.
As a special adviser and according to Code of Federal Regulations:

“Research is a systematic investigation (i.e. the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalisable knowledge”

While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.

The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarised into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.
What is the purpose of research?

There are three main purposes:

Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.

Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:

One-to-one Interview

Focus Groups

Ethnographic studies

Text Analysis

Case Study

Quantitative methods

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:
Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research

Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

Name : Osike Solomon Ugochukwu
Reg. No. 2018/242458
Department: Economics
course code: Eco 391

Answer

Research is a careful enquiry or examination to discover new information or relationship and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Research is also a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic way of making inquiry.

Qualities of good research

1. It must have a set of philosophies.
2. It must be valid.
3. It must be reliable.
4. Above all, it must be unbiased .

Research is a scientific and disciplined enquiry in an orderly process involving:

* Recognition and identification of a topic to be studied ” problem”.
*Description and execution of procedures on a collection of information “method”.
*Objective data analysis.
* Statement of finding or “research”.

Research involves reasonings, they are:

*Inductive Reasoning: This is the act of developing generalization from a limited number of specific observations or experiences. It is highly dependent on the number and representativeness of the specific observations used to make generalization.

*Deductive Reasoning: This involves developing specific predictions from general principles, observations or experiences. It is dependent on the term of the generalizations used as a basis for its logic.

Importance of Research.

1. Explanation: It is used to explain why things are what they are and the way they are.
2. Predictive: Research is used to access a situation and from it, predict what could happen in future.
3. Monitoring: Many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being obtained.
4. Discovery/ improved new situation.
5. Hypothesis Testing.
6. Control.

In view of what I’ve written above, I believe that I have stated what research means to me
as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Name: Kalu Divine Oluchi
Reg No: 2018/249490
Course Code: Eco 391
Question: Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Answer:

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

1: careful or diligent search
2: studious inquiry or examination
especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws
3: the collecting of information about a particular subject

According to Leedy and Ormrod (2010) research is a systematic process of gathering, evaluating, and interpreting data to increase understanding of a phenomenon. The core of a research process is the problem, and the researcher must see the problem with unshakable clarity and state it in detailed and unambiguous terms.
Also Know, what is research according to Martyn Shuttleworth? Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth – “In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
Thereof, what is research according to?
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.” Inductive research methods are used to analyze an observed event.

So therefore as the special adviser to the president on research and strategy, research is seen as an inquiry or the collection of knowledge to understand the inner workings of a nation. As the special advisor, facts are being discovered and are implemented into making the nation or country a better place, that is, using the knowledge earned from research as a strategy to uplift the economy.

Ubechu Agatha Chidinma
2018/242441
Economics
dinmagatha@gmail.com

THE MEANING AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Research is the systematic analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or dove a problem.
It is an art of scientific investigation.
According to Clifford, research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis, collecting, organizing and formulating; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last testing the conclusions to see whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables.
To gain familiarity of a phenomenon.
To achieve insights.
To determine the frequency of something.

MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH

Desire to face the challenge of unsolved problems.
Being of service to the society.
Being respectable.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

Descriptive research: includes surveys and fact findings
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of description is description of the state of affairs as it exist at present. The researchers had no control over the variables.

Analytical research: researcher has to use facts and information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the materials.

Applied research aim at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing an individual or society.

Fundamental research is aim at general formulation of theories.

Quantitative research: is applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in quantity.

Qualitative research: phenomena relating to quality or kind. The aim is to discover the underlying motives of human.

Conceptual research: it is normally used by developers or thinkers to develop new concepts or existing ones.

Empirical research: relies on experience or observation alone. It is data based research coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

Why write research scope?
There are many reasons why defining the scope of your study is so important. It has importance for you and for the readers as well. Therefore, you should write it in a very clear, precise, and to the point manner.

It provides boundaries to your research and helps you keep on track during the research. You do not wander from one point to another rather you limit yourself to the scope of your study.
Also, it gives depth to your research question because you stay with in the limit of it. And makes it easy for you to narrow own your research topic, off course, this is very important for your research.
Research is a work of clarity and objectivity. And, it brings objectivity and precision to your research.
Once you finish your study you can evaluate your study on the basis of your defined scope. You can check whether you achieved your goals or not.

Chinedu Chiamaka Helen
2018/250394
Economics/Psychology
Eco 391 discussion quiz
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

According to the western Sydney University journal,Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
In QuestionPro,Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
As special advicer to the president on Research and strategy, Research is conducted with a purpose to:

-Identify potential and new business opportunities for the nation to invest into
-Understand existing markets and derive ways to improve services and increase returns.
-Set pragmatic goals involving advanced education for citizens to improve their qualifications for job opportunities in the economy.
-Develop productive market strategies
-Address business challenges
-Put together a business expansion plan in order to create room for increased employment of the ever growing labour force.
TYPES OF RESEARCH

-Exploratory research
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically accurate data. That is why exploratory research is best suited as the beginning of the total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining economic issues, areas for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require statistical research.

–Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is considered conclusive in nature due to its quantitative nature. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is preplanned and structured in design so the information collected can be statistically inferred on a population.

Explanatory Research: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

-Research can confirm the authenticity of previously acquired data: Often people have firm beliefs about particular issues, but when they have to argue their case they lack reliable information to back up their beliefs. Research helps to clarify and strengthen beliefs especially in the face of opposition and doubt from others. Whilst research can confirm your views, it is important that the researcher remains open-minded and impartial even when the results fail to confirm your views.Research can give your views and arguments substance as it produces hard facts that could support your arguments and beliefs.

-Research brings about new information:
Research often throws up other hidden facts which that helps to strengthen, or even change, arguments and beliefs. These facts make it easier to plan programmes and ensure that interventions are effective.

-.Research may provide key information that will enables the nation to develop clear strategies.

-In addition to providing statistics, research provides real life experiences that are more convincing than statistics organised into graphs and tables. For example, parts of a research report on poverty in a rural community can deal with actual case studies that will have a great impact on readers.

-Research allows for cost-benefit arguments:
Often people are convinced that a programme or project justifies high amounts of money being spent. Research can confirm if this is correct or suggest other ways for the money to be spent.

Name:- Unegbu Ben Isochukwu
Reg number:- 2016/235317
Gmail address:- benisochukwu@gmail.com

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

The term “Research” consists of two words, “Re” and “Search”. “Re” means again and again; and “Search” means to find out something. Research is simply the process of arriving at dependable solution to a research problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data, information or facts. It is one of the most effective ways of solving problems.
Research is derived from a latin word ‘sciens’ meaning to know.
A broad definition of research is given by Martin Shuttle worth, he define research as any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
Thus research involves a systematic investigation including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. The main goal of research is the gathering and interpretation of information to answer questions.
There are some basic concept of research
Research undertaken many procedures, it is being done step by step
(1)A research is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies
(2)It uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability
(3)A research must be unbiased and objective. It is when the three citeria mentioned above adhered ,enables the process to be called research. Therefore research involves the systematic search for knowledge or any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish new facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas or develop new theories.

Research seeks to find explanations for unexplained events or occurrences, to clarify propositions or assertions, and to correct misconceived facts. Grinnell (1993) states that “Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable”.

FEATURES OF RESEARCH
RIGOROUS: This means that the researcher must be thorough in ensuring that the steps followed to find answers are relevant and appropriate.
SYSTEMATIC: This entail that the procedures taken in research follows a logical sequence. These procedures or steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way. Some steps must logically follow others, not precede them.
VALID and VERIFIABLE: This means that a researcher’s conclusion based on his findings must be correct and can be verified by the researcher and others.
EMPIRICAL: This means that every conclusion arrived at by the researcher must be based on solid evidence obtained from information collected from real-life observations.
CRITICAL: The process or procedures for inquiry or investigation must be foolproof such that it will be able to withstand critical scrutiny.
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
Research help to fulfill the following functions:
I. Discovery and interpretation of facts
II. Diagnosis of problems and their analysis
III: Systemization of knowledge
IV. Control over social phenomena
V. Forecasting
VI. Development planning
VII. Social welfare

Chinedu Chiamaka Helen
2018/250394
Economics/Psychology
Eco 391 discussion quiz
Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

According to the western Sydney University journal,Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
In QuestionPro,Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
As special advicer to the president on Research and strategy, Research is conducted with a purpose to:

-Identify potential and new business opportunities for the nation to invest into
-Understand existing markets and derive ways to improve services and increase returns.
-Set pragmatic goals involving advanced education for citizens to improve their qualifications for job opportunities in the economy.
-Develop productive market strategies
-Address business challenges
-Put together a business expansion plan in order to create room for increased employment of the ever growing labour force.
TYPES OF RESEARCH

-Exploratory research
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically accurate data. That is why exploratory research is best suited as the beginning of the total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining economic issues, areas for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require statistical research.

–Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is considered conclusive in nature due to its quantitative nature. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is preplanned and structured in design so the information collected can be statistically inferred on a population.

Explanatory Research: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

-Research can confirm the authenticity of previously acquired data: Often people have firm beliefs about particular issues, but when they have to argue their case they lack reliable information to back up their beliefs. Research helps to clarify and strengthen beliefs especially in the face of opposition and doubt from others. Whilst research can confirm your views, it is important that the researcher remains open-minded and impartial even when the results fail to confirm your views.Research can give your views and arguments substance as it produces hard facts that could support your arguments and beliefs.

-Research brings about new information:
Research often throws up other hidden facts which that helps to strengthen, or even change, arguments and beliefs. These facts make it easier to plan programmes and ensure that interventions are effective.

-.Research may provide key information that will enables the nation to develop clear strategies.

-In addition to providing statistics, research provides real life experiences that are more convincing than statistics organised into graphs and tables. For example, parts of a research report on poverty in a rural community can deal with actual case studies that will have a great impact on readers.

-Research allows for cost-benefit arguments:
Often people are convinced that a programme or project justifies high amounts of money being spent. Research can confirm if this is correct or suggest other ways for the money to be spent.

Name: Ubochioma Favour Ugomma
Reg.no: 2018/245392
Dept: Economics education
Email: princessfavluv@gmail.com
Course: Eco 391(Research methods in economics)

QUESTION
AS THE SPECIAL ADVISER TO THE PRESIDENT WHAT DO I UNDERSTAND BY RESEARCH?

Firstly, I mustn’t fail to list out various definitions of research by other scholars as these definitions serve as a guide to knowing what research truly is..
According to Dr Ogbuabor, he said various persons gave different definitions to what research is.
Wanda 1981 defined research as the process of finding out solution to a problem meaning there cannot be a research without a problem.
Oguniyi 1992 said research is a careful and diligent search, studios and critical enquiry aimed at discovering and interpreting new knowledge..

Having seen these definitions I can boldly say that research may be defined as the quest to know more about something, understand it, if it’s a problem profer possible solutions to it for the betterment of our lives, society, community and country as a whole..
It is a systematic process that follows guided stages which must be followed.. these stages include:
1.Problem identification
2. Choice of desired topic.
3. Literature review(look at what others have done in an attempt to solve the problem)
4.Hypothesis formulation(formulate atentative statement which can serve as a solution to the problem), and lastly,
5. Data collection and analysis..
For ones research to be accurate, it must go through these stages. Any research that cannot be replicated is no research..
Research can be scientific and unscientific. Non scientific research does not have a clearly defined procedure or method while scientific research is systematic, clearly defined and produced verifiable results.. scientific research must be replicable, empirical, systematic, theoretical , lacks moral undertone and is commulative..

Name: Aneke Hannah Chimuaya
Reg. No: 2018/242453
Dept: Economics
Email: aneke.chimuaya.242453@unn.edu.ng
With the ever increase to strengthen people’s interest and the need for a better society, Governments are displaying increasing interests in stronger connections between research, policy, strategy and practice. However, this tendencies mist be understood as part of the dynamics of government and politics as well as organizations and establishments. Political dynamics presents government with unique challenges to decision making as a result of diverse, inconsistence and unpredictable events. This has made research of growing importance in both public and private polices and has impacted primarily through the larger society and political processes.

Research can be defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular problem using scientific methods. It is a systematic inquiry to explain observed phenomenon. Research involves the collection, organization and analysis of information to increase the understanding of a topic or issue.
Research methods involve Inductive and Deductive methods. Inductive research method analyze an observed event. Inductive approach is concerned with qualitative research. Deductive method is associated with quantitative research.
Research is aimed at;
1.Exploring : As a researcher, conducting research helps you explore and ask question about a particular problem at this point in time not all questions concerning a problem is being answered. Exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2. Descriptive : Description focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describes the behavior of a sample population that is, only one variable is required to conduct the variable. The primary purposes of descriptive research are; describing, explaining and validating the findings of your work.
3. Explanatory: After expanding knowledge about the findings of your work, you run experiments which is a very common form of research.
The Benefits of research in an organization, establishment and government can never be over emphasized. Below are some benefits of Research ;
1) Research expands your knowledge: as a researcher one of the most important thing about research is to learn more. There’s always a lot to learn about a topic. The process of research opens up new opportunities for learning and growth. that is, in the process of learning, you can find something new.
2) Research helps with problem solving: The help of research helps you solve a particular problem whether you are a professional or not. Research helps you focus on what others have done before and also add something new from your discovery to find a solution to a particular problem.
3) Research helps you to meet new people: Research in this case entails going beyond raw data and sharing real life stories that have a more personal impact on people. For instance, issues like climate change, gender inequality, racial discrimination are real life experiences that involves meeting people to share their experience.
4) Research helps you narrow your scope: When you’re working on a topic the first time, you might not be sure on where to start. Most of the time, the amount of work is overwhelming when formulating a business plan, it is important to narrow the scope at some point. Research helps to identify most important feature or theme, you can choose the theme that best fits the project or goal.

Having highlighted the prones of Research, it is important to
note that; it is of utmost benefit to carry out a research and gather information about a particular problem after applying methods required for the investigation and being able to draw out a reasonable conclusion on how to solve a problem.

Research can be defined or referred to as the formulation of new inquiries based on existing informations in other to create new knowledge or broaden the horizon of knowledge the initial enquiry entailed.
It must be noted that every research question is a product of a researched problem. Hence the very word’Research’ when properly examined, would be made up of two words which are ‘Re’ which means’to go over something again’ and the word ‘Search’ which means’to browse through something within a horizon or context.

In my opinion, i see research to be a word which has its meaning within the confines of itself, which is the meaning of the word : RESEARCH——- Reviewing Existing Scientific Empirical Analytical Records for Checking Hypothesis.

Research can be seen as the bedrock of scientific advancement and improvements because its procedures gives scientists and researchers the needed framework to perform further enquiry which enables them to either deny or affirm an hypothesis which is a tentative answer to a research question. The following practices should be encouraged in the activities of research:
The clerical official, technical know-how and administrative support provided by staffs in the essential activities of research and the utilisation human and capital resources before, during and after the course of the research activities.

Types of Research

According to its Purpose
Applied Research
Applied research takes its tenants from theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and it is commonly used in fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine. This type of research is further divided into two, namely: Technological applied research and Scientific applied research.

Theoretical Research
Theoretical research is a research type that narrows its focus on generating knowledge, irrespective of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question. It is also referred to as pure or basic research.

According to your Depth of Scope
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used in the initial investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Descriptive Research
The fundamental objective of descriptive research is to describe the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most universally known and used type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities.

Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change

According to the type of data being used:
Qualitative methods are mostly used in the social sciences to collect, compare, analyse and interpret information which has a linguistic-semiotic basis and is used in techniques such as discourse analysis, interviews, surveys, records and participant observations.

Quantitative Research
Quantitative research studies deeply in into a phenomena through quantitative data collection and using mathematical, statistical and computer-aided tools to measure them. This allows generalised conclusions to be projected over time.

According to the Degree of Manipulation of Variables
Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strongly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object.

Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context.

Quasi-Experimental Research
It controls only some variables of the phenomenon under investigation and is therefore not entirely experimental.
There are also several other types of research types or kinds.

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

According to the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.”

John W. Creswell, states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.

As a special adviser to Mr President, Research is the creation of new knowledge or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts or things, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

It is a vital tool for scientific advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated.

Knowing the types of research and what each of them focuses on will allow you to better plan your project, utilises the most appropriate methodologies and techniques and better communicate your findings to other researchers and supervisors.

Characteristics of research
Features of Research
1. Empirical – based on observations and experimentation on theories.
2. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
3. Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
4. Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
5. Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
6. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical
7. Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically

Why conduct research?
To understand a phenomenon, situation, or behavior under study. To test existing theories and to develop new theories on the basis of existing ones. To answer different questions of “how”, “what”, “which”, “when” and “why” about a phenomenon, behavior, or situation.

Classification of Types of Research
There are various types of research that are classified according to their objective, depth of study, analysed data, time required to study the phenomenon and other factors. It’s important to note that a research project will not be limited to one type of research, but will likely use several.

According to its Purpose
i. Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.

Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers.

For example, a philosophical dissertation, since the aim is to generate new approaches from existing data without considering how its findings can be applied or implemented in practice.

ii. Applied Research
Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.

This type of research is subdivided into two types:

Technological applied research
Scientific applied research

Note: Applied research is usually based on knowledge or results obtained through theoretical research.
In fact, it is common for research projects to first establish the theoretical framework both to define the field of study and to identify possible theories that could be tested or applied to solve the specific problem posed in the project.

NAME:ANYANTA MINAH NGOZI
DEPARTMENT: COMBINED SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS/SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY)
REG NO: 2018/249540
COURSE: ECO 391
Email: ngozianyanta10@gmail.com
QUESTION: Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!
MY ANSWER:
With respect to the above assertion and for proper understanding, it is however necessary to succinctly explain the above definition bit by bit.
Firstly, Research according to Merriam Webster Online Dictionary could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws. This means that Research is a gradual, intensive process or an act of inquisitiveness and carefully examining a particular phenomenon, especially investigation or practical experimentation which involves considering the possible causes, effects, past reviews, strategic planning and scientifically investigating the given phenomenon through the process of problem definition, formulation of hypothesis, collection of data and it analysis which is directly aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts which is yet to be approved or assigned a level of truism to an extent after being interpreted with the sole aim of being accepted or rejected through the revision of the proposed theories or laws in the view of getting new facts or the practical application of such new or revised theories or law to gain more knowledge.
It is therefore important to note that every Research is carried out with the intention of getting answers, information, results, and possible solution to a given phenomenon.
Therefore, in line with Kothari, C.R. Research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison, and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.
According to my own understanding, Research could be defined as a careful step by step inquiry or a comprehensive study of a given hypothesis, or a systematic enquiry about a particular phenomenon to gain more knowledge, discover the truth, to accept or rejected hypothesis, to improve on a given ideology or to verify an existing fact.
There are basically two different types of Research. These includes the Scientific and Non_ Scientific Research.
The scientific type of Research follows a scientific and systematic define process in finding solutions to a given theory. These strategy or processes includes Problem Definition, Hypothesis formulation etc while the Non scientific research lacks moral undertone and is based on Guess work and mysticism.
The Scientific Research is more preferably used and is generally acceptable because of it validity, replicability, verifiability, falsifiability etc.
There are different steps involved in carrying out research; As earlier mentioned, these involves the following
1. Problem Definition
2. Choice of Research work
3. Literature Review
4. Formulation of Hypothesis
5. Hypothesis Evaluation
6. Data Collection and Analysis
7. Accepting or Rejecting of Hypothesis etc.
The purpose of Carrying out a given Research includes:
1. To Gain more knowledge
2. Comparing two or more Economic policies
3. Improving one’s ability
4. For personal reasons which is probably for Monetary purposes.
Some of the Problems or shortcomings faced on the course of Carrying out a certain research includes
1. Availability of needed Resources e.g Power supply and Subscription etc.
2. Time frame allocated
3. Cost of Carrying out the Research
4. Data Availability
5. Societal Norms, customs and culture for example. Carrying out a given Research in a place which it is forbidden.

Chime Doris chinenye

2018/250191

Economics major

The scope of research contains a search for understanding the physical, and sometimes psychological universe. This advances into applying scientific methods to refine the basic understanding and evolving new techniques to apply the facts that have been revealed and to create different techniques and materials. Some research is directed to creating new useful stuff, and some is just to understand how things can be created or even deconstructed. Lot of research is beneficial, and much is meaningless except for the sheer pleasure of understanding how things work. Engineering is the application of science and much research is synonymous with engineering.

What is Research?
Definition: Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Research is an essential and powerful tool is leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. John W. Best has rightly said “The secret of our cultural development has been research, pushing back the areas of ignorance by discovering new truths, which in turn, lead to better ways of doing things and better products”.

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
RESEARCH can also be defined as the systematic collection ,analysis ,and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem.

It is an art of scientific investigation.

According to Clifford Research comprises defining and redefining problems,formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting,organizing and evaluating dat ; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and atlast carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fitthe formulating hypothesis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:

Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.

When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and to manage your research data in one centralized repository.

Types of research methods and example

Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.

Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:

One-to-one Interview
Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study
Quantitative methods

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:

Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.
Description:RESEARCH is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial / business organisation.

Objectives of Research

To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.

To portraya ccurately the characteristicsof a particular individual,situation or a group.

To determinethe frequencywith which something occurs or with which it isassociated with something else.

To test a hypothesisof a casual relationship between variables.

Motivation in Research

Desire to get a research degree along with it sconsequential benefits.

Desireto face the challenge in solvingthe unsolvedproblems.

Desireto get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.

Desire to be of service to society.

Desireto get respectability.

Applied vs.Fundamental:
Applied research aims at finding a solutione to industrial/business organisation.

Fundamental research is concerned with generalisations andvwith the formulation of a theory.
Quantitative vs.Qualitative:
Quantitative research is applicable to phenomenon that can be express edinterms of quantity.

Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon ,i.e. ,phenomenon relating to or involving quality or kind.
Some other types of Research
One time research
Longitudinal research
Historical research
Conclusion oriented
Decision oriented

identify problem
Literature review
Development of working hypothesis
Preparing there search design
Determining Sample Design
Collecting the data Execution of the project
Analysisof the data Hypothesis testing
Generalisation interpretation
Reportwriting

Name :Akachukwu Christian Nonso
Dept: Economics
RegNo:2018/249531
Eco 391 Assignment

(1) critically and clinically analyze Research and how is it important to you as special adviser to the president on strategy and research?
(Ans)

Definition :
Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research , and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.
Research is conducted with a purpose to: (1) Identify potential and new customer. (2)understand existing customers.
(3) Set pragmatic goals.
(4)Develop productive market strategies.
(5)Address business challenges.
(6)Put together a business expansion plan.
(7)Identify new business opportunities.
Good research follows a systematic a approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

The characteristics of research includes the following :
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final results.
The purpose of research include the
Following :
Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted To understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Here is a comparative analysis for better understanding:

Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Explanatory Research
Approach used Unstructured Structured Highly structured
Conducted through Asking questions Asking questions By using hypotheses.
Time Early stages of decision making Later stages of decision making Later stages of decision making
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.

When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through survey and questionnaire.

You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and to manage your research data in one centralized repository.

Type of research methods
Includes the following :
Qualitative and Quantitative.
Qualitative methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:

Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study
Quantitative methods.

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:

Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

It is essential to ensure that your data is:

Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business Decision.
As a special adviser to the president on strategy and research, the role of research to me is that :
(1). research provides accurate and timely information on the behaviour, needs, attitudes, opinions and motivations of a population. Armed with this knowledge, businesses are able to develop products and services to meet the desires of the people and governments can tailor policies and programs to the needs of citizens. Also, important national statistics on social issues, television ratings, tourism movements, unemployment and so on can be reliably determined.

(2).Market and social research provides accurate and timely information on the needs, attitudes and motivations of a population: It plays a vital social role, assisting our government and businesses to develop services, policies, and products that are responsive to an identified need.

(3).It contributes to the nation economic wellbeing, by ensuring that organisational responses to these needs are relevant and properly targeted.

(4).State and Federal government agencies, companies and non-government organisations – in fact, any organisation that needs to better understand the community, trends of any kind or its own customers will use research.

(5).Research projects educate the response of decision makers to a range of important issues, including planning for major transport and infrastructure projects, responses to climate change, taxation policy and so many others.

NAME: UGWUOKE VICTOR CHINWEOKWU

REG NO: 2017/249587

COURSE CODE 391

DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

EMAIL: UGWUOKEVICTOR95@GMAIL.COM

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION;

CLEARLY AND CLINICALLY ANALYSE THE ABOVE STATEMENT AND ALSO LET US KNOW WHAT RESEARCH MEANS TO YOU AS THE SPECIAL ADVISER TO MR. PRESIDENT ON RESEARCH AND STRATEGY

The term “Research” consists of two words, “Re” and “Search”. “Re” means again and again; and “Search” means to find out something. Research is simply the process of arriving at dependable solution to a research problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data, information or facts. It is one of the most effective ways of solving problems.
Research seeks to find explanations for unexplained events or occurrences, to clarify propositions or assertions, and to correct misconceived facts. Grinnell (1993) states that “Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable”.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described numerically, collect qualitative data.
If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves hypothesis testing, collect quantitative data.
THEIR ARE TWO TYPE OF RESEARCH
(1) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD
(2) QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD
(1)Qualitative research is defined as a market research method that focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication. This research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. There are different types of qualitative research methods such as:
•One on one interview:personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time. This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth from the respondent.
•Case study research: it is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.
•Record keeping: This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source.

(2) METHOD:Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. This research collects information from existing and potential customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys etc., the results of which can be depicted in numerical form. Some examples of quantitative research are:
•SURVEYS: Surveys are used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.It is the first step towards collecting data for any research.
CORRELATION RESEARCH: Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit entities and how one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually observed.

Name: Ajah Favour Chinyere
Reg No: 2018/241836
Department:Economics
Course code: Eco 391
Course title:Research methods 1
Email:favourajah91@gmail.com

Assignment
Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research mean.

The word Research is composed of two syllable re and search Re is a prefix meaning again.Search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully. Research is derived from the Latin word ‘sciens’ meaning time know.Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

When you say that you want to conduct a research study to find answers to a question, you are saying:
* that the process is being conducted within a frame work of a set of philosophies.
*using steps,techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability.
*is designed to be unbiased and objective.

Name: Okonkwo Theophilus Nwabueze
Reg no: 2018/241839
Dept.: Economics
Course: Eco 391

Question:Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.

In view of the above assertion and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy!

Answer: What is Research?
Definition: Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:

1Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Types of research methods and example
what is research

Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.

Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative methods

Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:

One-to-one Interview
Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study
Quantitative methods

Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:

Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

It is essential to ensure that your data is:

Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.

Ochonwu Lotachi Vivian
2018/248806
Economics major
Julietrecheal@gmail84.com

As a special adviser to Mr.President,research is a systematic process of finding solution to a problem.lt is also a careful and a diligent search.So in order to find any solution to any problem concerning our country or any issue,we have to make some research to make a good end.

AIMS/PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Why do we carry out research?
1.We carry out research to understand an existing phenomenon.
2.Research enables us to understand the existence and extent of economics relationship.
3.Research enables us to provide answers to a problem.
4.Research enables us to make predictions and formulate policies to economic problems.
5.Research helps us to accept or reject hypothesis.
6.It also helps us to formulate theory.

RESEARCH PROCESS

How do we conduct research
For one to carry out research,one has to follow a lay down process or steps,these steps can be numbered in stages.

Stage1: Problem stages identification.
Stage 2: choice of topic,choose a topic that will enable you to solve the problem you
have identified.
Stage 3 Literature Review: The purpose of literature review is for you to contribute on
the problem.
Stage 4: Hypothesis Formulation, formulating a tentative statement of solutions to the
problem.
Stage 5: Data collection and Analysis.

FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1.It is empirical because the conclusions that are arrived at and solution gotten can be verified.
2.It can be replicable.
3.It is systematic.
4.It is theoretical.
5.It is cumulative and must make his own contributions.

HOW TO GET THE CHOICE OF RESEARCH TOPIC

Where and how can we get our topic ;
1.Personal Experience
2.Review of existing literature or study .
3.Observation of impact on natural policies.
4.Observation of trends in economic.
5.Indigenous knowledge and practices.

CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS OF CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN NIGERIA
1.Lack of public and private sector records.
2.people perceive research as a mere academic research.
3.Challenge of illiteracy.
4.Lack of poor infrastructural base.
5.Lack of cooperation from public and private sector distribution.
6.Lack of funding and data collection.

Name:Mbah Chidimma Judith
Reg no:2018/243101
Dept: Economic nd sociology
Topic: meaning and scope of research
MEANING OF RESEARCH

Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. It’s the adult form of the science fair projects back in elementary school, where you try and learn something by performing an experiment. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.

Research can be about anything, and we hear about all different types of research in the news. Cancer research has ‘Breakthrough Cancer-Killing Treatment Has No Side Effects in Mice,’ and ‘Baby Born with HIV Cured.’ Each of these began with an issue or a problem (such as cancer or HIV), and they had a question, like, ‘Does medication X reduce cancerous tissue or HIV infections?’

But all I’ve said so far is what research has done (sort of like saying baking leads to apple pie; it doesn’t really tell you anything other than the two are connected). To begin researching something, you have to have a problem, concern, or issue that has turned into a question. These can come from observing the world, prior research, professional literature, or from peers. Research really begins with the right question, because your question musmt be answerable. Questions like, ‘How can I cure cancer?’ aren’t really answerable with a study. It’s too vague and not testable.

Having a question creates an internal state of ‘I need to know something.’ To continue the baking example, this internal state of wanting something is like having a hankering for apple pie. Since you are reading this in a psychology section, we will put a psychological slant on this, and hopefully lose some of the baking metaphors.
PURPOSE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Psychological researchers want to learn and understand human behavior. It can be about how people think, how they feel, how they behave, or some combination of these issues. Research, and the understanding that follows, trickles down from the scientists and alters society. There is constant and competing research. For example, about what is the best way to punish and rehabilitate criminals (such as Zimbardo’s prison experiment), the best and worst ways to raise children (Bowlby and attachment, Spock and children), and how to treat the mentally ill (with too many to count).

More specifically, psychological research is used to measure, describe, and categorize human behavior. This can result in understanding what might be called normal behavior. More interesting and more often researched are the abnormal behaviors, those that eventually become categorized and labeled with a diagnosis. A diagnosis is a constellation of common behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that occur together.

For example, many people suffer from depression, and research has found that exercise, psychotropic medication, and therapy have reduced and sometimes eliminated the feelings of sadness, guilt, and worthlessness that come from
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final
THREE MAIN PURPOSE OF A RESEARCH
No:1Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
No 2:_Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
no:3 -Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
EXERCISE
Exercise
You are a research associate working in a laboratory. Before giving you complex assignments, your supervisor wants to ensure that you understand the various steps involved in the research methodology. You are therefore given a very simple question to answer through research: “If one were to flip a coin 10 times, how many times would the coin land on the tails side?”

You will thus conduct the experiment using a coin at home. Most importantly, you will detail your experiment and findings in a report using proper research methodology. Your report should thus include:

The research question,
The hypothesis,
The experiment itself, and
The conclusion to your findings.
Solution
Although students will not all get the same results, an example of a report would include the following components:

Research Question:
“If one were to flip a coin 10 times, how many times would the coin land on the tails side?”

Hypothesis:
Based on basic statistical knowledge, there is an equal chance of a coin landing on either the heads or tails side. Therefore, 50% of the coin flips should result in tails, which works out to 5 out of the 10 coin tosses.

Experiment:
The following results were noted:

Flip No. Result
1 Heads
2 Tails
3 Heads
4 Heads
5 Tails
6 Tails
7 Heads
8 Heads
9 Tails
10 Heads
The following findings were noted:

Result Heads Tails
Number of occurrences 6 4
Conclusion:
Although there is an equal chance that each coin toss can result in either the ‘heads or tails side, the fact that the test is done at random for such a small population size suggests that the most probabilistic outcome (i.e. 5 tails occurrences) is not the only possible outcome.
CONCLUSION
Review your goals before making any conclusions about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your analysis revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendation as

Udeze Obianuju Charity
2018/244283
Education Economics

Question: the meaning and scope of research

Answer: Research may be said to be a systematic study of a phenomenon in order to answer a question or solve a problem. It is systematic because the research work has procedure. To carry out a proper research, there are steps that ‘must’ be followed. The steps are to ensure the replicability of the research work by others. Some of these steps are: identify the problem, choose or decide the topic, search and study other literary works done on such topic if any, form your hypothesis, collect data, analyse data and finally accept or reject the hypothesis formulated.

Now the scope of research simply describes or explains the extent of a research work. It deals with the areas that a research work is meant to cover. It is also the focus of a research. It may also be the question that the research is meant to answer.

Name : Peter Emmanuel
Department: Economics education
Reg no: 2018/246577
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
This definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
This definition of research encompasses pure and strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development. Applied research is original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge but directed towards a specific, practical aim or objective (including a client-driven purpose).
Features of Research
1, Empirical – based on observations and experimentation on theories.
2. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
3. Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
4 Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process
5 Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
6 Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical
7 Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.
Research to me as the special adviser to Mr president is a process or tools used to get information or more knowledge about something. I will also say that research is a tool used in finding solution to a given problem.
Three Purposes of Research
Social research can serve a variety of purposes. Three of the most influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description and explanation.
Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher’s curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.
Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population.
Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same.

esearch and strategy

What is Research?
Definition: Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

Identify potential and new customers
Understand existing customers
Set pragmatic goals
Develop productive market strategies
Address business challenges
Put together a business expansion plan
Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it. Free
It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:

Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Here is a comparative analysis for better understanding:

Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Explanatory Research
Approach used Unstructured Structured Highly structured
Conducted through Asking questions Asking questions By using hypotheses.
Time Early stages of decision making Later stages of decision making Later stages of decision making
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions.

When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.

To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and to manage your research data in one centralized repository.

Types of research methods and example
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.
Qualitative methods
Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Types of qualitative methods include:
One-to-one Interview
Focus Groups
Ethnographic studies
Text Analysis
Case Study
Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

Types of quantitative methods include:
Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Remember, research is only valuable and useful when it is valid, accurate, and reliable. Incorrect results can lead to customer churn and a decrease in sales.

It is essential to ensure that your data is:
Valid – founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial.
Accurate – free of errors and including required details.
Reliable – other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar results.
Timely – current and collected within an appropriate time frame.
Complete – includes all the data you need to support your business decisions.
Gather research insights
8 tips for conducting accurate research
Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one.
Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears.
Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common.
Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have been identified in a SWOT analysis.
Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your study.
Act on your strategies
Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional inquiry if necessary
Plan to review the results and consider efficient methods to analyze and dissect results for interpretation.
Review your goals before making any conclusions about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your analysis revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendations.
In conclusion, I define research as a systematic process of investigating, identifying and finding solutions to existing problems which can be replicable, cumulative and verifiable.

Name: Ajuluchukwu Joy ifeoma
Reg. no: 2018/241840
Email: jlady3936@gmail.com

From the assertion above and definitions offered by others.
Research is a studious inquiry because it’s not done haphazardly, it follows a process. it is a pursuit that is aimed at achieving a solution to a problem.
research is an attempt to improve knowledge on what we already know. it’s also a way of developing or discovering an improved knowledge about a phenomenon and it involves a systematic process of investigating a phenomenon.

As an economic adviser to the Mr. president on research and strategy.
Research simply means a search for facts, answers to questions and solution to problems.
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Research is the organized and systematic method of finding answers to questions. it is a process broken up into steps that lead to conclusions, research is organised because there is planned structure or methods used to reach the conclusions.
research allows us to find the right solutions to key issues in our communities by;
* providing facts that will help us to analyse problem.
* testing the feasibility and the impact of programs.
* finding better solution to the challenges.
research helps to clarify and strengthens belief especially in the face of opposition and doubt from others.

Name: Offor Chukwuebuka Donaldson
Reg no: 2018/246940
Course code: Eco 391
Department: Economics department

Assignment
Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy.

History of research
The concept of research is as old as science, the concept of the intimate relationship between research and subsequent development, however, was not generally recognized until the 1950s.

The founder of research
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld: The Father of Research Surveys.

What is the original name of Research
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”, or “sercher”, meaning ‘search’.
What is Research
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

Forms of research
1:Original research: Also called primary research, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary-source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the laboratory or in the field, documents the methodology, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher.
2:Scientific research: Is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate).
3:Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.
4:Artistic research: Also seen as ‘practice-based research’, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.

Types of Research
Exploratory research
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically accurate data. That is why exploratory research is best suited as the beginning of your total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining company issues, areas for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require statistical research.
Descriptive research
Descriptive research takes up the bulk of online surveying and is considered conclusive in nature due to its quantitative nature. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is preplanned and structured in design so the information collected can be statistically inferred on a population.
The main idea behind using this type of research is to better define an opinion, attitude, or behaviour held by a group of people on a given subject. Consider your everyday multiple choice question. Since there are predefined categories a respondent must choose from, it is considered descriptive research. These questions will not give the unique insights on the issues like exploratory research would. Instead, grouping the responses into predetermined choices will provide statistically inferable data. This allows you to measure the significance of your results on the overall population you are studying, as well as the changes of your respondent’s opinions, attitudes, and behaviours over time.
Causal research
Like descriptive research, causal research is quantitative in nature as well as preplanned and structured in design. For this reason, it is also considered conclusive research. Causal research differs in its attempt to explain the cause and effect relationship between variables. This is opposed to the observational style of descriptive research, because it attempts to decipher whether a relationship is causal through experimentation. In the end, causal research will have two objectives:
* To understand which variables are the cause and which variables are the effect.
* To determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted.
For example, a cereal brand owner wants to learn if they will receive more sales with their new cereal box design. Instead of conducting descriptive research by asking people whether they would be more likely to buy their cereal in its new box, they would set up an experiment in two separate stores. One will sell the cereal in only its original box and the other with the new box. Taking care to avoid any outside sources of bias, they would then measure the difference between sales based on the cereal packaging. Did the new packaging have any effect on the cereal sales? What was that effect?

Research purpose
1: Information gathering and/or
a: Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring
b:Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing
2:Theory testing
a:Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations
b:Predictive: e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios
Examples of research studies with these different purposes can be found in this practice quiz.
Data collection methods:
1: Interviews.
2: Questionnaires and surveys.
3: Observations.
4: Documents and records.
5: Focus groups.
6: Oral histories.

Classification of Types of Research
1:Theoretical Research.
2:Applied Research.
3:Exploratory Research.
4:Descriptive Research.
5:Explanatory Research.
6:Qualitative Research.
7:Quantitative Research.
8:Experimental Research.

Benefits of Research
1. Research expands your knowledge base.
2. Research gives you the latest information.
3. Research helps you know what you’re up against.
4. Research builds your credibility.
5. Research helps you narrow your scope.
6. Research teaches you better discernment.
7. Research introduces you to new ideas.
8:Research helps with problem-solving.
9:Research helps you reach people.
10:Research encourages curiosity
8:Research helps with problem-solving.

Name: Nwakpa Ruth Nnenna Nnenna
Reg No: 2018/242402
Dept: Economics Department Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method.
It is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.

*Steps in conducting research:*
1.Identification of research problem
2.Literature review
3.Specifying the purpose of research
4.Determining specific research questions
5.Specification of a conceptual framework, sometimes including a set of hypotheses
6.Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
7.Data collection
8. Verifying data
9. Analyzing and interpreting the data
10. Reporting and evaluating research
11..Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations

The main characteristics for good quality research is listed below:

1. It is based on the work of others.
2. It can be replicated and doable .
3. It is generalisable to other settings.
4. It is based on some logical rationale and tied to theory.
5. It generates new questions or is cyclical in nature.
6. It is incremental.

*Types of Research*
1. Applied research :Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.
2. Theoretical research: Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question.

3. Exploratory research: It is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

4. Descriptive Research: The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

5. Correlational Research: The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

6. Explanatory research: It is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

UKACHUKWU DIVINE AMARACHI
2018/242426
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
24/08/2021
ECO 391

Assignment
Research generally means inquire or search for knowledge. In fact the word “research” is synonymous with the following words: investigation, study, exploration, Inquiry, examination, experimentation, etc. It is defined as a process of systematic investigation or examination into and study of constituents and sources in order to discover, collect, interpret and establish facts, to revise accepted laws and theories in the light of new facts, or to apply new or revised theories or laws. Research is careful or diligent search; studious inquiry or examination (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2015). It is indeed a journey into discovery of facts.
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.

When do we call a research scientific? Any research endeavor is said to be scientific if

• It is based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning;
• It consists of systematic observations, measurement, and experimentation;
• It relies on the application of the scientific methods and harnessing of curiosity;
• It provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of nature;
Characteristics of a Research
1. The research should focus on priority problems.
2. The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should employ a structured
procedure.
3. The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.
4. The research should be reductive. This means that the findings of one researcher should be made available to other researchers to prevent them from repeating the same research.
5. The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be scope to confirm the findings of previous research in a new environment and different settings with a new group of subjects or at a different point in time.
6. The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable characteristics of research because answering one question leads to generating many other new questions.

Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is defined as the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea. This is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to understand more about it. An exploratory research project is an attempt to lay the groundwork that will lead to future studies or to determine if what is being observed might be explained by a currently existing theory. Most often, exploratory research lays the initial groundwork for future research.
Descriptive Research
Once the groundwork is established, the newly explored field needs more information. The next step is descriptive research, defined as attempts to explore and explain while providing additional information about a topic. This is where research is trying to describe what is happening in more detail, filling in the missing parts and expanding our understanding. This is also where as much information is collected as possible instead of making guesses or elaborate models to predict the future – the ‘what’ and ‘how,’ rather than the ‘why.’

Explanatory Research: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

As a special adviser to the President on research and strategy, Research simply means a search for knowledge.

Name Aneke Nelson Maduakonam
Reg. No 2018/242192
Dept. Education Economics
Gmail. Nelsonmadu80@gmail.com

Research could be seen as a studious inquiry or examination; especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Answer
When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if/then statement), the results aiming to support or contradict a theory.

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge.

According to The Merriam- (Webster online Dictionary). A studious inquiry or examination, especially; investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or law in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or law.

According to Waltz and Bansell (1981). Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships.

According to Kothari (2006). Research is a pursuit of trust with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem.

According to Payton (1979). Research is the process of looking for a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way.

Kerlinger (1873). Research is a systematic controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.

Research in my own understanding means the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to increase knowledge.

Name: Onah Amarachi Jane
Reg no:2018/246265
Dept: Economics
Assignment
Clearly and clinically analyse the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as the Special Adviser to Mr. President on Research and Strategy.
Answers.
Department of Education and Training defines research as follows:
Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
This definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
This definition of research encompasses pure and strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development. Applied research is original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge but directed towards a specific, practical aim or objective (including a client-driven purpose).

i. Activities that support the conduct of research and therefore meet the definition of research include:
ii Professional, technical, administrative or clerical support staff directly engaged in activities essential to the conduct of research
iii.management of staff who are either directly engaged in the conduct of research or are providing professional, technical, administrative or clerical support or assistance to those staff.
Features of Research
a.Empirical – based on observations and experimentation on theories.
b. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedure.
c. Controlled – all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
d.Employs hypothesis – guides the investigation process.
e.Analytical – There is critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation.
f.Objective, Unbiased, & Logical – all findings are logically based on empirical.
g.Employs quantitative or statistical methods – data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.
Types of Research.
Exploratory research
Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically accurate data. That is why exploratory research is best suited as the beginning of your total research plan. It is most commonly used for further defining company issues, areas for potential growth, alternative courses of action, and prioritizing areas that require statistical research.

Descriptive research
Descriptive research takes up the bulk of online surveying and is considered conclusive in nature due to its quantitative nature. Unlike exploratory research, descriptive research is preplanned and structured in design so the information collected can be statistically inferred on a population.
The main idea behind using this type of research is to better define an opinion, attitude, or behaviour held by a group of people on a given subject.

Causal research
Like descriptive research, causal research is quantitative in nature as well as preplanned and structured in design. For this reason, it is also considered conclusive research. Causal research differs in its attempt to explain the cause and effect relationship between variables. This is opposed to the observational style of descriptive research, because it attempts to decipher whether a relationship is causal through experimentation. In the end, causal research will have two objectives:
i. To understand which variables are the cause and which variables are the effect.
ii.To determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted.

Why Research Is Necessary and Valuable in Our Daily Lives
i.It’s a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.
ii.It’s a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.
iii. It helps us succeed in business.
iv..It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.
v.It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
vi.It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information.
vii. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.

NAME: NWEKE MELODY CHIOMA
REG:2018/243742
DEPARTMENT:ECONOMICS
EMAIL:melodynweke@gmail
ASSIGNMENT: CLEARLY AND CLINICALLY ANALYSE THE ABOVE STATEMENT AND ALSO LET US KNOW WHAT RESEARCH MEANS TO YOU AS THE SPECIAL ADVISER TO MR PRESIDENT ON RESEARCH AND STRATEGY.

Research could be seen as as creation of new knowledge and the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concept, methodologies and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Research is also be seen as a human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matters.

Research is a careful consideration of study regarding a particular problem using a scientific method.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1:The information must be accurate and correct.

2: Knowledge and real-time data is derived from actual observations in natural settings.

3: For data to be accurate it must follow a systematic procedure.

4:The analysis is based on intellectual.ie logical reasoning is involved.

5:It is analytical and it uses all the available data so that there no ambiguity in inference.
TYPES OF RESEARCH

1: Qualitative method:It is associated with inductive approach which analyze an observed event.it is a methodologies of research that collect data by conversational method.
2: Quantitative method:it is associated with deductive which verified the observed.it uses a systematic way of investing events.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH STUDIES

a) Exploratory: exploratory studies are used to explore a group of question .the answer may not offer conclusion to the problem.it is understanding to help new problem area that haven’t been explored.

b) Descriptive method: it focuses on expanding knowledge in current issue through a process of data collection.

c)Explanatory method is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes I the existing standard procedures.

REG NO: 2018/242297
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
COURSE: ECO 391(RESEARCH METHODS IN ECONOMICS I)

Research being a studious inquiry means that it requires a lot of time to do, searching for new or existing information. It is something that is not to be rushed. It requires thorough inspection in order to determine their nature or condition of the topic in question.
Now, we investigate, we ask questions like, “why this way and not the other?” We also seek for more information to enhance the little knowledge we may already have from the topic in question. By doing this, we discover new facts. That is, things that are true but we may just be knowing for the first time. It broadens our minds on things that we didn’t even have an idea of. When we get these facts, we compare them with other facts that we may have known and see their relationship. We compare these facts with theories or laws that have generally been accepted.
Now, when we compare what we have obtained, we will now be able to practically apply these facts. That is, we will be able to use it in real life scenarios.

Research to me is a systematic and careful process of obtaining facts in a clear state of mind. It is careful in the sense that we don’t just jump into conclusions. We search calmly and in a good state of mind so that we don’t end up mixing up what we have. Research to me requires a lot of hard work. Every little data we gather can be useful in obtaining the goal in which we set out to achieve. We are not to display a nonchalant attitude.

NAME: ADEGBOLA SEUN SAMUEL
DEPT: ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2018/241869
EMAIL: adegbolaseun8@gmail.com

Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.” Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

Research is conducted with a purpose to:
• Identify potential and new customers
• Understand existing customers
• Set pragmatic goals
• Develop productive market strategies
• Address business challenges
• Put together a business expansion plan
• Identify new business opportunities
What are the characteristics of research?
1. Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.
5. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.
6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

What is the purpose of research?
There are three main purposes:
1. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
2. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.
3. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions. When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can use this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively.
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative. Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.
Qualitative method is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.
Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

ECO 391 ASSIGNMENT- RESEARCH METHODS IN ECONOMICS 1

TOPIC: WHAT I UNDERSTAND BY RESEARCH.

Anything that has to do with research is aimed at a particular goal, Creating, discovering or finding something new. Research is the bedrock of every innovation.
I will be focusing basically my level of understanding of research to the definition of research giving by different people and institutions, the purpose of research, the types, scope, the sources and characteristics of research.
UNDERSTANDING THE TERM RESEARCH
Under this I will be discussing the definitions and scope of research.
Research can be defined as a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a new understanding (The Cambridge dictionary). I see research to be the scientific study of a certain phenomenon aimed at discovering something new through gathering and interpreting information to answer certain questions. It is defined as a group of methods used to create new knowledge or use the existing knowledge in newer creative ways in order to generate state of art concepts, methods, as well as understanding the existing theories in new light (Voxco).
Research is a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. The oxford dictionary defines research as the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The department of Education and training, western Sydney university, defines research as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. Research involves the creative and systematic work undertaken to increase one’s level of knowledge(Wikipedia). Travers(1969) described research as an activity directed towards the development of an organized body of scientific knowledge about the events with which human beings are concerned. Leedy (1997) defines this research further to mean the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon with which we are concerned or interested. According to leedy, Research is classified with, and what is NOT.
Research can be one of the most interesting features of any degree course as it offers you a measure of control and autonomy over what you learn. It is derived from the latin word, ‘Sciens’ meaning To know. The word, Research is composed of 2 syllables, ‘Re’ and ‘search’. It investigates hypothesis, suggests new interpretations of data or texts and poses new questions for future research to explore.
TYPES OF RESEARCH.
There are basically two types of research; The scientific and non scientific research (Ogbuagbor 2021). Scientific research comprises of research that deals with scientific and empirical studies or enquiry to acquire or discover something new. The non scientific research deals with the search for without necessary using empirical. Knowledge gained from vision is a good example of this.
BASIC RESEARCH: The primary aim of Basic Research is to improve knowledge generally, without any particular applied purpose in mind at the outset. This type of research takes the form of a theory that explains the phenomenon under investigation to give its contribution to knowledge. This research is more descriptive in nature exploring what, why and how questions.
APPLIED RESEARCH: is designed from the start to apply its findings to a particular situation. The purpose of this research is to help people understand the nature of human problems so that human beings can more effectively control their environment. In other words, this type of research pursues potential solutions to human and societal problems. This research is more prescriptive in nature, focusing on how questions.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: The emphasis of Quantitative research is on collecting and analysing numerical data; it concentrates on measuring the scale, range, frequency etc. of phenomena. This type of research, although harder to design initially, is usually highly detailed and structured and results can be easily collated and presented statistically. According to leedy(1995), this research is an inquiry into social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables measured with numbers or figures and analyzed with statistical procedures in other to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Qualitative research is more subjective in nature than quantitative research and involves examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a research subject, e.g. values, attitudes, perceptions. Although this type of research can be easier to start, it can be often difficult to interpret and present the findings; the findings can also be challenged more easily. According to Babbie, 1998, Research involves inductive and deductive methods. Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed whereas deductive methods according to Babbie, verify hypothesized principles through observations.
Other different types of research include Action research, case and field study research, correlational research, Descriptive or Normative survey, Ethnography, etc.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
The purpose of every research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts and ideas as to inquire something new about something.
According to Collis and hussey 2003, the purpose of research is to:
1.) Review or synthesize existing knowledge
2.) Investigate existing situations or problems
3.) Provide solutions to problems
4.) Explore and analyze more general issues
5.) Construct or create new procedures or systems
6.) Explain new phenomenon and to
7.) Generate new knowledge.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
The major charcteristics of any research are objectivity, precision, design and verifiability.
Objectivity: This explains that as researcher, you have to make deliberate efforts to eliminate all personal preferences.
Precision: Research has to do with better understanding. When one conduct a good research and write the reports but a reader do not understanding does not understand what the person that carried out the research had done, it is as good as doing nothing or just a waste of time.
Design: If you want to have a good research, you must have a very good and systematic design.
Verifiability: When you conduct a research, you write your report without this you are not carrying out a research.
In conclusion, Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. To research is to purposely and methodically search for new knowledge and practical solutions in the form of answers to questions formulated beforehand.

NAME: ONWUJIUBA OBIANUJU NNENNA
REG NO: 2018/247080
DEPARTMENT:ECONOMICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE (CSS)
ASSIGNMENT: CRITICALLY ANALYSE THE MEANING OF RESEARCH.
Research can be seen the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It starts with an inquiry which means to ask questions with the view of getting to know that whi h one doesn’t know initially,though not all inquiries leads to research but for one to research he must start with questions of how?, why? and when? And these questions are what you refer to as an inquiry. Therefore research can also be viewed as a systematic way of collecting and interpreting answers to a said inquiry. Research in economics are based on economic theories and these research must follow a laid steps or model in order to be called a research. Randomly asking question about a hypothesis does not necessarily make it a research, for a work to be considered a research it must be replicable in the sense that one can be able to study and redo the research without necessarily being confused.
There are two main types of research and they are scientific and non-scientific research. Still on explaining research I’ll define research as
R-REVIEWING
E-EXISTING
S-STUDIES
E-EMPIRICALLY
A-AND
R-RIGOROUSLY
C-COMFIRMING
H-HYPOTHESIS.

Name : Ezeaku Anderson Esomchukwu
Reg no: 2018/242413
Dept. : Economics
In view of the above definition and in the light of other definitions offered by various research pundits, clearly and clinically analyze the above statement and also let us know what research means to you as special adviser to Mr president on research and strategy.
Nworgu (1991) noted that research exists because man has always searched and will perhaps continue to search for facts yet unknown to him; for answers to questions yet unanswered. This search has always followed different forms and approaches through the ages and have always undergone series of changes from the earliest times to the present day; from the stage of haphazardness to the stage of mere speculation to that characterized by empiricism hence research has to do with an inquiry into the unknown; the search for solutions to problems or answers to questions; with critical process of asking and attempting to answer questions about the world; involving description, exploration
prediction, explanation and action.
From the foregoing definitions, research is a systematic and objective investigation or activity to unravel and provide solutions to unknown phenomena in the environment.

As a special adviser to Mr president on research and strategy research has the following uses
* Data obtained through research enables us understand existing phenomena. Understanding existing phenomena deals with a comprehensive search on what exist.
* it enables researchers to establish the existence and extent of relationships between variables. In the society, many variables impact on others positively or negatively in varying degrees.
* Research helps to provide answers to unknown problems. The society is dynamic and hence is confronted with a myriad of new problems from time to time.
* Research provides us with data for extrapolation, forecasting and policy especially during the occurrence or expectation of re-occurrence of similar events.
* Research provides the basis for acceptance or rejection of hypothesis or tentative claims made through deductive reasoning.
* Research helps us to formulate or refine theories in order to enrich the school curriculum or frontiers of knowledge

NAME: ANYANWU COLETTE CHINAZAEKPERE
REG. NO: 2018/242442
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS (MAJOR)
COURSE: ECO 391

MEANING AND THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH

ETYMOLOGY
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherche”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recerchier” a compound word from “re-” + “cerchier”, or “sercher”, meaning ‘search’. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

DEFINITION
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

One definition of research is used by the OECD, “Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.”

Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

FORMS OF RESEARCH
Original research, also called primary research, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a primary-source character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the laboratory or in the field, documents the methodology, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher.

The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals and usually established by means of peer review. Graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation.

Scientific research is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate).

Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.

Artistic research, also seen as ‘practice-based research’, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.

STEPS ON CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:

Observations and formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of one’s interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables.
Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts.
Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it.
Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures, and pictures, and then described in words.
Test, revising of hypothesis
Conclusion, reiteration if necessary
A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather, null hypothesis). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see falsifiability). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

RESEARCH METHODS

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.
Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.
There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:

Qualitative research
This involves understanding human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior, by asking a broad question, collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc. that is analyzed, and searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time-consuming and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses. Qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social constructionism.
Social media posts are used for qualitative research.

Quantitative research
This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive) derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.
The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.

If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.

In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.

Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.

Big data has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed.

TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS
1. Observatory Research Method
2. Correlation Research Method

Switching topics
There have been indications that during the last decades scientists have switched between scientific topics more frequently.

Non-empirical research
Non-empirical (theoretical) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See Scientific method.

A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of cosmological research is theoretical in nature. Mathematics research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove theorems about mathematical objects.

RESEARCH ETHICS
Research ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise during or as a result of research activities, as well as the ethical conduct of researchers. Historically, the revelation of scandals such as Nazi human experimentation and the Tuskegee syphilis experiment led to the realisation that clear measures are needed for the ethical governance of research to ensure that people, animals and environments are not unduly harmed in research. The management of research ethics is inconsistent across countries and there is no universally accepted approach to how it should be addressed.[46][47][48] Informed consent is a key concept in research ethics.

When making ethical decisions, we may be guided by different things and philosophers commonly distinguish between approaches like deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics and value (ethics). Regardless of approach, the application of ethical theory to specific controversial topics is known as applied ethics and research ethics can be viewed as a form of applied ethics because ethical theory is applied in real-world research scenarios.

Ethical issues may arise in the design and implementation of research involving human experimentation or animal experimentation. There may also be consequences for the environment, for society or for future generations that need to be considered. Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research, the most notable Code being the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Research in other fields such as social sciences, information technology, biotechnology, or engineering may generate different types of ethical concerns to those in medical research.

In countries such as Canada, mandatory research ethics training is required for students, professors and others who work in research.

Nowadays, research ethics is commonly distinguished from matters of research integrity that includes issues such as scientific misconduct (e.g. fraud, fabrication of data or plagiarism).

NAME: Ugwu Chidera loveth.
REG: 2018/241235
DEPT: Economics Education

Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods. Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with  qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

Types of research methods
Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.

Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.

Qualitative methods

Qualitative research  is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually  open minded questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way.

Quantitative methods

Quantitative  methods deal with numbers and measurable  forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.

AS THE SPECIAL ADVISER TO THE PRESIDENT, I WILL SAY THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.

2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.

4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.

5. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.

6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.

7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct.

 
THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH.

There are three main purposes research which are as follows:

EXPLORATORY: As the name suggests, researchers conduct  exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

DESCRIPTIVE: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research  describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

EXPLANATORY: Causal or explanatory research  is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form.

Name-Eze joy Ozioma
Reg no-2018/242430
Economics department

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
It is simply a way of looking for new information, new understanding, and new facts. A person who does research is called a researcher. … Research is often used for solving problems or increasing available knowledge. This can be done by testing theories and making observations.
Research begins with an issue that comes from an observation. Let’s say I am walking down the street and I see two pigeons sitting at two different windows. I’m weird, so I’ll call the first pigeon Stu and the second pigeon Bill. When I walk past Stu the pigeon, I see him pecking at the glass.
When I walk past Bill the pigeon, I see him just sitting there, chilling like pigeons do. So, I formulate a question: ‘Why is Stu the pigeon pecking at the glass, while Bill the pigeon does not?’ Next, I should do a little research into pigeons and why they might peck at things. This is background research to help me understand what I am looking for or at.
Next, I have to figure out how to answer my question. There are many ways a question can be answered;
Research methods are classified based on different criteria. They are a general category, nature of the study, the purpose of the study, and research design. Also, there are interviews and case studies based on research methodology. In some researches, more than two methods are combined while in some, very few methods are taken into account for the study.
List of Types in Research Method
Research methods are classified based on different criteria. They are a general category, nature of the study, the purpose of the study, and research design. Also, there are interviews and case studies based on research methodology. In some researches, more than two methods are combined while in some, very few methods are taken into account for the study.
1. Quantitative Research
As the name suggests, quantitative refers to the numbers where data is collected based on numbers, and a summary is taken from these numbers. Graphs help to quantify the results in quantitative research.
2. Qualitative Research
Qualitative refers to the non- numerical elements in the research. When the information or data cannot be grasped in terms of numbers, qualitative research comes for the rescue. Though not reliable as much as quantitative, qualitative research helps to form a better summary in terms of theories in the data.
Based on the nature of the research,
3. Descriptive Research
Facts are considered in descriptive methods and surveys and case studies are done to clarify the facts. These help to determine and explain with examples, the facts, and they are not rejected.   Many variables can be used in descriptive research to explain the facts.
4. Analytical Research
Analytical research uses the facts that have been confirmed already to form the basis for the research and critical evaluation of the material is carried out in this method. Analytical methods make use of quantitative methods as well.
5. Applied Research
Applied research is action research where only one domain is considered and mostly the facts are generalized. Variables are considered constant and forecasting is done so that the methods can be found out easily in applied research. The technical language is used in the research and the summary is based on technical facts.
6. Fundamental Research
Fundamental research is the basic or pure research done to find out an element or a theory that has never been in the world yet. Several domains are connected and the aim is to find out how traditional things can be changed or something new can be developed. The summary is purely in common language and logical findings are applied in the research.
Based on research design,
7. Exploratory Research
Exploratory studies are based on the theories and their explanation and it does not provide any conclusion for the research topic. The structure is not proper and the methods offer a flexible and investigative approach for the study. The hypothesis is not tested and the result will not be of much help to the outside world. The findings will be topic related that helps in improving the research more.
8. Conclusive Research
Conclusive Research aims at providing an answer to the research topic and has a proper design in the methodology. A well-designed structure helps in formulating and solving the hypotheses and give the results. The results will be generic and help the outside world. Researchers will have an inner pleasure to solve the problems and to help society in general.
9. Surveys
Not least considered, but Surveys play a main role in the research methodology. It helps to collect a vast amount of real-time data and helps in the research process. It is done at a low cost and can be done faster than any other method. Surveys can be done in both quantitative and qualitative methods. Always, quantitative surveys must be considered above qualitative surveys as they provide numerical outputs and the data is real. Surveys are mainly used in the business to know the demand for a product in the market and to forecast the production based on the results from the survey.
10. Case Studies
Case studies are another method of research methodology where different cases are considered and the proper one for the research is selected. Case studies help to form an idea of the research and helps in the foundation of the research. Various facts and theories can be considered from the case studies that help to form proper reviews about the research topic. Researchers can either make the topic general or specific according to the literature reviews from the studies. A proper understanding of the research can be made from the case study.
Also, we have focus groups and research interviews to understand the research methods in a well-defined manner. Structured and unstructured methods can be followed by various methods.
Advantages of using different Research Methodology
Below are the advantages mentioned :
* In a research, critical evaluation of the topic is important to analyze and verify the research. This helps the researcher to explore the research more effectively. Various methods in the research helps to explore the research from different perspectives and to analyze in a fact-driven manner.
* Quantitative methods and surveys help to gain numerical outputs that help in all the research. Results can be formed easily without explaining much in the thesis with the help of numbers.