ECO. 362—-27-4-2021 (Online Discussion Quiz 5—Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals 1-9)

Egbo Chinemelum Chinonso
2017/249493
egboemecs@gmail.com

GOAL 1: No Poverty.

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger.

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being.

GOAL 4: Quality Education.

GOAL 5: Gender Equality.

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth.

GOAL 9: Industry Innovation and Infrastructure

In my view, most of the goals listed above have not been achieved, like goal 1- goal 4.
Since goal 1 which is end poverty has not been been achieved because plenty people are living below $1, then goal 2 which is end hunger can’t be achieved. Apart from poverty in why goal 2 can’t be achieved, the government don’t face the agricultural sector. For goal 3, it can’t be achieved without goal 2 being achieved and for goal 4, it can’t be achieved without goal 1 being achieved because while the NGOs help some children with education, they can’t help everyone of them and those ones that don’t have help will need money to pay for education and when you are poor, how can you pay.
For Goal 5, it is on its way to being achieved in the sense that woman are now being recognised and can participate in some things like most jobs are for both men and women and not only the former.
For goal 6 & 7, it is not achievable before 2030, this is because like for goal 7 which is affordable energy, the government doesn’t even have enough energy for the country but they still sell it to other countries and this is because of corruption.
Goal 8 is also not achievable because plenty people are still unemployed till today ie the unemployment rate is as high 30%.
For Goal 9, it is also not achievable because the government doesn’t care about the infrastructure in the country or innovation, their problem is to see how much money they can get.

Udeh Rita Ezinne
2017/249578

The First Nine (9) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are stated thus:
1. End poverty: This is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. This is attainable if the resources available in the country will be use effectively and efficiently.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture: This is not achievable since poverty is not yet eradicated, hence we need to eradicate poverty in order to end the raging hunger in the country.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: This is possible given the time frame if our health sector will be reformed. This will come in the form of improved health facilities, payment of medical personnels, public education on health issues etc.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all: Education is paramount at basic levels at least universal basic education. Since the level of poverty is still high equitable education for all will not be achievable given the time frame.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: This is achievable; if our government and society will see the need to provide a field of equal opportunity for all gender without any form of favoritism towards any gender.
6. Ensure available and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Thus is not possible since Nigerians do not participate in community sanitation and cleaning. It can only be achieved everyone will come to the realization of the importance of water and proper sanitation is to our environment.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all: Given the time frame this Goal is not achievable Since we lack adequate monitoring of electricity generation and distribution. Hence there is need to revitalize the electricity sector.
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all: this Goal is still not achievable giveb the time frame because most people are still unemployed.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation: this goal is not achievable given the time frame Since Nigeria lags behind in terms of infrastructure. In other for it to be achieved there will be need to build up structures that would foster innovation in the country.

NAME: MADUAGUM MADONNA CHIOMA
REG. NO:2017/241456
EMAIL: cmaduagum@gmail.com
1. No Poverty: Nigeria is currently the poverty capital of the world and chances that it would remain so by 2030 is very likely as government policies are not favourable to the economic growth and development of the nation. Investors are being driven out due to these poor policies and businesses which should be are being monopolized by businesses and private corporations favoured by the government making the cost of basic items expensive for the average person to purchase.
2. Zero Hunger: Nigeria’s agricultural sector is still heavily dependent on small-scale farmers who use crude tools instead of advanced machineries so food production is slow and proper food storage against food shortage is poor .This also affects fishermen as the waters are being polluted making the waters inhabitable for fishes, plus deforestation and bush burning which affects livestock. Also, the agricultural sector is neglected in favour of the oil and gas sector.
3. Good Health and Well-being: This goal also seems unlikely to be achieved by 2030 because the Nigerian health care sector is lacking in basic infrastructure, the staff are often underpaid or underemployed in their positions hence their nonchalance towards their work plus hospital bills are most times too high for the average person so they self medicate or do not go to the hospital at all for proper treatment. Infant and maternal mortality rate is very high, harmful and illicit drugs are now very accessible, road accidents are on the increase, etc.
4. Quality Education: The government schools which are supposedly free are lacking in basic infrastructure and the staff some times aren’t qualified, plus their poor attitude towards their job due to being underpaid or owed by the government for a long while. Some religions and cultures also are against their children especially the females acquiring an education, that is, western education. Finding a school that offers Quality education on the other hand is quite expensive because they are mostly private schools although they have all the right infrastructure, the average working class is most times unable to afford it.
5. Gender Equality: Discrimination amongst women is very evident in all parts and tribes of Nigeria, in education, politics, job applications and positions with power women are most times treated like second class citizens who should be submissive at all times and not compete in high ranking positions with men. The mentality is common among most Nigerian men despite raising awareness and mass education. The chances that equality would be achievable in nine years times is not very likely.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Clean Water is not accessible to all in Nigeria. States have water depots ran by the government which are not effective or operational in providing clean water using enugu for example where water bills are paid every month but the water taps only run for maybe four days in a month. The waste management is also not efficient in their work, plus people’s poor attitude at handling wastes, open defecation, the high price of hygienic products like sanitary pads making it difficult for the poor to access.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Electricity bills have doubled and so has the price of petroleum. Other nations are researching and discovering better sources of energy than burning of fossil fuel which is harmful to the environment but Nigeria is still very much dependent on petroleum.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Most Nigerians are exploited in their work place ,working overtime and being underpaid but can’t quit because they need a source of income. This goal covers equal pay for work of equal value, job opportunities for people with disabilities and increase in economic growth but due to the bad policies monitoring the economy made by the government to favour people in power and businesses which back them up or from which they gain some profit, this is also unlikely by 2030.
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: This includes providing infrastructure which promotes economic development which Nigerian lacks in almost every sector, Promoting industrialization by supporting local producers and placing tariff on foreign goods which are also produced locally, supporting domestic technology and research, granting incentives and loans to promote growth in the industrial sector but unfortunately, the government and people awarded contracts to develop the industrial sector are corrupt and would only allocate a small fraction of the funds provided hence causing stagnation in development with little or no consequences for doing so.
In other words, none of these goals are likely to have been achieved in Nigeria by 2030.

Name: Nkwocha Ikechukwu Bonaventure
Reg. no: 2017/249530
Dept: Economics major
INTRODUCTION
In September 25 to 27, meeting at United Nations Headquarters in New York as the organization celebrated its seventieth anniversary, decide to adopt a new 17 global sustainable development goals. The goals are comprehensive far-reaching and people centered set of universal and transformative goals and targets. In this discussion, we will look into number 1 to 9 to know I its achievable in Nigeria within the time frame allotted and if not why and yes how.

Main argument:
Goal 1: End poverty in all forms everywhere.
The idea behind this goal is by 2030 eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than 1.25 dollars. Now to Nigeria as our case of discussion, The measurement with 1.25 dollars that is 500 naria in Nigeria and we double it to be 100 naria, it still cannot provide someone with three times balanced meal. Poverty in Nigeria cannot be eradicated by 2030 why? Because looking the economic environment, political practices and social relationship poverty is still going to with us by 2030, mind you from the political line which is providing the right environment for economic growth especially SMEs that incorporates the less mass of Nigerian.
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
The second goal is based on, By 2030 end all forms of malnutrition, hunger and access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants and sufficient food all year around. This goal is not achievable to the core, why? In Nigeria our agricultural sector is dropping down and the level of food insecurity will require more than the time frame and partnership by the government and private sector will helps.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for at all ages.
Goal 3 is by 2030 reduce the global maternal mortality ratio less than 70 per 100,000 live births. In Nigeria no within the time frame, why? The level of poverty in Nigeria makes it obvious that the poor is not asking about mortality ratio and this makes them to have more children.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
Here by 2030 is to ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes. The achievement of this in Nigeria is not achievable to core within the time frame and the current level of achievement is not even up to 40% mind you more than 2million child is out of school and again primary and secondary school in the Nigeria is not completely free plus the poor infrastructural facilities. In the Nigeria the wealth( inclusive of the political class ) that consumes the service provided by the education sector is small and this goes a long way to prolong the achievement.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
To end all forms of discrimination, by 2030 against all women and girls everywhere. In Nigeria our ways of life that is culture don’t really give women the opportunity but with civilization and globalization its am important thing to carry out to also sustain growth and Nigeria can achieve this but not to the core within the time frame. And very important our women need to rise and speak for themselves.
Goal 6; Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
By 2030 to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
In Nigeria the water management is not well managed, mind you the wealthy (political) in Nigeria is just for it’s own self interest and the health of the poor masses is not taking care of. So within the time frame the goal cannot be achieved.
Goal 7: Ensure access to afford, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
To achieve universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy service.
Nigeria can achieve this to an extend within the time frame of 2030 with more active government with a budget that is well executed.
Goal 8: Promote sustainability. Inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Full and productive employment and decent work for all.
Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries.
Within the time frame this goal is not achievable in Nigeria, why? The particular goal is 90% duty of the government with private sector partnership and most importantly the political activities in the country.
By 2023 we will go to elect new leader but the question is WHO?
Goal 9; Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
Developed quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.
In Nigeria the current trend on infrastructure is about forsaking old one and no maintenance culture, so for now Nigeria is going any way near reliable and sustainable infrastructure and its greatly affects the economic growth.
IN CONCLUSION: Nigeria have a long way to go but we need to ask questions about our political processes because its affects economic performance greatly.
The citizens that are well to do should stand up because Nigeria is ours and no other pla

NAME: Uwode Joy Ogheneyonle
REG NO: 2017/241451
DEPARTMENT: Economics
EMAIL: yonlejoyuwode@gmail.com

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people centered as well as planet sensitive. They are universal as they apply to all countries while recognizing the different realities as well as capabilities. Most importantly, they recognize that we can’t reach our development goals without addressing human rights and complex humanitarian issues. These SDGs are stated thus:

1. End poverty: This is the move to ameliorate poverty in all its forms everywhere. This wouldn’t be attainable in Nigeria since a very large number of it’s citizens are living below $1 per day.

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture: This is not attainable since poverty is not yet eradicated, hence we need to eradicate poverty in order to end the raging hunger in the country.

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: We can’t ensure healthy lives if we don’t exterminate poverty because most unhealthy persons in the country are poverty-stricken.

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all: Education is paramount at basic levels at least universal basic education. Since poverty is widespread, education for all is not attainable.

5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: Since gender disparity exists between the males and their female counterparts, then this goal wouldn’t be achieved.

6. Ensure available and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: This is not possible since Nigerians do not participate in community sanitation and cleaning. They litter the water bodies and this makes water toxic for use. Hence adequate sensitization is required to right this wrong.

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all: Since we lack adequate monitoring of electricity generation and distribution, a sustained and accessible energy for all is not attainable. Hence there is need to revitalize the electricity sector.

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all: Since at least 70% of the country’s population is unemployed, underemployed or working poor efforts to curb the rage of unemployment is required to boost economic growth and bring about full employment.

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation: Since Nigeria lags behind in terms of infrastructure, there is need to build up structures that would foster innovation in the country as well as support innovative minds.

ALI CHUKWUEMEKA JAPHET
2017/242427

The first nine out of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals includes:
(1) No Poverty , (2) Zero Hunger , (3) Good Health and Well-being , (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth , (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.

These goals are quite achievable in Nigeria if followed up with commitment from the government and it’s citizenry.

1. We can end poverty by developing the human capital of the nation through education and exposure to technological skills that will enable them add value and as well earn sumptously thereby ending poverty.

2. Zero hunger can be achieved by engaging in mechanised agricultural system, granting loans to the poor farmers, providing agricultural processing facilities to preserve foods when in excess.

3. Good Health and Well-being will be achieved by providing health infrastructures at subsidies rates.

4. Quality Education can be achieved by recruiting qualified teachers and as well fund education massively.

5. Gender Equality Equality can be achieved by providing equal position for women and men in all sector and as well re-orientation of people on the uniqueness of women in the society.

6. Clean Water and Sanitation can also be achieved by proper regulation by the government. They can also ensure that drinking water are certified before being allowed for public consumption.

7. Affordable and Clean Energy through investing in clean energy sources such as solar, wind and thermal. 

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: This can be achieved by decreasing the interest rate so as to enable investment.

9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure can be achieved through provision of infrastructures, export-promotion. policies and through protection of infant industries against external bodies.

Name: Francis Chibuezem David
Reg. No: 2017/241445
Email- francischibuezem247@gmail.com
Assignment- Is it possible to achieve the sustainable development goals? And reason
GOAL 1: No Poverty- No, this is because the government of the country is not transparent, effective and efficient; therefore, they can’t achieve this goal because even when funds are given, they are mismanaged.

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger- Hunger is a close friend to poverty. Zero hunger means providing food not just for a meal but for 3 square meals daily. This can only be achieved in a country that is able to conquer hunger

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being- Yes, this can be achieved if the nation makes it a residential requirements l and enforced such that the work is not left to the government alone but the citizens are participating

GOAL 4: Quality Education- No, this is because the system has become so corrupt with malpractice during exams and so raising dull students who end up becoming bad lecturers who still push and continue that circle.

GOAL 5: Gender Equality- Yes, by encouraging more feminine participation in places of power and work or service that were formally seen as for the masculine gender. This will encourage more women to join

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation- Yes, this can be achieved by making a duty for the masses and reserving days for sanitation. This can also be encouraged by awarding best streets, estates, etc and punishing defaulters with fines.

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy- No, the technology of Nigeria is far behind and we need to first of all get it and make it to reach different regions then make it affordable which is impossible given that most equipment and materials are imported.

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth- Yes, this is possible if the agencies responsible for implementing are able to enforce the necessary rules and guides for the running of the economy. This is possible this is economic growth and not development.

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure- Yes, only I the government brings up platforms for exhibition, awards and encouragement of young and growing innovations of youths in the nation. They could also achieve this by protecting domestic industries through tariffs, export grants, e.t.c.

Name: Esokawu Jonathan C.
Reg: 2017/249500
Dept.: Economics
Email: jesoka18@gmail.com

The first 9 SDGs include;
(1) No Poverty , (2) Zero Hunger , (3) Good Health and Well-being , (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth , (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.

As to wether they are achievable in Nigeria within the given time frame. My answer is a resounding NO. A major reason being that our level of awareness of the existence of this goals and there timeframe is very minimal. In fact it can be argued that majority of students in Universities across Nigeria are unaware of this SDGs. Hence for Nigeria to fulfill the goals of:
1)No poverty; poor people most be enlightened that they deserve to be comfortable.
2)Zero Hunger: NGOs, private sector and government must cooperate to counter hunger.
Goal 3 to 9 can only be achieved by a complete restructuring of the Nigeria and an amendment of her constitution to become all-inclusive. Such that there is No Marginalisation of citizens based on their ethnic affiliation. Only when we achieve this can we make progress in achieving this goals sporadically. Without this we will continue to sabotage our own success.

Okeke Jude Chimobi

2017/249556
chimobiokeke@gmail.com

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

1 SDG 1: Reduced Inequalities 4.1569
2 SDG 2: No Poverty 3.7812
3 SDG 3: Gender Equality 3.5569
4 SDG 4: Peace Justice & Strong Institutions 3.0923
5 SDG 5: Affordable & Clean Energy 2.2784
6 SDG 6: Quality Education 2.0549
7 SDG 7: Clean Water & Sanitation 1.8721
8 SDG 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth 1.7282
9 SDG 9: Good Health & Well Being 1.6018
10 SDG 10: Partnerships for the Goals 1.5608
11 SDG 11: Climate Action 1.3412
12 SDG 12: Industry Innovation & Infrastructure 1.1950
13 SDG 13: Responsible Consumption & Production 1.0235
14 SDG 14: Zero Hunger 0.9412
15 SDG 15: Life On Land 0.7824
16 SDG 16: Sustainable Cities & Communities 0.6000
17 SDG 17: Life Below Water 0.4206

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) brought up by 193 member states held in a UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2000 was actually meant to improve on five areas which I like to call the 5Ps and they are: Planet, People, Peace, Prosperity, and Partnership. Let’s not forget that these SDGs are people-oriented and planet-sensitive. This implies that they are very considerate in putting the different individuals in the various member states into account as well as taking into cognizance their environment or otherwise called planet. They were also of the opinion that these goals could not be achieved if the problem of human rights as well as complex humanitarian issues were not tackled and solved. These goals has said earlier are also not independent of each other and that they need to be implemented or carried out together. This means that the 17 SDGs are meant to be carried out together at the same time; that is when a country is trying to implement the no hunger policy now, she should also take into consideration that as she is trying to address that, she should also address the issue of poverty alongside.

All these goals are meant to be achieved by the year 2030 of which Nigeria which is our case study and of course, our nation has tried up to an extent but still needs to do more if she really wants to develop. Now we are only considering on the first 9 goals that we treated in class.

Okoye Felix Onyekachi
2017/241446
Felix.okoye.241447@unn.edu.ng

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ECO. 362—-27-4-2021 (Online Discussion Quiz 5—Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals 1-9)
Tony Orji by Tony Orji April 27, 2021Reading Time: 1min read
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people-centered and planet-sensitive. They are universal, applying to all countries while recognizing different realities and capabilities. The goals are not independent from each other; they need to be implemented in an integrated manner. From what you learnt about the first 9 goals do you think they are achievable in Nigeria within the time frame allotted? If yes, how? if no why? Clearly discuss them one after the the other and explain your points lucidly!

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Dr. Tony Orji is the founder and owner of Success Tonics Blog. He is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

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Comments 135
Okoronkwo Emmanuel Ositadinma (2017/242433) (Economics) (level 300) 3 weeks ago
The 17 SDGs are: (1) No Poverty , (2) Zero Hunger , (3) Good Health and Well-being , (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth , (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure , (10)
Reducing Inequality , (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production , (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water , (15) Life On Land , (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17)
Partnerships for the Goals.

We’ve treated the first nine, but the question is, is this goals obtainable with the situation of Nigeria today?
Firstly, in the area of no poverty Nigeria keep moving towards poor and hungry economy, majority of the families can barely feed twice a day. The price of goods continue skyrocketing without an equal increase in income. With all Nigeria will continue being poor and the goal of eradication of poverty cannot be achieve.

Secondly, in the side of zero hunger: As mentioned earlier, high population of citizens in Nigeria are very hungry. The people leading us only dwells on selfish interest. Hunger can only reduce drastically when the government understand the place of the citizens and interfere.

Concerning good health care and well bein: Nigeria government provides some hospitals which helps to facilitate the well being of the people. Though there hospital is not well equipt.

Concerning Quality Education, in a country where they government provide almost a zero budgeted expenditure to educational sector, how do we expect “Quality Education”. The sum is the government is not trying at all in the area of improving education in Nigeria.

Speaking of Gender equality, let’s be realistic, in Nigeria the two genders can never be equal. Reason being that, women of this part of the world has this myopic mindset of dependency on men. In such a scenario, men will always dominate. Infact, even the holy Bible makes it clear that men should be the head of the family.

Furthermore, in the side of clean water and sanitation, Nigerian government is actually putting effort to enhance sanitation and the water system within the country.

Speaking of affordable and clean energy, Nigeria government continue lagging behind. If this continues we don’t have future in the area of energy.

Now concerning decent work and economic growth: corrupt politicians who only channel public fund to the family and selfish investment can never bring about economic growth in Nigeria.

Lastly; industry, innovation and infrastructure: Nigeria has little industries, poor infrastructure and zero innovation. Government don’t care about your giftens and creativities, and this will make the economy to continue depreciating instead of developing.

In conclusion all the above limitations listed above must be eliminated before we move to the next phase!!!

Reply
Amah Saint Timothy (2017/249480) 3 weeks ago
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries – developed and developing – in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world:
GOAL 1: No Poverty

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

GOAL 4: Quality Education

GOAL 5: Gender Equality

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

GOAL 13: Climate Action

GOAL 14: Life Below Water

GOAL 15: Life on Land

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal
From my own of view none of the first 9 goals have been achieved and cannot be achieved before 2030.
There’s still poverty due to high rate of unemployment and also the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.
There’s also hunger in Nigeria due to the level of poverty people find it very difficult to carter for their daily needs
Poor medical or health facilities has contributed to unhealthy lives and also medicals practitioners demands are also not meet
The level of quality education is also nothing to write about due to strike and high level of corruption leading to employment of unqualified teachers and lecturers.
Due to cultural and religious beliefs women and girl child have been written off in almost all the sector’s in the economy
Mismanagement of public funds has lead to low level of technology which have also contributed or paid little attention to modern technology and energy

Reply
NGWU OSITA ENOCH 3 weeks ago
NGWU OSITA ENOCH
2017/242022
EDUCATION ECONOMICS
OSITANGWU95@GMAIL.COM
ENOCHONLINE.BLOGSPOT.COM

The most important Sustainable Development Goals according to their rank and average expert score are:
1 SDG 1: Reduced Inequalities 4.1569
2 SDG 2: No Poverty 3.7812
3 SDG 3: Gender Equality 3.5569
4 SDG 4: Peace Justice & Strong Institutions 3.0923
5 SDG 5: Affordable & Clean Energy 2.2784
6 SDG 6: Quality Education 2.0549
7 SDG 7: Clean Water & Sanitation 1.8721
8 SDG 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth 1.7282
9 SDG 9: Good Health & Well Being 1.6018
10 SDG 10: Partnerships for the Goals 1.5608
11 SDG 11: Climate Action 1.3412
12 SDG 12: Industry Innovation & Infrastructure 1.1950
13 SDG 13: Responsible Consumption & Production 1.0235
14 SDG 14: Zero Hunger 0.9412
15 SDG 15: Life On Land 0.7824
16 SDG 16: Sustainable Cities & Communities 0.6000
17 SDG 17: Life Below Water 0.4206
Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.
t is common knowledge within development circle that development involves a physical reality and a state of mind. Through development process, the interactions between social, economic and institutional processes must be continually sustained to meet up with increasing future demands in terms of population growth and continuous use of natural, human and material resources. It has been observed that changes in the integrated approach to social, economic and environmental issues have not really facilitated the developmental goals in Nigeria. For instance, problems such as poverty, flooding, ethnicity, environmental pollution corruption, attitudes and lopsided income distribution have been on the increase. A cursory look at the poverty profile in Nigeria showed that in 2004, Nigeria’s relative poverty measurement stood at 54.4%, but increased to 69% in 2010. In absolute terms, 54.7% of Nigerians were living in poverty in 2004 but this increased to 60.9% (National Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Besides these in the early 1990s Nigerian cities experienced flood hazards have more than doubled in the last ten years (Odermeho, 1993). While in recent times, it was recorded that Nigeria experienced the worst flooding as at the year 2012. In view of these challenges, it should be recalled that in the year 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted by 189 member countries of the United Nations including Nigeria. This was with a view to fast track key developmental issues in Nigeria which include increasing the availability of basic life sustaining goods, raising the standard of people’s living as well as expanding the range of economic and social choices. A set of eight goals to be achieved by 2015 was adopted by the United Nations which were to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability; and develop a global partnership for development In view of these goals, it is pertinent for the Nigerian economy to understand the prospects and underlying principles for achieving these goals as well as sustaining the process of development desired.
Environmental protection Nigeria is a member of international and global community and as such share in the effects of technological advancement specifically environmental management is particularly necessary and its major aim should is to avoid stressing a valued ecosystem beyond the limits of its resilience, stability and carrying capacity (Oyeshola, 2008) The oil rich regions such as have a greater effect of most of this environmental degradation challenges in areas such as: oil spillage; crude oil content chemical substances as sulphur nitrogen, oxygen as well as hydrocarbon component oil spillage will affect living things comment will life, aquatic life plant life directly indirectly thereby being implications for the bio-diversity of all living things new and in future.
• Gas flaring. These flares contribute to greenhouse gases which contain toxins and therefore, exposes everyone to diseases such as asthma, respiratory illness, cancer and premature deaths . To combat these particular environmental issues in Nigeria,
• We can develop a gas policy which will be favorable to both the population and the investors
• Articulate a national environmental health policy and national health action plan
• Review and harmonise existing health Laws
• Promote safe use of pesticides and other agrochemicals
• Develop a master plan on solid waste management
• Develop environmental health performance indicators
• Bringing pollution and environmental waste under control
• Phase out ozone-depleting substances
• Phase out persistent organic pollutant
• Use alternative Energy services that are more favourable- solar power, wind power and hydro power
• Comply with international standards in controlling and monitoring of environment.
Economic Development This involve achieving a balance in all sectors of the Economy in the process of production of goods and services be it agriculture, finance, manufacturing, health, education, e.t.c The Economic challenge inherent in the Nigeria Economy include issues social such as poverty, low per capital income, inequitable distribution of home, low capital formation, inefficiency in the mobilization of resource, over- dependence on a singular commodity oil-as a major source of income, Unemployment, inflation to mention a few. To tackle some of these challenges, some measures to be taken include:
– Provision of soft loans to less privileged persons to promote Small and Medium scale Enterprise (SMEs).
– Address the problem of financing the real sector end mobilization of long term savings for investment.
– Job training of people in skills relevant to their immediate work environment and rural development should be incorporated.
– Agriculture and food security policies should be enhanced by strengthening research and development to improve production and enhance exportation thereby boosting income.
– Strengthen the regulation and supervisory framework of the financial sector .
– Promotion of indigenous goods and services especially through SMEs.
Social Development This is set to achieve equity in social issues as education, health politics, social infrastructures, e.t.c It is reaffirmed that Nigeria in order to achieve any meaningful development must take care of social services of basic education, functional health care, employment for youth, clean water, security of life and properties, and access to quality infrastructures. To handle some of these issues, giving the nature of their externality, the reasonability of government cannot be overemphasized. To achieve this social development, the Nigeria government in addition to existing policies can adopt the following.
– Creation of new employment opportunities for young school learners and rural dwellers.
– Strengthen institutions of governance at all levels including adequate attention to human right and conflict prevention.
– Provision of basic social and essential sources education, health, clean water, Maintenance of Existing structures and creation of new ones where they are needed.
Conclusion
In a bid to address the challenge of sustainable development globally, and particularly in Nigeria, all available means must be employed to tackle related problems of the environment as well as economic and social issues. This can be achieved by taking a conscious step towards the achievement of the goal of sustainable development given as stated in section 5 above. In addition, the issue of sustainability must be a concern to all parastatals (public and private) and individuals. This will require educating everyone on the need for sustainable development and as a result walk towards its actualization. Besides sanctions for erring persons must be ensured if the success of the process of sustainable development is to be attained Finally, policies that will promote sustainability should be in place by the government of individual countries, which are consistent with international policies, in order to achieve an overall global sustainable development.

Reply
Onah Hope Nnenna 3 weeks ago
Name: Onah Hope Nnenna
Reg no: 2017/249565
Dept: Economics
Email: onahnnenna123@gmail.com

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.
The SDGs include:
Goal 1: End poverty in all it’s forms everywhere
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, promote sustainable Agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life- long learning opportunities for all
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
And so on.
Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
Firstly, in the issue of Goal one(end poverty in all it’s forms everywhere), Nigeria has not achieved that goal and will not even achieve it in 2030. The reason is that Nigeria’s leaders are so corrupt, instead of developing our country, they loot our money and put it in a bank overseas. Thy don’t create Jobs for the youth, rather increasing unemployment which in turn creates poverty.
For the second goal, Nigeria will achieve it by 2030 because so many youths now engage in Agriculture due to ban on foreign goods. This will do a lot good in ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition.
The third Goal can be achieve by 2030 because by achieving goal two, we can be able to live healthy lives and promote our well being.
For the fourth goal, Nigeria cannot achieve it because there is no way those rich and corrupt politicians will allow their children to stay in the same learning space with the poor.
The fifth goal can be achieved in the sense that Nigeria has been giving women the opportunity to participate in politics and contest for any post. They have also been empowering women.
For the sixth and seventh goals, it is impossible to achieve such goals because up til now there are places that haven’t experience the joy of having light since they were born and they are not even making effort to see that it happens. Same goes with erosion that always chases some people out of their homes because Nigeria cannot manage water flows
The eight goals can be achieved by 2030, and how it can be achieved is by Nigeria helping to reduce restrictions placed on some big companies that generates employment opportunities
Finally, the ninth goal cannot be achieved because our leaders are not interested in infrastructural development, their only concern is to stuff money in their pockets making innovation difficult to achieve.

Reply
ogbonna chika philip 3 weeks ago
Ogbonna Chika Philip
2017/242029
Education/Economics
chika.ogbonna.242029@unn.edu.ng

The SDGs first 9 goals; whether they are achievable? is yes, but with the time limit of year 2030, there is likely a no answer to that. However, we proceed to justify the position taken as below;

1. End poverty in all its form everywhere; Goal 1 may not be feasible for a country as ours within the time frame as there is high level of deprivation and are found in every forms that connotes poverty. An instance is the evidence of the beggars on the streets, the unavailability of jobs that could guarantee the said minimum earning of 1 dollar pay day, with which survival and sustenance is heavily relied on in terms of healthy nutrition that will cure hunger poverty.

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture;
Goal 2 within the time frame is unattainable in Nigeria. This is as there is no signs of jobs that will put money into the pockets of million unemployed citizens from which food could be accessed and which in turn will lower hunger and improve citizens nutrition status. added to this is that the environment as in the present Nigeria have been made un-conducive to guarantee food security and sustained agriculture through the activities of unknown gun men, fulani herdsmen depriving farmers of their activities.

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
Goal 3 is fair and could be attained within the time frame if proper attentions is paid to the sector that guarantees it. the improvement in health services both at the national and at the local/primary level is commendable and have led to reduced mortality cases accessible drugs for cures to various ailments etc.

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunities for all.
Goal 4 is also attainable provided the government reverse its attention and give life to public institutions again, by properly funding them, not owing the academic and non academic staffs. improve infrastructures and adopts world best practices in terms of standards and technology in schools.

5. Achieve Gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Goal 5 seems not attainable, as in Africa and Nigeria in particular have tribal and cultural inclinations that defines the role of women as against the men. the gender equality may appreciate to some level but will not be possible as is stated or wanted. women are given positions and not takers of position in the political and social environments of ours and this limits the possibility of this goals. also women are seen as weaker and does no have say in public matters. this is a problem that may hinder the attainment of the SDGs program of goal 5.

6.Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Goal 6 is possible if the government have it at present and locally as a priority, because in the various ancient localities, the colonial/ earliest governments that followed had a system of functional water management and well managed waste practices and disposals. the government in partnership with the SDGs program can continue from what have been put in place and advance it. But with the level of water scarcity, refuse dumps all around, industrial spillages etc. one should have a doubt of the attaining SDGs program at the time limit.

7. Ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable and modern energy for all. Goal 7 is far from been achievable in the present Nigeria, because the level of politics been played in the areas of power and energy is unimaginably very bad. there are water bodies in every parts of this country that could be converted to dams. well managed that could generate electricity but that is not the point of focus of the leaders, that of solar energy as alternative that could be harnessed; enough is not done in local research that could help remedy the short fall in energy supply witnessed in the country. how could the SDGs program be achieved in the presence of this underlying problems is the question.

8. Promote sustained , inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
GOAL 8 is also possible, but on condition that the present leadership addresses the worsening insecurity, how could the SDGs point of decent work for all be possible when herders make some categories of workers to face hostility, where those who are luckily employed are owed and there is little or no power supply that could encourage entrepreneurs and foster innovations. Economic growth is possible within the time frame, if the key critical sectors like; Education, Security, Energy, Agriculture, Industries in partnership with the SDGs program are given proper attention. Full and productive employment are guaranteed by functional social economic system as highlighted above and quality educational system.

9. Build resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovations. Goal 9 may be attained half way with the reasons that outcomes may be seen partly in few selected locations and not in the entire cities. this is accompanied by the politics which drives every growth witnessed in infrastructure in this part of the world. High level of corruption and embezzlement in the system is another blockade that will deprive the attainment of effective SDGs programs at stated time frame.

Reply
IJIGA CHRISTIAN ADAKOLE 3 weeks ago
NAME: IJIGA CHRISTIAN ADAKOLE
REG NO: 2017/241255
DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL SC EDU( Edu/Eco).
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people-centered and planet-sensitive. They are universal, applying to all countries while recognizing different realities and capabilities. The goals are not independent from each other; they need to be implemented in an integrated manner. From what you learnt about the first 9 goals do you think they are achievable in Nigeria within the time frame allotted? If yes, how? if no why? Clearly discuss them one after the the other and explain your points lucidly!
The 17 SDGs are: (1) No Poverty , (2) Zero Hunger , (3) Good Health and Well-being , (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth , (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure , (10)
Reducing Inequality , (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production , (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water , (15) Life On Land , (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17)
Partnerships for the Goals.
We’ve treated the first nine, but the question is, is this goals obtainable with the situation of Nigeria today?
Firstly, in the area of no poverty Nigeria keep moving towards poor and hungry economy, majority of the families can barely feed twice a day. The price of goods continue skyrocketing without an equal increase in income. With all Nigeria will continue being poor and the goal of eradication of poverty cannot be achieve.
Secondly, in the side of zero hunger: As mentioned earlier, high population of citizens in Nigeria are very hungry. The people leading us only dwells on selfish interest. Hunger can only reduce drastically when the government understand the place of the citizens and interfere.
Concerning good health care and well bein: Nigeria government provides some hospitals which helps to facilitate the well being of the people. Though there hospital is not well equipt.
Concerning Quality Education, in a country where they government provide almost a zero budgeted expenditure to educational sector, how do we expect “Quality Education”. The sum is the government is not trying at all in the area of improving education in Nigeria.
Speaking of Gender equality, let’s be realistic, in Nigeria the two genders can never be equal. Reason being that, women of this part of the world has this myopic mindset of dependency on men. In such a scenario, men will always dominate. Infact, even the holy Bible makes it clear that men should be the head of the family.
Furthermore, in the side of clean water and sanitation, Nigerian government is actually putting effort to enhance sanitation and the water system within the country.
Speaking of affordable and clean energy, Nigeria government continue lagging behind. If this continues we don’t have future in the area of energy.
Now concerning decent work and economic growth: corrupt politicians who only channel public fund to the family and selfish investment can never bring about economic growth in Nigeria.
Lastly; industry, innovation and infrastructure: Nigeria has little industries, poor infrastructure and zero innovation. Government don’t care about your giftens and creativities, and this will make the economy to continue depreciating instead of developing.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries – developed and developing – in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
Conclusion
In a bid to address the challenge of sustainable development globally, and particularly in Nigeria, all available means must be employed to tackle related problems of the environment as well as economic and social issues. This can be achieved by taking a conscious step towards the achievement of the goal of sustainable development given as stated in section 5 above. In addition, the issue of sustainability must be a concern to all parastatals (public and private) and individuals. This will require educating everyone on the need for sustainable development and as a result walk towards its actualization. Besides sanctions for erring persons must be ensured if the success of the process of sustainable development is to be attained Finally, policies that will promote sustainability should be in place by the government of individual countries, which are consistent with international policies, in order to achieve an overall global sustainable development.

Reply
Okoye Amblessed Amarachi 3 weeks ago
Name: Okoye Amblessed Amarachi

Reg No: 2017/249560

Dept: Economics

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people centered as well as planet sensitive. They are universal as they apply to all countries while recognizing the different realities as well as capabilities. Most importantly, they recognize that we can’t reach our development goals without addressing human rights and complex humanitarian issues. These SDGs are stated thus:
1. End poverty: This is the move to ameliorate poverty in all its forms everywhere. This wouldn’t be attainable in Nigeria since a very large number of it’s citizens are living below $1 per day.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture: This is not attainable since poverty is not yet eradicated, hence we need to eradicate poverty in order to end the raging hunger in the country.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: We can’t ensure healthy lives if we don’t exterminate poverty because most unhealthy persons in the country are poverty-stricken.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all: Education is paramount at basic levels at least universal basic education. Since poverty is widespread, education for all is not attainable.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: Since gender disparity exists between the males and their female counterparts, then this goal wouldn’t be achieved.
6. Ensure available and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Thus is not possible since Nigerians do not participate in community sanitation and cleaning. They litter the water bodies and this makes water toxic for use. Hence adequate sensitization is required to right this wrong.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all: Since we lack adequate monitoring of electricity generation and distribution, a sustained and accessible energy for all is not attainable. Hence there is need to revitalize the electricity sector.
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all: Since at least 70% of the country’s population is unemployed, underemployed or working poor efforts to curb the rage of unemployment is required to boost economic growth and bring about full employment.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation: Since Nigeria lags behind in terms of infrastructure, there is need to build up structures that would foster innovation in the country as well as support innovative minds.

Reply
Okonkwo Chidinma Alisa 3 weeks ago
OKONKWO CHIDINMA ALISA
2017/243086
ECONOMICS
300 LEVEL

ANSWER
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) brought up by 193 member states held in a UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2000 was actually meant to improve on five areas which I like to call the 5Ps and they are: Planet, People, Peace, Prosperity, and Partnership. Let’s not forget that these SDGs are people-oriented and planet-sensitive. This implies that they are very considerate in putting the different individuals in the various member states into account as well as taking into cognizance their environment or otherwise called planet. They were also of the opinion that these goals could not be achieved if the problem of human rights as well as complex humanitarian issues were not tackled and solved. These goals has said earlier are also not independent of each other and that they need to be implemented or carried out together. This means that the 17 SDGs are meant to be carried out together at the same time; that is when a country is trying to implement the no hunger policy now, she should also take into consideration that as she is trying to address that, she should also address the issue of poverty alongside. This is basically what the UN through the 193 member states aimed to achieve with these goals.
Goal 1: End poverty
Goal 2: No hunger
Goal 3: Promote well-being
Goal 4: Quality education for all
Goal 5: Gender Equality and Empower all women and girls
Goal 6: Availability and Sustainable Management of water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7: Easy access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
Goal 8: Promote economic growth and productive employment for all.
Goal 9: Promote industrialization and foster innovation.
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive and conducive for all.
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns.
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life below water
Goal 15: Life on land
Goal 16: Peace and Justice and Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnership for the goals
All these are meant to be achieved by the year 2030 of which Nigeria which is our case study and of course, our nation has tried up to an extent but still needs to do more if she really wants to develop. Now we are only considering on the first 9 goals that we treated in class.
Goal 1 has actually been tackled by Nigeria but still there’s no improvement. Many people still live on the streets till date. In Lagos I for one have seen men, women, children, that are not mad still living on the streets which is really bad even for we as a nation. I think that if the Nigerian Government would sit down and think this through and bring up polices (effective and efficient ones o) that would be implemented by sensible officials, this issue of poverty would be reduced if not eliminated.
Goal 2 has also be addressed as Nigeria has even gone the length of providing free food for school children though we all know that what brought that up was because of the Covid-19 Pandemic of last year and now, we have not even heard A again of any food being given to school children not to talk of people on the streets.
Goal 3 has not been addressed at all. My point is that the issue of insecurity has come up again heavily this time around on Nigeria. For the past two weeks now, we have been hearing about students, individuals but mostly students of various tertiary institutions being kidnapped or something; some have even been killed just because they chose to school in their own country. For me, this problem has not been addressed at all.
Goal 4 has been addressed as there is now free education up to the level of primary education, which is why the Universal Basic Education came up and now children can attain at least a primary education that can enable them to read and write.
Goal 5 has been achieved as everywhere now, women now have their say in some matters concerning them as well.
Goal 6 has not been tackled but has been addressed as even the government has fixed a day for the general sanitation for citizens and individuals to come out of their homes and clean their surroundings but still, some individuals will not come out and this has made our surroundings not healthy for us to leave in. Asides that, I have noticed that some individuals after eating biscuits or using anything that has a wrapper, they tend to just dispose it wherever they are which eventually is the ground rather that using the waste bin. This attitude has made us to now leave in a very unhealthy environment as most places are now littered take a look at our hostels and classrooms). The issue of bad water has also been kind of addressed but still there are some interior places in the rural areas that do not have clean water to drink. Some even go as bad as drinking water from the gutter just to survive.
Goal 7 has not even be tackled but is still a work in progress as we at least have power though not steady.
Goal 8 is the major issue in this country as a lot of graduates are out there walking aimlessly without jobs. Some even want to become entrepreneurs but there are no enabling environment for such.
Goal 9 has been introduced but still a work in progress.
Now coming to the issue whether Nigeria would be able to achieve these by the year 2030. This is 2021 and to say the truth, some not all of these 17 SDGs would be achieved by that year. This due to the fact that our governance is very bad first of all as well as other concerning problems and challenges facing there goals. But with God, this is possible. Thank you.

Reply
Oko nkem frankline 3 weeks ago
Name: Oko Nkem Frankline
Reg No:2017/243813
Dept:Economics
Answer
1. The most important Sustainable Development Goals according to their rank and average expert score are:
1: Reduced Inequalities 4.1569
2: No Poverty 3.7812
3: Gender Equality 3.5569
4: Peace Justice & Strong Institutions 3.0923
5: Affordable & Clean Energy 2.2784
6: Quality Education 2.0549
7: Clean Water & Sanitation 1.8721
8: Decent Work & Economic Growth 1.7282
9: Good Health & Well Being 1.6018
10: Partnerships for the Goals 1.5608
11: Climate Action 1.3412
Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.
t is common knowledge within development circle that development involves a physical reality and a state of mind. Through development process, the interactions between social, economic and institutional processes must be continually sustained to meet up with increasing future demands in terms of population growth and continuous use of natural, human and material resources. It has been observed that changes in the integrated approach to social, economic and environmental issues have not really facilitated the developmental goals in Nigeria. For instance, problems such as poverty, flooding, ethnicity, environmental pollution corruption, attitudes and lopsided income distribution have been on the increase. A cursory look at the poverty profile in Nigeria showed that in 2004, Nigeria’s relative poverty measurement stood at 54.4%, but increased to 69% in 2010. In absolute terms, 54.7% of Nigerians were living in poverty in 2004 but this increased to 60.9% (National Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Besides these in the early 1990s Nigerian cities experienced flood hazards have more than doubled in the last ten years (Odermeho, 1993). While in recent times, it was recorded that Nigeria experienced the worst flooding as at the year 2012. In view of these challenges, it should be recalled that in the year 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted by 189 member countries of the United Nations including Nigeria. This was with a view to fast track key developmental issues in Nigeria which include increasing the availability of basic life sustaining goods, raising the standard of people’s living as well as expanding the range of economic and social choices. A set of eight goals to be achieved by 2015 was adopted by the United Nations which were to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability; and develop a global partnership for development In view of these goals, it is pertinent for the Nigerian economy to understand the prospects and underlying principles for achieving these goals as well as sustaining the process of development desired.
Environmental protection Nigeria is a member of international and global community and as such share in the effects of technological advancement specifically environmental management is particularly necessary and its major aim should is to avoid stressing a valued ecosystem beyond the limits of its resilience, stability and carrying capacity (Oyeshola, 2008) The oil rich regions such as have a greater effect of most of this environmental degradation challenges in areas such as: oil spillage; crude oil content chemical substances as sulphur nitrogen, oxygen as well as hydrocarbon component oil spillage will affect living things comment will life, aquatic life plant life directly indirectly thereby being implications for the bio-diversity of all living things new and in future.
• Gas flaring. These flares contribute to greenhouse gases which contain toxins and therefore, exposes everyone to diseases such as asthma, respiratory illness, cancer and premature deaths . To combat these particular environmental issues in Nigeria,
• We can develop a gas policy which will be favorable to both the population and the investors
• Articulate a national environmental health policy and national health action plan
• Review and harmonise existing health Laws
• Promote safe use of pesticides and other agrochemicals
• Develop a master plan on solid waste management
• Develop environmental health performance indicators
• Bringing pollution and environmental waste under control
• Phase out ozone-depleting substances
• Phase out persistent organic pollutant
• Use alternative Energy services that are more favourable- solar power, wind power and hydro power
• Comply with international standards in controlling and monitoring of environment.
Economic Development This involve achieving a balance in all sectors of the Economy in the process of production of goods and services be it agriculture, finance, manufacturing, health, education, e.t.c The Economic challenge inherent in the Nigeria Economy include issues social such as poverty, low per capital income, inequitable distribution of home, low capital formation, inefficiency in the mobilization of resource, over- dependence on a singular commodity oil-as a major source of income, Unemployment, inflation to mention a few. To tackle some of these challenges, some measures to be taken include:
– Provision of soft loans to less privileged persons to promote Small and Medium scale Enterprise (SMEs).
– Address the problem of financing the real sector end mobilization of long term savings for investment.
– Job training of people in skills relevant to their immediate work environment and rural development should be incorporated.
– Agriculture and food security policies should be enhanced by strengthening research and development to improve production and enhance exportation thereby boosting income.
– Strengthen the regulation and supervisory framework of the financial sector .
– Promotion of indigenous goods and services especially through SMEs.
Social Development This is set to achieve equity in social issues as education, health politics, social infrastructures, e.t.c It is reaffirmed that Nigeria in order to achieve any meaningful development must take care of social services of basic education, functional health care, employment for youth, clean water, security of life and properties, and access to quality infrastructures. To handle some of these issues, giving the nature of their externality, the reasonability of government cannot be overemphasized. To achieve this social development, the Nigeria government in addition to existing policies can adopt the following.
– Creation of new employment opportunities for young school learners and rural dwellers.
– Strengthen institutions of governance at all levels including adequate attention to human right and conflict prevention.
– Provision of basic social and essential sources education, health, clean water, Maintenance of Existing structures and creation of new ones where they are needed.
Conclusion
In a bid to address the challenge of sustainable development globally, and particularly in Nigeria, all available means must be employed to tackle related problems of the environment as well as economic and social issues. This can be achieved by taking a conscious step towards the achievement of the goal of sustainable development given as stated in section 5 above. In addition, the issue of sustainability must be a concern to all parastatals (public and private) and individuals. This will require educating everyone on the need for sustainable development and as a result walk towards its actualization. Besides sanctions for erring persons must be ensured if the success of the process of sustainable development is to be attained Finally, policies that will promote sustainability should be in place by the government of individual countries, which are consistent with international policies, in order to achieve an overall global sustainable development.

Reply
UDUMA IKECHUKWU OBASI 3 weeks ago
UDUMA IKECHUKWU OBASI
Economics
2017/241441
ikechukwuuduma9@gmail.com

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS( SDGs)
Goal 1: End poverty in all it’s form and everywhere..
It’s possible: through effective and efficient use of nations available resources. This resources magament will bring about increase in the nations productivity, national output ( GDP) and development of all form. Through development poverty will be eradicated
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
This is possible; through the practice of large scale agriculture with advance maintenance techniques. These techniques will improve agriculture products, reduce cost and ensure food availability.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
This is possible; through revitalization of our nations health sector. This revitalization will come in the form of improved health facilities, payment of medical personnels, public education on health issues etc.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunity for all.
This is possible; if the government policies on education will be void of any form of tribalism and favoritism. Our government should take education seriously by ensuring proper ministration to it’s matters.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
This is possible; if our government and society will see the need to provide a field of equal opportunity for all gender without any form of favoritism towards any gender.
Goal 6: ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
This is possible; if all and sundry will come to the realization of the importance of water and proper sanitation is to our environment. And taking required steps to ensure it stays in it’s best form.
Goal 7: build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
Innovation and infrastructure is a product of good governance. Thus it is possible if good governance is ensured.
Goal 8: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
The pursuit of human rights and equality of all before the law by all nations is the way of making this goal possible
Goal 9: Make cities and human settlement inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
This is possible; through the eradication of discrimination of humans by all nations of the world.

Agbo Jennifer Amarachi
2017/249476
jenniferamarachi.agbo@gmail.com
Economics

Actually some of the first Nine Sustainable Development Goals can still be achieved in Nigeria before 2030 to an extent.

The first Goal- No poverty which seeks to end poverty in all its form everywhere, considering the given time frame, is something quite not achievable by 2030. Well, Ever since the inception of these SDGs, Nigeria’s poverty rate rather be increased instead of decreasing. To an extent this goal will be achieved if the time frame will be extended and if corruption, mismanagement of resources and misappropriation /unfair distribution of income and opportunities be eradicated in Nigeria.

The Goal 2-Zero Hunger which ensures Healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Although achieving this goal is still quite a bit difficult, research shows that it has been quite successful. In 2030, if Nigeria’s resources are properly managed and harnessed, this goal will be achievable.

The Goal 3-Good Health and Well-being, ensures Healthy lives and promotes Well-being for all at all ages. I have observed most especially in my community that there are now better hospitals with good health facilities. This shows there is actually an improvement. Not only that there are several immunization programs that have been provided to children on a free basis. Though this development has not fully extended to some other areas, I believe that before 2030, coupled with good governance, this goal might be fully achieved.

The Goal 4-Quality education, ensures inclusive and equitable quality of education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all. Well, with current state of political activities in Nigeria, which is filled with corruption, this goal might not be achieved before 2030. If and only if the budget allocation to education will be increased, teachers/lecturers paid well, facilities that aid learning and teaching provided, this goal will not be achieved within this time frame.

The Goal 5-Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Well, to an extent this goal has been achieved in Nigeria. Women are now into many offices with leadership positions for instance, women are now lecturers and professors, doctors and engineers and C. E. O. of many firms and industries. This means that with further active programs, policies, orientation, sensitization and more enlightenment, this goal will be achieved.

The Goal 6-Clean Water and Sanitation, ensures availability and Sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Here, the word “for all”, signals that this goal might not be achievable. In various part of Nigeria, Abakiliki in Ebonyi state for instance and so many places in the North, people depend on Microorganisms infected water for drinking, cooking and other household uses of water. For sanitation, only q few Urban cities in a few states have recognized the need for it. Whereas, 60% of places in Nigeria are littered, poverty stricken and dirty. This goal will be difficult to achieve before 2030.

The Goal 7-Affordable and clean Energy, ensure access to affordable , reliable, sustainable and modern Energy for all. Just like the reasons stated above, this goal too won’t be achieved. Nigeria does not even have a strong modern Energy yet, not to talk of making it affordable, reliable and Sustainable. In 2030, this goal will not be achieved.

The Goal 8-Decent Work and Economic growth, promotes sustainable, inclusive and sustainable Economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. The Unemployment rate of Nigeria has been on an increase since these Goals started. Furthermore, the economic and political system in Nigeria is not even inclusive enough for all. There are no Jobs, there are mismanagement of resources and high levels of corruption. Unless this problems are tackled, this goal will not be achieved.

The Goal 9-Indistry, innovation and infrastructure, build resilient infrastructure promote inclusion and sustainable industrialization and foster Innovation: if I should say, Nigeria is still at the basic level of infrastructural development and encouragement of innovation but then, it is still not enough and cannot even be fully achieved in 2030 because Nigeria government is not yet ready to relinquish their corrupt tendencies and practices.

Actually in conclusion, it is not as if our dear country will not get better in the years to come. But that considering the give time frame (2021-2030), most of these goals to some extent are unachievable. The Macroeconomic and political problems should be addressed to while achieving this goal.

Anachuna Cynthia Chisom
2017/249481.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are comprised of seventeen objectives which is relied upon to be accomplished by 2030 in each country on the planet to accomplish a superior and more reasonable future. Among this 17 objectives I will zero in on the initial 9 objectives. The SDGs include:

1. End destitution in the entirety of its structures all over the place.

2. End hunger, accomplish food security and improved sustenance, advance reasonable farming.

3. Guarantee solid lives and advance prosperity for all at all ages.

4. Guarantee comprehensive and fair quality schooling and advance deep rooted learning openings for all.

5. Accomplish sex correspondence and enable all ladies and young ladies.

6. Guarantee accessibility and practical administration of water and sterilization for all.

7. Guarantee admittance to reasonable, dependable, feasible and present day energy for all.

8. Advance maintained, comprehensive and practical monetary development, full and gainful business and fair work for all.

9. Construct tough foundation, advance comprehensive and feasible industrialization and cultivate development.

1. End destitution in the entirety of its structures all over the place: This could be accomplished by utilizing the accessible assets adequately and productively, which will prompt turn of events and full business that will help in killing neediness before 2030.

2. End hunger, accomplish food security and improved sustenance, advance maintainable agribusiness: This could be accomplished through improving and diverting enough assets to the agrarian area by empowering the ranchers and giving them enough gear and compost. On the off chance that the public authority do this, I accept that by 2030 there will be no appetite and we will accomplish food security and improved nourishment.

3. Guarantee solid lives and advance prosperity for all at all ages: This will be accomplished by building and keeping up medical services offices and by giving qualified medical services works and sufficient gear.

4. Guarantee comprehensive and impartial quality training and advance long lasting learning openings for everything: This could be accomplished given the public authority turn around its consideration and offer life to public foundations once more, by appropriately subsidizing them, not owing the scholarly and non-scholastic staffs, improve frameworks and receives world accepted procedures regarding guidelines and innovation in schools.

5. Accomplish sex correspondence and enable all ladies and young ladies: I accept this has been accomplished as in they currently go to class and take an interest strategically, socially and something else and they are presently engaged.

6. Guarantee accessibility and feasible administration of water and sterilization for everything: This could be accomplished by 2030, if government put resources into water innovative work, and advance the consideration of ladies, youth, and native networks in water assets administration by producing familiarity with these jobs and making a move that will prompt mutually beneficial outcomes and expanded maintainability and trustworthiness for both human and biological frameworks. we can likewise engage in the World Water Day and World Toilet Day crusades that plan to give data and motivation on cleanliness.

7. Guarantee admittance to reasonable, dependable, maintainable and current energy for everything: This can be accomplished if the public authority can speed up the progress to a moderate, solid, and manageable energy framework by putting resources into environmentally friendly power assets and embracing clean energy advancements and foundation.

8. Advance supported, comprehensive and maintainable financial development, full and profitable business and good work for all: Like I said in the primary objective about finishing neediness, we can likewise accomplish this if government utilize the accessible assets productively and adequately.

9. Fabricate strong framework, advance comprehensive and reasonable industrialization and cultivate development: this is conceivable by building up guidelines and advancing guidelines that guarantees organization ventures and drives are overseen economically. This is likewise conceivable if there is acceptable administration since great administration achieves Innovation and framework.

Name : Chukwu mmesoma faith
Reg no: 2017/243807
Department: education and economics
Let us try to analyze some of these SDGs set out by the United Nations. It is a fact that while citizens of some African and Asian countries are starving, the rich countries are beset with obesity. Discrepancies of these types are morally disturbing. The United Nations is ideally suited to ending these shocking inequalities because it hosts all the nations of the world and endows each with identical voting power in the General Assembly. The poorest and the weakest are equal to the richest and the strongest.

The most urgent approach to promoting a global partnership for sustainable development is the ending of warfare. War, whether intramural or international, wreaks havoc on the elements necessary for health, housing, education, employment, the rule of law, the environment, and happiness generally.

War is enormously expensive. It diverts resources from schools, hospitals, roads and telecommunications to AK-47s, Kalashnikovs, missiles, bombs and artillery shells. Moreover, wars regularly entail the use of child soldiers, for example, in Sierra Leone, Angola and Sudan. The children are deprived of educational opportunities. Many are maimed and become permanently disabled from productive employment. Others become emotionally and psychologically disturbed, an ailment that routinely finds expression in criminal or anti-social behavior. By killing or deracinating the flower of youth, war keeps a country immersed in misery and underdevelopment.

War also arrests economic development. Foreign investment withers. Infrastructure is destroyed. The consequence is widespread poverty.

War also creates a culture antithetical to democracy and the rule of law. It teaches that disputes should be resolved by the bullet in lieu of the ballot box.

I admit that denunciation of warfare is easier than prevention. But if mankind can assemble knowledge to send men to the moon and Land Rovers to Mars, the knowledge necessary to end wars cannot be far behind. As is said in the Song of Solomon, “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore.” Prophet Muhammad appealed to the conscience of human beings by saying, “The pen is mightier than the sword.”

The second urgent global sustainable development objective should be universal literacy and education. As Socrates explained, the unexamined life is not worth living. Or as philosopher Sam Johnson amplified, there is the same difference between the learned and unlearned as between the living and the dead. And as the Quran says, “Are those who know equal with those who know not?” These observations are made not to deride or degrade the uneducated but to underscore the criticality of education to making life morally meaningful and fulfilling between ashes to ashes and dust to dust.

Education is also human capital that fuels economic growth. A worker’s productivity and compensation generally rise commensurate with educational achievement. In addition, education correlates with a worker’s ability to shift jobs and master new skills in an ever-changing global economy.

The United Nations should thus develop educational yardsticks that a nation must satisfy to receive economic or military aid from third parties, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The yardsticks should be incorporated in a treaty to be ratified by all United Nations members. A civilization lives by symbols, and what could be more inspiring than privileged persons sacrificing on behalf of underprivileged ones.

Third on the global sustainable development agenda should be the elimination of poverty and the securing for every man, woman and child a right to flourishing health, a clean environment, comfortable housing and nutritious food. The goal is not a choice but a moral obligation. Thus, rich countries should transfer much of their riches to poor countries.

Next on the list of global sustainable development priorities should be the ending of all racial, ethnic, or class hatreds or enmities. Think of the horrifying quantity of violence in the world whose fundamental cause can be traced back to such social divisions. It infects every country on the planet. And if even one person suffers from invidious discrimination, then all are threatened and civilization has been tarnished.

The attainment of equality for women is another pressing yardstick of global sustainable development. Experience and intuition both demonstrate that women are as intelligent as men. They are as entrepreneurial and disciplined. They contribute every bit as much to economic growth and social cohesion as men. It is thus imperative that women receive the same legal rights and social dignity as men if global sustainable development is to advance.

The halting of trafficking in women or children to provide sexually decadent pleasures for the rich and squalid also should rank high on the agenda of global sustainable development. Degradation as commercial sex objects is morally repulsive. The United Nations must do everything in its power to end the vile practice. It scars women and children both physically and emotionally. It enriches the wretched and rewards the worst lusts.

Similarly repugnant is trafficking in children for slave labor. The parental sellers, the buyers, and the users of child slave labor should be held accountable as criminals. Children are the future of mankind. They cannot be permitted to groan, suffer and wither to satisfy the greed and lust for the pleasure of the wicked.

Global sustainable development also requires universal access to the Internet, a technological marvel that brings the excitement of knowledge and the joys of instant communication to every user. The United Nations should play a key role in the universal access quest.

A clean environment is also essential to global sustainable development. Pollution is more than twice cursed. It damages crops. It kills lakes and rivers. It occasions disease and illness through water and air, for example, lead poisoning or cholera. And it may even cause the submersion of entire island nations through global warming, a variation on the biblical flood. A clean environment, therefore, is a key element of community fairness and justice.

Let me with great humility offer a few closing observations about the entire global sustainable development enterprise. It is characteristic that national or international organizations employ quantitative benchmarks to measure success in meeting enumerated objectives. For instance, a longstanding objective has been for each nation to contribute a specified percentage of its gross domestic product for humanitarian or foreign aid. Companion quantitative benchmarks have been set for literacy, vaccinations, annual income, longevity, smoking, etc.

There is nothing inherently mischievous about these development yardsticks. But they should never distract from our recognition that the highest in sustainable development consists of non-quantifiable characteristics. These would include acts of charity, humility, courage, benevolence, magnanimity, self-restraint, and non-vindictiveness. It would seem to me to turn logic and morality on their heads to award higher sustainable development acclaim to a nation whose citizens were universally economically prosperous, literate, healthy, long-lived, non-polluting, but also mean-spirited, selfish, and egotistical than to a nation whose citizens were impoverished, plagued by disease, but were generous in time, effusive in hospitality, austere in habits, and selfless for the community.

These goals seem to be ambitious, but as President Erdogan amplified on Nov. 1, 2020, “We must fulfill our responsibility, not only for ourselves and our countries but also for the future of our children.”

Name: ONAH GEORGE CHIEDOZIE.
REG. NO: 2017/241453.
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.
Everyone is needed to reach these ambitious targets. The creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.
The legacy and achievements of the MDGs provide us with valuable lessons and experience to begin work on the new goals. But for millions of people around the world the job remains unfinished. We need to go the last mile on ending hunger, achieving full gender equality, improving health services and getting every child into school beyond primary. The SDGs are also an urgent call to shift the world onto a more sustainable path.
The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we started, and tackle some of the more pressing challenges facing the world today. All 17 Goals interconnect, meaning success in one affects success for others. Dealing with the threat of climate change impacts how we manage our fragile natural resources, achieving gender equality or better health helps eradicate poverty, and fostering peace and inclusive societies will reduce inequalities and help economies prosper. In short, this is the greatest chance we have to improve life for future generations.
The SDGs coincided with another historic agreement reached in 2015 at the COP21 Paris Climate Conference. Together with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, signed in Japan in March 2015, these agreements provide a set of common standards and achievable targets to reduce carbon emissions, manage the risks of climate change and natural disasters, and to build back better after a crisis.
The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They reaffirm our international commitment to end poverty, permanently, everywhere. They are ambitious in making sure no one is left behind. More importantly, they involve us all to build a more sustainable, safer, more prosperous planet for all humanity.
”Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Nigeria has continued to demonstrate its commitment to the SDGs promise through leadership and ownership of the implementation process”. In summary this goals are partially implemented in Nigeria because of weak institutions.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people centered as well as planet sensitive. They are universal as they apply to all countries while recognizing the different realities as well as capabilities. Most importantly, they recognize that we can’t reach our development goals without addressing human rights and complex humanitarian issues. These SDGs are stated thus:
1. End poverty: This is the move to alleviate poverty in all its forms everywhere. This wouldn’t be achievable in Nigeria since a very large number of it’s citizens are living below $1 per day.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture: This is not achievable since poverty is not yet eradicated, hence we need to eradicate poverty in order to end the raging hunger in the country.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages: We can’t ensure healthy lives if we don’t exterminate poverty because most unhealthy persons in the country are poverty-stricken.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all: Education is paramount at basic levels at least universal basic education. Since poverty is widespread, education for all is not achievable.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: Since gender disparity exists between the males and their female counterparts, then this goal wouldn’t be achieved.
6. Ensure available and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Thus is not possible since Nigerians do not participate in community sanitation and cleaning. They litter the water bodies and this makes water toxic for use. Hence adequate sensitization is required to solve this menace.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all: Since we lack adequate monitoring of electricity generation and distribution, a sustained and accessible energy for all is not attainable. Hence there is need to revitalize the electricity sector.
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all: Since at least 70% of the country’s population is unemployed, underemployed or working poor efforts to curb the rage of unemployment is required to boost economic growth and bring about full employment.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation: Since Nigeria lags behind in terms of infrastructure, there is need to build up structures that would foster innovation in the country as well as support innovative minds.

NAME : ODOH KOSISOCHI DORIS
REG NO: 2017/249542
DEPT : ECONOMICS
E-MAIL: kosisochidoris@gmail.com

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) brought up by 193 member states held in a UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2000 was actually meant to improve on five areas which I like to call the 5Ps and they are: Planet, People, Peace, Prosperity, and Partnership.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are people-centered and planet-sensitive. They are universal, applying to all countries while recognizing different realities and capabilities. The goals are not independent from each other; they need to be implemented in an integrated manner. Using Nigeria as a case study the 17 SDGs will not be achievable within the allotted time-frame.
1. No poverty: Nigeria with its large population has a very poor economy which keeps moving down the drain on a daily basis, with price of agricultural produce skyrocketing leading to food inflation .imagine a country that cannot comfortably feed her population then, how can she afford other basic social amenities like quality education, clean water and so on.
2. Zero hunger: hunger can only be eradicated in Nigeria if the government of this country grow the agricultural sector of the economy by introducing mechanized farming, and provision of grants and loans to farmers.
3. Good health and well-being: for this goal to be achieved in Nigeria, all forms of corruption especially nepotism and tribalism will be eradicated so that the revenue generated from our natural resources will be used to improve our standard of living.
4. Quality education: for this goal to be achieved in Nigeria there will reduction in poverty level and improvement in the standard of living for people.
5. Gender equality: places like Sokoto where they do not believe in female education most times there girls are being given out to marriage thereby ending the girls education. And for gender equality to be achieved all and sundry must be knowledgeable and educated to an extent.
6. Availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: for this goal to be achieved the government will have to sensitize the public on the need to manage our water by avoiding disposal of refuse, by construction of sewers and implementation of policies against abuse of water bodies.
7. Easy access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all: the government should subsidize the cost of electricity for all and sundry, and also should innovate other reliable and sustainable source of energy.
8. Promote economic growth and productive employment for all: there are lots of graduates with no job in Nigeria and no proper enabling environments for entrepreneurs. People should be employed based on merit and not otherwise.
9. Promote industrialization and foster innovation: t his can only be achieved if the government of Nigeria support education by encouraging technocrats in the country and also by giving scholarships to students.

Name: Sunday Emem Mfon Sunday
Reg no: 2017/242429

Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria is about how Nigeria is the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
And with this goals;
1 -End poverty in all it’s forms.
2 -End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
3 -Ensure healthy lived and promote well-being for all at all ages.
4 -Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all.
5 -Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6 -Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
7 -Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8 -Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive and decent work for all.
9 -Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovations etc. are not unachievable in Nigeria though not all with the time frame provided because;

The first goal is impossible to since to achieve because of the high rate of poverty cause by high level of unemployment, underemployment and corruption of our leaders.
The second goal is unachievable since it is not possible to achieve the first goal, it will also be impossible to end hunger.
Since this is unachievable, the citizens who are not well to do cannot be safe, leading to low standard of living as regards to the third goal which is unachievable, since it is interconnected to the first and second goal, it
cannot be achieved.
And also with regards to the fourth goal, those who are poor cannot afford such luxury.
In regards to the fifth goal gender equality can be achieved as women are now allowed educated and are taught on their rights. Now most of them are now participating in elections either to vote or to be voted for.
In achieving the sixth goal which achieved, it can be through enlightening the citizens on the importance of keeping their environment clean and preventing people from littering their environment.
Also the seventh goal can be achieved if boreholes and pipe borne water are provided to ensure water is available for the citizens of the country.
The following goal cannot be achieved because of the power failures faced in Nigeria as money paid to this sector is usually being embezzled by greedy politicians.
In the eight goal, economic growth cannot be achieved in the country because of poor power supply which will lead to low productive, hence imported good are preferred to locally made goods.
Also in the last goal, funds allocated to build good infrastructures and social amenities for the welfare of the citizens are taken by political leaders for their own selfish interest.
These are thewhy the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)cannot be achieved in Nigeria.

Key facts
Globally, the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age fell from 12.7 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013.
In developing countries, the percentage of underweight children under 5 years old dropped from 28% in 1990 to 17% in 2013.
Globally, new HIV infections declined by 38% between 2001 and 2013.
Existing cases of tuberculosis are declining, along with deaths among HIV-negative tuberculosis cases.
In 2010, the world met the United Nations Millennium Development Goals target on access to safe drinking-water, as measured by the proxy indicator of access to improved drinking-water sources, but more needs to be done to achieve the sanitation target.
The MDGs have been superseded by the Sustainable Development Goals

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals that UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.

The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration. Each MDG has targets set for 2015 and indicators to monitor progress from 1990 levels. Several of these relate directly to health.

Progress report on the health-related MDGs
While some countries have made impressive gains in achieving health-related targets, others are falling behind. Often the countries making the least progress are those affected by high levels of HIV/AIDS, economic hardship or conflict.

Millennium Development Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1.C. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Undernutrition which includes fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc, along with suboptimal breastfeeding; is the underlying cause of death in an estimated 45% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age. The proportion of underweight children in developing countries has declined from 28% to 17% between 1990 and 2013. This rate of progress is close to the rate required to meet the MDG target, however improvements have been unevenly distributed between and within different regions.

Millennium Development Goal 4: reduce child mortality
Target 4.A. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Globally, significant progress has been made in reducing mortality in children under 5 years of age. In 2013, 6.3 million children under 5 died, compared with 12.7 million in 1990. Between 1990 and 2013, under-5 mortality declined by 49%, from an estimated rate of 90 deaths per 1000 live births to 46. The global rate of decline has also accelerated in recent years – from 1.2% per annum during 1990–1995 to 4.0% during 2005–2013. Despite this improvement, the world is unlikely to achieve the MDG target of a two-thirds reduction in 1990 mortality levels by the year 2015.

More countries are now achieving high levels of immunization coverage; in 2013, 66% of Member States reached at least 90% coverage. In 2013, global measles immunization coverage was 84% among children aged 12–23 months. During 2000–2013, estimated measles deaths decreased by 74% from 481 000 to 124 000.

Millennium Development Goal 5: improve maternal health
Target 5.A. Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Target 5.B. Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Despite a significant reduction in the number of maternal deaths – from an estimated 523 000 in 1990 to 289 000 in 2013 – the rate of decline is less than half of what is needed to achieve the MDG target of a three quarters reduction in the mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015.

To reduce the number of maternal deaths, women need access to good-quality reproductive health care and effective interventions. In 2012, 64% of women aged 15–49 years who were married or in a consensual union were using some form of contraception, while 12% wanted to stop or postpone childbearing but were not using contraception.

The proportion of women receiving antenatal care at least once during pregnancy was about 83% for the period 2007–2014, but for the recommended minimum of 4 or more visits the corresponding figure drops to around 64%.

The proportion of births attended by skilled personnel – crucial for reducing perinatal, neonatal and maternal deaths – is above 90% in 3 of the 6 WHO regions. However, increased coverage is needed in certain regions, such as the WHO African Region where the figure was still only 51%.

Millennium Development Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 6A. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 6B. Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.
In 2013 an estimated 2.1 million people were newly infected with HIV – down from 3.4 million in 2001. By the end of 2013 about 12.9 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally. Of these, 11.7 million lived in low- and middle-income countries, representing 36% of the estimated 32.6 million people living with HIV in these countries. Should current trends continue the target of placing 15 million people on ART by 2015 will be exceeded.

The decrease in the number of those newly infected along with the increased availability of ART have contributed to a major decline in HIV mortality levels – from 2.4 million people in 2005 to an estimated 1.5 million in 2013. As fewer people die from AIDS-related causes the number of people living with HIV is likely to continue to grow.

Target 6C. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Malaria
About half the world’s population is at risk of malaria, and an estimated 198 million cases in 2013 led to approximately 584 000 deaths – most of these in children under the age of 5 living in Africa.

During the period 2000–2013, malaria incidence and mortality rates of population at risk have both fallen globally, 30% and 47% respectively.

The coverage of interventions such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying has greatly increased, and will need to be sustained in order to prevent the resurgence of disease and deaths caused by malaria. Globally, the MDG target of halting by 2015 and beginning to reverse the incidence of malaria has already been met.

Tuberculosis
The annual global number of new cases of tuberculosis has been slowly falling for a decade thus achieving MDG target 6.C to reverse the spread of the disease by 2015. In 2013, there were an estimated 9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths (including 360 000 deaths among HIV-positive people).

Globally, treatment success rates have been sustained at high levels since 2007, at or above the target of 85%. However, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which emerged primarily as a result of inadequate treatment, continues to pose problems.

Other diseases
MDG Target 6.C also includes neglected tropical diseases – a medically diverse group of infectious conditions caused by a variety of pathogens.

In 2013 only 6314 cases of human African trypanosomiasis were reported, representing the lowest levels of recorded cases in 50 years. This disease is now targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. Dracunculiasis is also on the verge of eradication with an historic low of 126 cases reported in 2014 and an ongoing WHO target of interrupting its transmission by the end of 2015.

Plans to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem worldwide by 2020 have also been prepared and are being implemented. The elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in the Indian subcontinent by 2020 is on track with a greater than 75% reduction in incident cases recorded since the launch of the programme in 2005. In the case of lymphatic filariasis, more than 5 billion treatments have been delivered since 2000 to stop its spread and of the 73 known endemic countries 39 are on track to achieve its elimination as a public health problem by 2020.

Millennium Development Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7C: By 2015, halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
The world has now met the MDG target relating to access to safe drinking-water. In 2012, 90% of the population used an improved source of drinking-water compared with 76% in 1990. Progress has however been uneven across different regions, between urban and rural areas, and between rich and poor.

With regard to basic sanitation, current rates of progress are too slow for the MDG target to be met globally. In 2012, 2.5 billion people did not have access to improved sanitation facilities, with 1 billion these people still practicing open defecation. The number of people living in urban areas without access to improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in the size of urban populations.

Millennium Development Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development
Target 8E. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries
Many people continue to face a scarcity of medicines in the public sector, forcing them to the private sector where prices can be substantially higher. Surveys undertaken from 2007-2013 show the average availability of selected generic medicines in 21 low- and middle-income countries was only 55% in the public sector.

Even the lowest-priced generics can put common treatments beyond the reach of low-income households in developing countries. The greatest price is paid by patients suffering chronic diseases. Effective treatments for the majority of the global chronic disease burden exist, yet universal access remains out-of-reach.

Ugwoke Cornelius Esomchi
2017/249581

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal 1: End poverty in all it’s form and everywhere..
It’s possible: through effective and efficient use of nations available resources. This resources magament will bring about increase in the nations productivity, national output ( GDP) and development of all form. Through development poverty will be eradicated
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.
This is possible; through the practice of large scale agriculture with advance maintenance techniques. These techniques will improve agriculture products, reduce cost and ensure food availability.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
This is possible; through revitalization of our nations health sector. This revitalization will come in the form of improved health facilities, payment of medical personnels, public education on health issues etc.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunity for all.
This is possible; if the government policies on education will be void of any form of tribalism and favoritism. Our government should take education seriously by ensuring proper ministration to it’s matters.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
This is possible; if our government and society will see the need to provide a field of equal opportunity for all gender without any form of favoritism towards any gender.
Goal 6: ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
This is possible; if all and sundry will come to the realization of the importance of water and proper sanitation is to our environment. And taking required steps to ensure it stays in it’s best form.
Goal 7: build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
Innovation and infrastructure is a product of good governance. Thus it is possible if good governance is ensured.
Goal 8: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
The pursuit of human rights and equality of all before the law by all nations is the way of making this goal possible
Goal 9: Make cities and human settlement inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
This is possible; through the eradication of discrimination of humans by all nations of the world.

NAME: IJE VORDA GOODNESS
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2017/ 249514
EMAIL: vordagoodness78@gmail.com

ANSWER
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a list of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 with the view of achieving those goals by 2030. The goals include no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, decent work and economic growth, industry , innovation and infrastructure, reducing inequality, sustainable cities and communities , responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice and stronger institutions and finally partnership for the goals.
However local and international efforts have been taken for the achievement of these goals by 2030 but so many problem has stalled the process. The following seeks to highlight the problem so that tangible steps can be takes to achieve it.
▪ No poverty: In my view the achievement of this goal in Nigeria will take a long while because there’s no will on the part of the Nigerian Government to end poverty in the land as the political elites capitalize on this during election periods to buy the masses’ votes and use them for electoral violence and thuggery. Recently Nigeria became the poverty capital of the world I therefore don’t see the feasibility of this goal by 2030.
️▪ Zero hunger: Over the years efforts have been made in Nigeria to achieve this goal but it hasn’t paid off due to corruption. Funds supposed to be used to develop the requisite infrastructure for the achievement of this goal are embezzled. The government need to build strong institutions to monitor implementation of projects.
️▪ Good health and well-being: This goal the third on the SDGs list is no achievable in Nigeria by 2030 as our primary health care system is underdeveloped and grossly inefficient. Our politicans also have the culture of medical tourism preferring to access treatment abroad instead of developing local health system. A bill stating that Nigerian politicans must access health care in Nigeria will help in the achievement of this goal so they are forced to develop local health care. Till then this goal is not feasible in Nigeria by 2030.
️▪️ Quality education: As the day goes by our educational standards are falling below international ratings. Frequent strike and disruption in the system has enabled this.
▪ Gender equality: More efforts need to be put into the achievement of this goal as harmful gender stereotypes still exists among us even today. Thankful the conversation around gender equality has helped increase the number of girls who go to school. During the lockdown it was named the shadow pandemic because it became evident that more work still need to be done. Deliberate and purposeful efforts should be taken like changing our preconceived ideas of gender stereotypes, abolishing laws that discriminate on gender grounds etc.
️▪️ Clean water and sanitation: I don’t see the feasibility in the achievement of this goal by 2030. Access to Clean water in Nigeria is expensive and difficult, they are no proper drainages that will aid the achievement of this goal.
▪ Decent work and economic growth: Nigeria has had 2 recession in the space of 5 years. Our economy is greatly shakened and so many people have lots job or their business have folded up. This people are then absolved in the illegal informal sector. Cyber crime is very high in Nigeria. This cannot be fully achieved by 2030 but purposeful can be take to address this achieve it at a time not too far from 2030.
️▪ Industry, innovation, and infrastructure: Corruption has stalled this goal in Nigeria. Embezzlement of funds for capital projects and substandard capital projects is inhibiting the achievement of this goal. Furthermore, the government doesn’t provide funds and incentives to encourage science and technology in Nigeria. When countries of the world worked tiredlessly to develop vaccines for the deadly corona virus the Nigerian government waited to imports from others instead of investing heavily in research.
️▪️ Reducing inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor in widened in Nigeria over the years and the government has failed in its redistribution role.
However this is not to say we should remain where we are but to buoy us to do better. We can and must do better so these goals become our reality.

NAME: OKON BLESSING ANIEFIOK
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
REG. NO.: 2017/243366
blessing.okon.243366@unn.edu.ng

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deal with ending extreme poverty, achieving zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable responsible consumption and production, climate action, peace and justice, partnership for the goals, etc.
Looking at the goal there are mostly interrelated and interdependent, but build on balancing the three (3) pillars of economic, social and environmental objectives for global sustainability.
POVERTY: Currently, World Poverty Clock, and NGO that estimate and track the number of world’s poor, reported that Nigeria has surpassed India to become the global capital of poverty, with 87 million people living on less than $1.89 per day and that number is rising. This is a central and one of the most devastating facts on the situation we have found ourselves, after extracting almost $1 million of oil since our national independence. we have effectively squandered an opportunity to utilize the natural resources, we obtained policy by chance instead of investing to uplift our people’s lives on political elite by commission or omission, chose the path of short term comfort and purchase of loyalty through economically unwise, or corruption riddle/ national expenditures, at the expense of economically-sound investment in both human and physical assets to transform our nation, Nigeria. it is obvious that, the first goal ending extreme poverty is already going with WRONG DIRECTION.
Nigeria is getting poorer, and our economy is transforming the prospect in the next few years do not appear as bright as we think can be.

Name:Oroke charity N
Reg no :2017/243816
Department: Economics
Course :Eco 362

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.
Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.
These goals include:
(1) No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being, (4) Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, (10) Reducing Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the Goals.
No poverty:To end poverty in all its forms everywhere. Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal
The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure progress. The five “outcome targets” are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. The two targets related to “means of achieving” SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels.
Good health and well-being: To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal
It has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets. The first nine targets are “outcome targets”. Those are: reduction of maternal mortality; ending all preventable deaths under 5 years of age; fight communicable diseases; ensure reduction of mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health; prevent and treat substance abuse; reduce road injuries and deaths; grant universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education; achieve universal health coverage; and reduce illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution. The four “means to achieving” SDG 3 targets are: implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; support research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines; increase health financing and support health workforce in developing countries; and improve early warning systems for global health risks.
Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common causes of child and maternal mortality. Between 2000 and 2016, the worldwide under-five mortality rate decreased by percent (from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births).Still, the number of children dying under age five is very high: 5.6 million in 2016.
Qaulity Education :Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Gender equality :Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”.[28]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 5[edit]
Through the pledge to “Leave No One Behind”, countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, first.SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights, opportunities to live free without discrimination including workplace discrimination or any violence. This is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Clean water and sanitation:Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.The eight targets are measured by 11 indicators.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 6
The six “outcome-oriented targets” include: Safe and affordable drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies, implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The two “means of achieving” targets are to expand water and sanitation support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in water and sanitation management.
Affordable and clean energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 7
The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards the targets is measured by six indicators.Three out of the five targets are “outcome targets”: Universal access to modern energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency.
Industry , innovation and infrastructure:Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 9
SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve indicators. The first five targets are “outcome targets”: Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; increase access to financial services and markets; upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability; enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies. The remaining three targets are “means of achieving” targets: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal access to information and communications technology.
Peace , Justice and strong institutions:To Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
Responsible consumption and production: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

The 11 targets of the goal are: implement the 10‑Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns; achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels; achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle; reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices; promote public procurement practices that are sustainable; and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development.

NAME: OKOYECHUKWU CHIOMA AUGUSTINA
REG NO: 2017/244837
DEPT: EDUCATION/ECONOMICS
Email: chiomaaugustina5@gmail.com

The SDGs or the Project 2030 is a global call to put an end to poverty , secure the planet and ensure that everyone enjoys peace and prosperity by 2030. It was adopted by 193 countries with Nigeria as one of its country members. The SDGs are set of seventeen interconnected goals which have targets with at least one or two indicators for each targets. The implementation of “Global Goals” for all kicked off in January, 2015. Its objectives are to ensure social inclusion , protect the environment and foster economic growth . Governments , private sector , research, academia and CSOs receive support from the UN as the SDGs encourage partnerships. It ensures the right choices are adopted now to improve life for future generations in a sustainable way. The SDGs are blueprints for the world to experience peace and prosperity at the fullest by 2030.
According to the agreement of Nigerian with the United Nations, aims to align its development priorities in partnership with CSOs and the private sector to achieve the SDGs together. The Agenda 2030, is designed to build sustainable world around the five P’s, namely; People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnerships, which span across the 17 SDGs . In 2017, Nigeria was among 44 member countries of the United Nations that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 agenda and the SDGs at HLPF .
Since the year 2017, Nigeria has volunteered to be among the countries to review the progress of the 2030 Agenda. Voluntary National Review (VNR) presentations are annual reviews presented to the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). Nigeria was among 44 member countries of the United Nations that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 agenda and the SDGs at HLPF.
In 2020, Nigeria also volunteered with other 46 countries for VNR. ”Nigeria’s 2020 VNR on SDGs focuses on poverty (SDG-1), inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3),Education (SDG-4), gender equality (SDG-5), enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16) and partnerships (SDG-17).”
The focus areas are based on President Buhari’s current development priorities and objectives. “The report was given in spite of the covid-19 Pandemic which is believed to slow down the progress of the 2030 Agenda.”
In July 2020, President Muhammadu Buhari presented the report at the HLPF’s second panel session, online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He gave the progress of seven of the SDGs which are referred to as core to the country at large.
Financing
On July 1, 2020 Nigeria officially commenced the process of designing and implementing an Integrated National Financing Framework (INFF) for financing national development priorities and achieving the SDGs. The integrated National Financing Framework (INFF) is a United Nations initiative to support countries in operationalizing the agreements of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) for financing the SDGs. UNDP has been supporting the government and its people by addressing development challenges, strengthening and building institutions that promote inclusive sustainable development and democratic governance. For example, during the COVID-19 crisis, UNDP partnered with Japan to support Nigeria’s health and socio-economic response.
Challenges
The year 2020, which is referred to as “Decade of Action” is said to have slow progress regards the progress of SDGs as reported by President Muhammadu Buhari during Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR).” The focus of the report was on issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16), and partnerships (SDG-17).

Name: Nwachukwu Maryjane
Ref.No: 2017/249533
Dept: Economics, 300 levels.

THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sustainable Development Goals was adopted by the United Nations on 15th September 2015. It comprises of 17 goal agenda which is targeted to be achieved by 2030. The SDGs can be said to be the extension of the millennium development goals (MDGs). The goals were made more actionable in July 2017 by UN resolution adopted by the General Assembly because of its broad nature and some indicators were reached to monitor the effectiveness of the goals. Some of the goals were set to be achieved between 2020 and 2030 while others has no specific date given. To facilitate monitoring of the goals a variety of tools exist to track and visualize progress towards the goal with the intention of making more data available and easily understood. The SDGs cut across all the issues that affect member countries and seek to find a solution each of the problem before 2030.
THE SDG GOALS ARE:

(1) No Poverty ,
(2) Zero Hunger ,
(3) Good Health and Well-being ,
(4) Quality Education ,
(5) Gender Equality ,
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation ,
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy ,
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth ,
(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ,
(10) Reducing Inequality ,
(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities ,
(12)Responsible Consumption and Production ,
(13) Climate Action ,
(14) Life Below Water,
(15) Life On Land ,
(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions ,
(17) Partnerships for the Goals .

Each of the goals has about 8 to 12 targets with an indicator of 1 to 4 for measuring it’s progress. The target can either be outcome, circumstances to be attained or means of implementations. The 17th goal is mainly on how to achieve the other SDG goals.

Now are the first 9 goals achievable in Nigeria?
My answer is yes. Reasons is because Nigeria as a country has what it takes to achieve the 1st 9goals with the specified time frame. If Nigeria will work on it’s internal and external policies with the sole aim of achieving results rather than pursuing personal interest I personally believe that this goals are achievable. This can be done by following the UN system of implementations to enforce the internal policies on how to achieve this goals and I believe having internal and active indicator though not as large as that of UN will goal a long way to ensure full achievement of various goals. More also investing genuinely in the agricultural sector will aid in the achieving goals number 1and 2 and will also lead to achieving goal 8. Encouraging those who genuinely want to engage in agriculture not attaching any form of favoritism, tribalism or religious sentiment, i.e giving loans or whatsoever incentive on the basis of monitored and investigated ground will help to achieve those goals.
In conclusion, just like every other United Nations States are struggling to achieve the SDGs I believe that Nigeria should not be an exception to this. If only Nigeria will embrace the SDGs with purpose oriented mind, I also believe that it can achieve if not all but a reasonable number of the SDGs before the expiration date.

Name: Ugwu Chidimma Joy
Reg no: 2017/249584
Department: Economics

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world:
GOAL 1: No Poverty

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

GOAL 4: Quality Education

GOAL 5: Gender Equality

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

GOAL 13: Climate Action

GOAL 14: Life Below Water

GOAL 15: Life on Land

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal
From my own of view none of the first 9 goals have been achieved and cannot be achieved before 2030.
The question here is, has Nigeria been able to achieve 1-9 of these goals? From my own perspective Nigeria has not being able to achieve these goals reason being that Nigeria is one country that is characterized by corruption and bad governance and this has eaten so deep into the society. Let’s analyze this:
1) No poverty: this is the first goal of the SDGs, which until now has not being achieved in the country because the poor are only getting poorer and the rich riding on the eagles wings. The number of poor helpless citizens are far way higher than that of the rich in population. This is still as a result of corruption and bad governance which has led to unemployment, government looting the money of the masses and still charging them, looting of natural resources thereby making it scarce for the citizen and these has led to increase in the rate of poverty.
2) Zero hunger: this is the second SDGs which has also not been achieved in Nigeria as a country. The Masses still die as a result of hunger, crimes are still committed due to hunger cause people are searching for what to eat to sustain life. Many people are on the street begging today due to hunger, many are sick and malnourished due to hunger and the prices of commodity is still rising that the poor can’t really afford much to eat.
3) Good health and well being: This is the third SDGs, which is still pending in Nigeria because no proper maintenance or presence of quality medical centers, the ones that happens to be good cuts the poor’s head with charges, thereby leaving lots of people unhealthy. Malnourishment as a result of poverty and hunger also affects the health and well being of the people.
4) Quality Education: this too has bot been in achieved in Nigeria. Because the Federal government and the ASSU are still having their differences thereby shutting down schools for long. The employment of unqualified teachers and lectures as a result of having connection at the detriment of the people’s knowledge.
5) Gender Equality: this is still far fetched in Nigeria because in some states women are still discriminated in terms of education and also in government. Women are subjected to being house wife even when they have something to offer to the country far better than men.
6) Clean water and Sanitation: the government are involved in achieving this as well as the citizens but it has nit been achieved due to poulltion and oil spillage caused by industries which at the end of the day contaminates the source of water and environment.
7) Affordable and clean energy: Nigeria as a country that supplies other countries with light have not been able to boast of a day without power failure. While these countries that they are supplying energy to can boast of years without power failure.
8) Decent work and economic growth: due to high rate of poverty and unemployment people tend to create jobs by and for themselves in order to gain income and sustain life and this has led to many indecent work in the country they by affecting the growth of the country.
9) Industry, innovation an infrastructure: this is still pending in Nigeria. Due to bad governance and corruption cause the money and resources that should be used for innovation, building new industries and infrastructures at scarce due to looting done be the government.
In summary, the above listed SDGs and interconnected to each other what affects one affects all. If one is achieved it will open a gate way to the rest. And it is still pending mostly because of corruption and the people we call our leaders who only work to satisfy their selfish interest.

Name: Kingsley Gift Ebubechukwu
Reg number: 2017/241438
Dept: Economics

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.

The 17 SDGs are:
1) No Poverty
2) Zero Hunger
3) Good Health and Well-being
4) Quality Education,
5) Gender Equality
6) Clean Water and Sanitation
7) Affordable and Clean Energy
8) Decent Work and Economic Growth
9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10) Reducing Inequality
11) Sustainable Cities and Communities
12) Responsible Consumption and Production
13) Climate Action
14) Life Below Water
15) Life On Land
16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17) Partnerships for the Goals.

An analysis of Whether this SDG are attainable in Nigeria within the given time frame and their reasons.
1) No poverty:
Nigeria as a country hasn’t been progressing well enough to meet up with the SDG to eliminate poverty. According to Cnnin 2018, Nigeria overtakes India to be come the poverty capital of the world. Yet with the economic effects of the COVID-19 crisis, the national poverty rate is instead forecast to jump from 40.1% in 2019 to 45.2% in 2022, implying that 100.9 million Nigerians will be living in poverty by 2022. Nigeria is no where near in achieving this set goal of NO POVERTY.

Second: Zero hunger.
This is almost interlinked with the first goal started above. If the poverty rate in Nigeria keeps increasing and cannot be reduced, the hunger rates will definitely not be left out.

3) Good Health and Well-being: Hospitals and healthy care facilities has been built by the government in the recent years. But the major problems facing these facilities are lack of infrastructural maintenance of this facilities. Most of the equipments used like bed, chairs, good medical equipments are in bad shapes and are without replacement. This can be seen in mostly General teaching hospitals.

4) Quality Education: The educational quality in Nigeria is on a zero levels. Facilities in most government schools are already in bad shape and with no replacement plans on ground, teachers employed are Poor untrained. And in the higher levels of education, the educational process is usually obstructed by strike over delay/ No payment of Salaries and bonuses.

5) Gender equality and empower all women and girls: This seems like an almost impossible task in Nigeria to empower all women and girls. One factor affecting this is as a result of the some culture inclination and the aggressive role of women in the home coped with the less importance a greater number of village communities has placed on women. This serves as a problem that hinders the SDG goal number 5.

6) Clean Water and Sanitation: This is a problem because majority of Nigerians dont usually participate in community Sanitations as everyone is busy with their different aspects of life endeavors. The water bodies in Nigeria are so polluted and messed up and lithered with a lot of harmful waste products most especially waste from factories. Intensive and aggressive environmental cleaning scheme can help correct this problems.

7) Affordable and Clean energy: This can be achieved if the government can accelerate the transition to an affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy system by investing in renewable energy resources and adopting clean energy technologies and infrastructure.
8) Decent Work and Economic Growth: With the effective and efficient use of our Nation’s resources, there will be increase in Economics growth. This will create increased job opportunities and also working towards the achievement of the goal 8 of the SDG GOALS.
9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: Using the right strategics, Development plans and policies by the government, it can bring about innovation, advancing technology into the industry and Increased infrastructure growth in the country at large.

All these are achievable when the right policies, programs, efforts and resources, are effectively utilized efficiently.

Abiazia Rufus Chidiebube
201/243371
Economics

The ambitious UN-adopted sustainable development goals (SDGs) have been criticized for being inconsistent, difficult to quantify, implement and monitor. Disparaging analysis suggests that there exists a potential inconsistency in the SDGs, particularly between the socio-economic development and the environmental sustainability goals. Critiques also raise questions on the measurability and monitoring of the broadly framed SDGs. The goals are non-binding, with each country being expected to create their own national or regional plans. Moreover, the source(s) and the extent of the financial resources and investments for the SDGs are ambiguous. This chapter quantifies and examines the inconsistencies of the SDGs. It further inspects which of the underlying social, economic or environmental pillars are that most effective for achieving sustainable development. Analyses of the data reveal that the developed countries need to remain focused on their social and environmental policies. The developing countries, on the other hand, are better off being focused on their economics and social policies in the short run, even though environmental policies remain significant for sustainable development.

(1) No Poverty ,
(2) Zero Hunger ,
(3) Good Health and Well-being ,
(4)Quality Education,
(5) Gender Equality,
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation,
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy,
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth ,
(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ,

The Economist and the Gates Foundation have slated the goals for being too wide-ranging, too cumbersome to be packaged into sound-bites. But thoroughness can hardly be the problem here; It seems more likely that the SDGs are being ignored because, unlike with the MDGs, there is nothing in them that’s really new.
At base, the Zero Draft reflects old thinking, and calls for little more than business as usual.

People are not getting excited about the SDGs because they know that business as usual isn’t going to deliver the new economy we so desperately need. In this sense, the goals are not only a missed opportunity, they are actively dangerous: they lock in the global development agenda for the next 15 years around a failing economic model that requires urgent and deep structural changes, and they kick the hard challenge of real transformation down the road for the next generation to deal with – by which time it may be too late.

Enechi chukwemeka Pius
2017/249497
slemcruz25@gmail.com

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.
The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) are as follows;
GOAL 1: No Poverty
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
GOAL 15: Life on Land
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

Now in my own opinion, Looking at only the first nine(9) goals, it is evident that it cannot be achieved before 2030. It even seems to me that we’re moving in the opposite directions of the goals. Take a look at our dear country, there’s still poverty and rate at which it continues to increase is alarming, these days , the rich is getting poorer and the poor are just in pure danger.
The level of hunger in Nigeria due to the level of poverty people find it very difficult to carter for their daily needs. The price of goods in the market keeps climbing everyday.
Poor medical or health facilities has contributed to careless deaths,
The level of quality education is also nothing to write about due to strike and high level of corruption leading to employment of unqualified teachers and lecturers. Due to cultural and religious beliefs women and girl child have been written off in almost all the sector’s in the economy which leads to Nigeria not making optimum use of the labour force.
Mismanagement of public funds has lead to low level of technology and have also contributed or paid little attention to the benefits of the development of modern technology and energy in Nigeria.
From our current year(2021) to 2030,is approximately nine(9) years. I feel it’s too short for our dear country to achieve those goals. These times are becoming way too scary and it’s only God that can help us.

UGWU PERPETUA ODINAKA
2017/244848
everlastinggift9507@gmail.com
ugwuodinakap.blogspot.com
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

THE ACHIEVABILITY OF THE FIRST 9 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN NIGERIA BY 2030
1. END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS (GOAL 1)
Poverty eradication remains one of the major focus areas for the Government of Nigeria. Given the poverty profile of 62.6%, the Federal Government as well as the other two tiers of government are aggressively pursuing strategies that will eliminate poverty in Nigeria. To begin with, the government is implementing a national Social Investment Programme which focuses on providing Social Safety Nets for the poor, welfare for the unemployed and job creation and skills enhancement with a target of creating about 3 million jobs.
The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) has leveraged on its social reforms agenda to ensure a pro-poor, gender disaggregated expenditure framework within the MediumTerm Expenditure Framework (MTEF). The underlying goal is to produce an inclusive budget that will ensure equity and justice in the distribution of national resources.
All these information use to be sweet to our hearing but to implement it is usually impossible in Nigeria. The problem with this goal is that nobody should be left behind which is not possible because in Nigeria where the does not work for the people but for their family and friends, only those in power with their friends and family will actually benefit from the Social Investment Programme .The poor that really suffers from poverty will not even hear about the programme.
Come to think of creating 3 million jobs, it still going to be those connected to the people on power that will benefit first before talking about the poor in rural areas. Also, distribution of raw materials has never been equal in Nigeria; the non accountability of Nigerian government does not even allow the people, especially at the grassroots, to know when the resources are distributed.
2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY; IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (GOAL 2)
As the threat of hunger and food insecurity looms in most part of Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria already embarked on a review as far back as 2006. The aim was to achieve a ‘zero hunger’ target and provide nutritious food to its teeming population. The prevalence of undernourishment reflected the fact that some 25.5% of the population was lacking adequate and improved nutrition. At the same time, severe food insecurity within the population based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale stood at 26.4% based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics.
In addition, there was a stunting or delayed growth prevalence of 37.45% among children of kindergarten; 37.4% for school age and 15% severe cases of malnutrition for under 5 children. The Government’s response was to embark on an aggressive growth enhancement scheme to improve the yield of agricultural commodities. Huge investments were made on the setting up of irrigation sites for farmers in order to provide the platform for cultivation of agricultural products all year round.
The reverse is the case as the Federal government has given only cattle rearers priority and power kill crop farmers and use their growing farm lands to graze/feed their cattle. Thereby, leading to shortage of food, discouraging crop farming and increasing hunger.
Therefore, this goal cannot be achieved in Nigeria by 2030.Also, without ending poverty, hunger in GOAL 1 persists.
3. ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE THE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES (GOAL 3)
Nigeria’s human development indices in the health sector remain abysmally low and this portends complex challenges in the health care delivery system. As enunciated in the NERGP, the top priority is to improve the availability, accessibility, affordability and quality of health services by increasing access to primary health care services, expanding health coverage and improving the quality of the services provided.
This goal cannot be achieved in Nigeria by 2030 because in my community for example, we have a well built Medical Center but it has never been active since I grew up; more than 18years now, and we are talking about 9years remaining here. Also, as long as poverty and hunger persist, healthy living and well-being cannot be achieved because poverty and hunger are very deadly diseases that are neglected by the public.
4. ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION AND PROMOTE LIFELONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL (GOAL 4)
Nigeria’s development and progress is heavily linked to access to quality inclusive and equitable universal education for all gender groups, including those with disability. A programme such as the home-grown school feeding is very effective in enhancing school enrolment and incentivizing learning.
The NERGP places emphasis on Vocational and Technical Education, Information and Communication Technology, technical engineering and scientific programmes with the objective of ensuring that youths and people living with disabilities acquire basic skills that will be useful and applicable in the job market.
Education for all would have been achievable in Nigeria if poverty and hunger were eradicated but the reverse is the case here. Many parents are still struggling for what to eat not even school uniforms and books. For inclusive education , without provision for learning aids for students with learning aids, learning cannot be achieved. This goal will be achievable if government will channel enough resources to educational sector.
But from what am seeing in UNN, this goal cannot be achieved by 2030 because of poverty negligence of educational sector by the government.
5. ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS (GOAL 5)
Gender equality and women’s empowerment has been considered critical to economic development and the advancement of women in Nigeria. However, challenges abound as cases of physical, pyschological and sexual abuse against women still persist. About 33.5% of women and girls 15 years and older, according to data provided by the Natioanl Bureau of Statistics in 2015, still confront cases of violence and emotional abuse. For instance, in 2015, 24.8% of girls and women aged 15 to 49 were reported to have undergone genital mutilation or cutting while 33.5% of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older were subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by either a current or former intimate partner. Also, the statistics available showed that 34.9% of women and girls aged 15 years and older were subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in 2015. The proportion of women aged 15-49 who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care was 24.8% in 2015 and the percentage of the women population that owned agriculture land was 71.1% in the same year.
The issue of early marriage among girls still posses challenge to education and decent jobs for women in the in some parts of the country. The girl-child is exposed to VVF and HIV and AIDS through early marriage, which impedes her growth and development. The percentage of girls and women who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting remains as high as 39.9%. Access to ownership and rights to agricultural land is improving. On a positive note, women population who own mobile phones in the rural communities is on the increase. Overall, mainstreaming of gender in the NERGP remains top priority as part of inclusive policy formulation.
From the above information compared to what is still happening in Nigeria today, this goal cannot be achieved in Nigeria by 2030 of because inadequate support from men and unseriousness from the side of most women as well.
6. ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL (GOAL 6)
Availability of water can be achieved, so also sanitation but not for all. This is because Nigerian government don’t even know the whole local governments here in Nigeria and so might not know that they are lacking water and sanitation. Also those that represent the government in those rural areas sometimes embezzle the funds knowing fully that government will not come to check their work.
Thus, this goal cannot be achieved in Nigeria by 2030.
7. ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL (GOAL 7)
This cannot be achievable in Nigeria by 2030 because in my community for example, we have been fighting for any energy supply at all since 1982 but couldn’t get it until 2019. So, within just this 9years remaining, my community and the like will not even think of affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all even, in the next 20 years.
8. PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR ALL (GOAL 8)
This cannot be achieved by 2030 in Nigeria that depends only on petroleum as source of economic growth. Nigeria is filled 90% population of unemployed, underemployed and inactive employed working class. Even most of the employed workers experience unfavourable working condition for more than 10years now.
9. BUILDING RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTERING INNOVATION (GOAL 9)
Nigeria government has prioritized infrastructure development in its development agenda and this has started yielding significant results. In the period under review, the infrastructure sector’s contribution to the GDP has been put at 35% while Nigeria’s Electric Power Sector which was privatized in 2005 had about 12.5GW installed capacity as at November 2016 with about 15 per cent of installed capacity distributed to end users. In terms of industrialization, Nigeria has so far established 34 free zones aimed at promoting the industrial and economic growth of the nation.
This goal can be achieved in Nigeria by 2030 if government should channel the resources very well to these objectives and avoid embezzling the budgeted fund for it. Accountability should also be maintained.

NWAFOR CLARA DABELECHI
2017/249534
ECONOMICS

The United Nations sustainable development goals are series of goals that aim to end poverty, protect the planet and improve the life and prospect of everyone by 2030.In 2015, the United Nations member states made it their mission to achieve peace and prosperity by 2030. To measure governments progress towards these goals, they established 17 sustainable development goals. They include 1. Zero poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Wellbeing 4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 7. Affordable and Clean Energy 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 10. Reduced Inequalities 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 12. Responsible Consumption and Products 13. Climate Action 14. Life Below Water 15. Life on Land 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions 17. Partnerships for the Goals. Will these goals especially the first 9 be achieved in Nigeria by 2030 as lanned? The answers is No. Since 2030 is just 9 years time from now being 2021, the only fate for Nigeria is improvement and reduction in poverty and others. Total eradication of poverty, hunger, inequality, etc is not possible in Nigeria in in 9 years time. Considering how far Nigeria has gone since 2015 when this goals was formulated shows nothing Has been done so far.

Anopueme Franklin Ifeanyi
2017/249485
http://www.franklin.anopue.249485@unn.edu.ng
http://www.franksempire.wordpress.com
Goal 1: End poverty in all it’s forms everywhere
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, promote sustainable Agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life- long learning opportunities for all
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
Firstly, in the issue of Goal one(end poverty in all it’s forms everywhere), Nigeria has not achieved that goal and will not achieve it even in 2030. The reason is that the leaders are so corrupt, instead of developing our country, they loot our money and put it in a bank overseas. Fattening their own greedy pockets instead.
For the second goal, I believe Nigeria will achieve it by 2030, because so many youths are now engaged in Agriculture due to ban on foreign goods.
The third Goal can be achieve by 2030 because by achieving goal two, we can be able to live healthy lives and promote our well being.
For the fourth goal, Nigeria cannot achieve it because there is no way those rich and corrupt politicians will allow their children to stay in the same learning space with the poor.
The fifth goal can be achieved in the sense that Nigeria has been giving women the opportunity to participate in politics and contest for any post. They have also been empowering women.
For the sixth and seventh goals, it is impossible to achieve such goals, because up til now, there are places that still experience poor electricity supply and the leaders are not even making any effort to see that there’s any improvement. Same goes with erosion that always chases some people out of their homes, because the Nigerian government cannot manage water flows.
The eight goal can be achieved by 2030, and it can be achieved by Nigeria helping to reduce restrictions placed on some big companies that generates employment opportunities.
Finally, the ninth goal cannot be achieved, because our leaders are not interested in infrastructural development, their only concern is to stuff money in their pockets, making innovation difficult to achieve.

Name: Ezike marycynthia chiamaka
Reg no: 2017/242944
Email: marycynthiachiamaka95@gmail.com
Dept: Economics

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”.[1] The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and are intended to be achieved by the year 2030. They are included in a UN Resolution called the 2030 Agenda or what is colloquially known as Agenda 2030.[2] The SDGs were developed in the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the future global development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals which ended in 2015. Now the question of if this goal is attainable in nigeria should have a yes answer, within the stipulated time? I really don’t think so, considering the state of the country.
1) To end poverty in all its forms, everywhere: Member countries have pledged to “Leave No One Behind”: underlying the goal is a “powerful commitment to leave no one behind and to reach those farthest behind first”.[2] SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty. Quite impressive but Nigeria asa country is way below the poverty line, the citizens are living in abject poverty and that will obviously take a long time to change.
2) Zero hunger: SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress.[5] The five “outcome targets” are: ending hunger and improving access to food; ending all forms of malnutrition; agricultural productivity; sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices; and genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals; investments, research and technology. The three “means of achieving” targets include: addressing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their derivatives. Considering the means if achievement, the agricultural system in nigeria is below it’s potential and that in it’s own needs to be tackled, then the malnutrition if children and other related stuff.
3) To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages: The targets of SDG 3 cover and focus on various aspects of healthy life and healthy lifestyle. Progress towards the targets is measured using twenty-one indicators. Some of the targets are: reduction of maternal mortality; ending all preventable deaths under 5 years of age; fight communicable diseases; ensure reduction of mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health; prevent and treat substance abuse; Considering Nigeria, alot of all these happen everyday and it has become a normal thing. Reason why the line, “the survival of the fittest” fits in so well. There’s alot of work to be done in regards to the health and lives if the members of this nation.
4). Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all: Some of the targets are; free primary and secondary education; equal access to quality pre-primary education; affordable technical, vocational and higher education; increased number of people with relevant skills for financial success; etc. The three “means of achieving targets” are: build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools; expand higher education scholarships for developing countries; and increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries. Nigeria is improving in it’s academics but to achieve these goals it’s going to take a while.
5). Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls: ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere; ending violence and exploitation of women and girls; eliminating harmful practices such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation; increasing value of unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities; ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision-making; and ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health. The three “means of achieving” targets are: fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services for women; promoting empowerment of women through technology; and adopting, strengthening policies and enforcing legislation for gender equality. Nigeria is the bedrock of gender inequality, that I believe cannot just be eradicated in a just a small period of time. It takes changing the people mindset and ideology towards women to do that.
6). Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all: Safe and affordable drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies, implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The COVID-19 pandemic has made this goal increasingly important.[5] However this pandemic could affect the ability of water utilities to meet this goal by increasing losses on revenues that would otherwise be used to make investments.
7). Affordable and clean energy: aims to “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.”[1] Access to energy is a very important pillar for the wellbeing of the people as well as economic development and poverty alleviation. Some of the targets include; Universal access to modern energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency. The remaining two targets are “means of achieving targets”: to promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries. Nigeria sucks at efficient energy supply, tho achievable but will take a while.
8). Decent work and economic growth: Some of it’s targets include; sustainable economic growth; diversify, innovate and upgrade for economic productivity; promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises; improve resource efficiency in consumption and production; full employment and decent work with equal pay; promote youth employment, education and training; end modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour. Most of the citizens of Nigeria has no or few decent jobs, because of lack of employment opportunities, so many result to indecent jobs like robbery, frauds and kidnapping just to earn a living.
9). Industry, innovation and infrastructure: Aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal access to information and communications technology.

NAME; Okaome Esther Chioma
REG NO; 2017/249554
DEPARTMENT; Economics
EMAIL; estherokaome@gmail.com

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs, also known as the Global Goals) are 17 goals with 169 targets that all UN Member States have agreed to work towards achieving by the year 2030. They set out a vision for a world free from poverty, hunger and disease.
Health has a central place in SDG 3 “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”, underpinned by 13 targets that cover a wide spectrum of WHO’s work.Almost all of the other 16 goals are related to health or their achievement will contribute to health indirectly.
The SDGs aim to be relevant to all countries – poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity while protecting the environment and tackling climate change. They have a strong focus on improving equity to meet the needs of women, children and disadvantaged populations in particular so that “no one is left behind”.
1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and are intended to be achieved by the year 2030. They are included in a UN Resolution called the 2030 Agenda or what is colloquially known as Agenda 2030. The SDGs were developed in the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the future global development framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals which ended in 2015.
Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focuses on the key issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16), and partnerships (SDG-17). This focus is based on Nigeria’s current development priorities and the development objectives of President Muhammadu Buhari’s administration. This VNR is being developed while facing huge challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic testing Nigeria’s public health systems, and of the collapse in oil prices, for an economy still getting 86% of public revenue from oil and gas.

Nigeria’s 2017 VNR outlined the institutional dimensions for creating an enabling policy environment for the implementation of the SDGs through its Economic and Recovery Growth Plan (ERGP) (2017-2020). The ERGP’s focus on economic, social and environmental dimensions of development makes it consistent with the aspirations of the SDGs.
SDG3-Health and Wellbeing: While Nigeria has some poor health outcomes, such as high rates of maternal mortality, there have been improvements in the under-five mortality rates (from 157 to 132). COVID-19 has challenged our public health. A key lesson in protecting the public in times of such pandemics is hygiene and the need to prioritize universal access to clean water and soap. Nigeria’s current access to basic drinking water stands at 64%. There must be more investment in public health and to ensure the most vulnerable are reached through universal access to essential services.
SDG4-Education: A key challenge confronting the country has to do with Out-of- School-Children, a demographic challenge that relates to an interplay between employment (SDG-8), education (SDG-4), poverty (SDG-1) and the digital economy (SDG-17). With a population of approximately 200 million people, regional disparities are significant, with 78% of South Western children able to read full or part sentences, while only 17% of North Eastern children can. With only 1.6% of GDP devoted to education, the country needs to increase the resources to provide quality education.
SDG8-Inclusive Economy: In terms of inclusive economy (SDG-8), Nigeria’s informal economy is one of the largest on the continent – estimated at 53% of the Labour force and accounting for 65% of GDP. It is estimated that 75% of all new jobs are informal. Youth have a combined unemployment and under-employment rate of 55.4% or 24.5 million1. This is the youth bulge that needs to be building the required skills to move into secure and less precarious forms of employment. Ensuring youth are well-educated and able to transition to productive employment through the digital economy can help reduce poverty (SDG-1) and help diversify growth beyond dependence on oil and gas. The Generation Unlimited intervention, which targets employment for 20 million youth is another good example. The banking sector can play an important role in supporting the country’s efforts to leverage greater private sector-led growth by providing access to finance, particularly for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). In addition, the Nigerian government can dramatically shift to digitization and strengthening its transition to e-government to facilitate its social protection to the poor and vulnerable population.Good strides have been made in the domestication process of the SDGs in Nigeria. First, there is an ongoing realignment of the National Statistical System (NSS) with the requirements and Indicators of the SDGs. Second, Nigeria has developed its home-grown ‘Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG Model) – an analytical framework for assessing how policy making can better address the indivisible nature of the SDGs. Third, the Nigeria’s 2020 VNR report has drawn on past evaluations across the Seven priority SDGs and has an ongoing evaluation of the country’s performance in SDG 3&4. This attempt to systematically use evaluations is an innovation in the VNR context. Nigeria should strengthen the evidencebased planning and accountability mechanisms at State level for accelerating the SDG decade of action. The post-ERGP National Development Plan (2021-2030) will be pivotal in advancing the achievement of the SDGs in Nigeria
Each goal typically has 8–12 targets, and each target has between 1 and 4 indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets. The targets are either “outcome” targets (circumstances to be attained) or “means of implementation” targets. The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.
List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators
Goal 1: No poverty
SDG 1 is to: “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”. Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme poverty globally by 2030.
The goal has seven targets and 13 indicators to measure progress. The five “outcome targets” are: eradication of extreme poverty; reduction of all poverty by half; implementation of social protection systems; ensuring equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources; and the building of resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters. The two targets related to “means of achieving” SDG 1 are mobilization of resources to end poverty; and the establishment of poverty eradication policy frameworks at all levels.
Despite the ongoing progress, 10 percent of the world’s population live in poverty and struggle to meet basic needs such as health, education, and access to water and sanitation. Extreme poverty remains prevalent in low-income countries particularly those affected by conflict and political upheaval. In 2015, more than half of the world’s 736 million people living in extreme poverty lived in Sub-Saharan Africa. Without a significant shift in social policy, extreme poverty will dramatically increase by 2030.[16] The rural poverty rate stands at 17.2 percent and 5.3 percent in urban areas (in 2016).
Goal 2: Zero hunger
Sufficient and healthy foods should be made available to everyone
SDG 2 is to: “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture”.
SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress.[20] The five “outcome targets” are: ending hunger and improving access to food; ending all forms of malnutrition; agricultural productivity; sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices; and genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals; investments, research and technology. The three “means of achieving” targets include: addressing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their derivatives.
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
SDG 3 is to: “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”.
SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets. The first nine targets are “outcome targets”. Those are: reduction of maternal mortality; ending all preventable deaths under 5 years of age; fight communicable diseases; ensure reduction of mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health; prevent and treat substance abuse; reduce road injuries and deaths; grant universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education; achieve universal health coverage; and reduce illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution. The four “means to achieving” SDG 3 targets are: implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; support research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines; increase health financing and support health workforce in developing countries; and improve early warning systems for global health risks.
Goal 4: Quality education
SDG 4 is to: “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”.

SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators. The seven “outcome-oriented targets” are: free primary and secondary education; equal access to quality pre-primary education; affordable technical, vocational and higher education; increased number of people with relevant skills for financial success; elimination of all discrimination in education; universal literacy and numeracy; and education for sustainable development and global citizenship. The three “means of achieving targets” are: build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools; expand higher education scholarships for developing countries; and increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries. Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both boys and girls.
Goal 5: Gender equality
SDG 5 is to: “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”.
Through the pledge to “Leave No One Behind”, countries have committed to fast-track progress for those furthest behind, SDG 5 aims to grant women and girls equal rights, opportunities to live free without discrimination including workplace discrimination or any violence. This is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
In 2020, representation by women in single or lower houses of national parliament reached 25 per cent, up slightly from 22 per cent in 2015. Women now have better access to decision-making positions at the local level, holding 36 per cent of elected seats in local deliberative bodies, based on data from 133 countries and areas. Whilst female genital mutilation and cutting (FGM/C) is becoming less common, at least 200 million girls and women have been subjected to this harmful practice.
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
SDG 6 is to: “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”.
The six “outcome-oriented targets” include: Safe and affordable drinking water; end open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene, improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse, increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies, implement IWRM, protect and restore water-related ecosystems. The two “means of achieving” targets are to expand water and sanitation support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in water and sanitation management.
The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of World Health Organisation WHO And United Nations International Children’s Emergency fund UNICEF reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. Also in 2017, only 71 per cent of the global population used safely managed drinking water, and 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. With regards to water stress: “In 2017, Central and Southern Asia and Northern Africa registered very high water stress – defined as the ratio of fresh water withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources – of more than 70 per cent”. Official development assistance (ODA) disbursements to the water sector increased to $9 billion in 2018.
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
SDG 7 is to: “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”.
The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards the targets is measured by six indicators. Three out of the five targets are “outcome targets”: Universal access to modern energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy efficiency. The remaining two targets are “means of achieving targets”: to promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy services for developing countries. In other words, these targets include access to affordable and reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. This would involve improving energy efficiency and enhancing international cooperation to facilitate more open access to clean energy technology and more investment in clean energy infrastructure. Plans call for particular attention to infrastructure support for the least developed countries, small islands and land-locked developing countries.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
SDG 8 is to: “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all”.
SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030. Some targets are for 2030; others are for 2020. The first ten are “outcome targets”. These are: sustainable economic growth; diversify, innovate and upgrade for economic productivity; promote policies to support job creation and growing enterprises; improve resource efficiency in consumption and production; full employment and decent work with equal pay; promote youth employment, education and training; end modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour; protect labour rights and promote safe working environments; promote beneficial and sustainable tourism; universal access to banking, insurance and financial services. In addition there are also two targets for “means of achieving”: Increase aid for trade support; develop a global youth employment strategy.
Over the past five years, economic growth in least developed countries has been increasing at an average rate of 4.3 per cent. In 2018, the global growth rate of real GDP per capita was 2 per cent. In addition, the rate for least developed countries was 4.5 per cent in 2018 and 4.8 per cent in 2019, less than the 7 per cent growth rate targeted in SDG 8. In 2019, 22 per cent of the world’s young people were not in employment, education or training, a figure that has hardly changed since 2005. Addressing youth employment means finding solutions with and for young people who are seeking a decent and productive job. Such solutions should address both supply, i.e. education, skills development and training, and demand. In 2018, the number of women engaged in the labor force was put at 48 per cent while that of men was 75 per cent.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
SDG 9 is to: “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation”.
SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve indicators. The first five targets are “outcome targets”: Develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization; increase access to financial services and markets; upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability; enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies. The remaining three targets are “means of achieving” targets: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal access to information and communications technology.
In 2019, 14% of the world’s workers were employed in manufacturing activities. This percentage has not changed much since 2000. The share of manufacturing employment was the largest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 percent) and the smallest in sub-Saharan Africa (6 percent). The intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth. As at 2020, nearly the entire world population lives in an area covered by a mobile network. Millions of people are still unable to access the internet due to cost, coverage, and other reasons. It is estimated that just 53% of the world’s population are currently internet users.
Goal 10: Reduced inequality
SDG 10 is to: “Reduce income inequality within and among countries”.
The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards targets will be measured by indicators. The first seven targets are “outcome targets”: Reduce income inequalities; promote universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other three targets are “means of achievement” targets: Special and differential treatment for developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances.
In 73 countries during the period 2012–2017, the bottom 40 per cent of the population saw its incomes grow. Still, in all countries with data, the bottom 40 per cent of the population received less than 25 per cent of the overall income or consumption. Women are more likely to be victims of discrimination than men. Among those with disabilities, 3 in 10 personally experienced discrimination, with higher levels still among women with disabilities. The main grounds of discrimination mentioned by these women was not the disability itself, but religion, ethnicity and sex, pointing to the urgent need for measures to tackle multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination. In 2019, 54 per cent of countries have a comprehensive set of policy measures to facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people.
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities
SDG 11 is to: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable”.
SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured with 15 indicators. The seven “outcome targets” include: Safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable transport systems; inclusive and sustainable urbanization; protect the world’s cultural and natural heritage; reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters; reduce the environmental impacts of cities; provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces. The three “means of achieving” targets include: Strong national and regional development planning; implement policies for inclusion, resource efficiency and disaster risk reduction; support least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building.
The number of slum dwellers reached more than 1 billion in 2018, or 24 per cent of the urban population. The number of people living in urban slums is highest in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia. In 2019, only half of the world’s urban population had convenient access to public transport, defined as living within 500 metres’ walking distance from a low-capacity transport system (such as a bus stop) and within 1 km of a high-capacity transport system (such as a railway). In the period 1990–2015, most urban areas recorded a general increase in the extent of built-up area per person.
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production
SDG 12 is to: “Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”.
The 11 targets of the goal are: implement the 10‑Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns; achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; reducing by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels; achieving the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle; reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices; promote public procurement practices that are sustainable; and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development. The three “means of achieving” targets are: support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity; develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts; and remove market distortions, like fossil fuel subsidies, that encourage wasteful consumption.
By 2019, 79 countries and the European Union have reported on at least one national policy instrument to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns. This was done to work towards the implementation of the “10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns”. Global fossil fuel subsidies in 2018 were $400 billion. This was double the estimated subsidies for renewables and is detrimental to the task of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions.
Goal 13: Climate action
SDG 13 is to: “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy”.
The targets cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. There are five targets in total. The first three targets are “output targets”: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters; integrate climate change measures into policies and planning; build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The remaining two targets are “means of achieving” targets: To implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change; and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
The decade between 2010 – 2019 was the warmest decade recorded in history. Currently climate change is affecting the global community in each country of the world. Its impact affects not only national economies, but also lives and livelihoods, especially those in vulnerable conditions. By 2018, climate change continued exacerbating the frequency of natural disasters, such as massive wildfires, droughts, hurricanes and floods, affecting more than 39 million of people. Over the period 2000–2018, green house emissions of developed countries and economies in transitions have declined by 6.5%. The emissions of the developing countries are up by 43% in the period between 2000 and 2013. In 2019, at least 120 of 153 developing countries had undertaken activities to formulate and implement national adaptation plans.
Goal 14: Life below water
SDG 14 is to: “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”.
The first ten targets are “outcome targets”: Reduce marine pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas; end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources. The last three targets are “means of achieving” targets: To increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health; support small scale fishers; implement and enforce international sea law.
Oceans and fisheries support the global population’s economic, social and environmental needs. Oceans are the source of life of the planet and the global climate system regulator. They are the world’s largest ecosystem, home to nearly a million known species. Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the earth’s surface and contain 97% of the planet’s water. They are essential for making the planet livable. Rainwater, drinking water and climate are all regulated by ocean temperatures and currents. Over 3 billion people depend on marine life for their livelihood. However, there has been a 26 percent increase in acidification since the industrial revolution. Effective strategies to mitigate adverse effects of increased ocean acidification are needed to advance the sustainable use of oceans.
The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources. One of the key drivers of global overfishing is illegal fishing. It threatens marine ecosystems, puts food security and regional stability at risk, and is linked to major human rights violations and even organized crime. Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification and constitute the “deadly trio” of climate change pressures on the marine environment.
Goal 15: Life on land
SDG 15 is to: “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss”.
The nine “outcome targets” include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems; end deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land; ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural habitats; protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three “means of achieving targets” include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat global poaching and trafficking.
Humans depend on earth and the ocean to live. This goal aims at securing sustainable livelihoods that will be enjoyed for generations to come. The human diet is composed 80% of plant life, which makes agriculture a very important economic resource. Plant life provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species, and important sources for clean air and water, as well as being crucial for combating climate change.
The proportion of forest area fell, from 31.9 per cent of total land area in 2000 to 31.2 per cent in 2020, representing a net loss of nearly 100 million ha of the world’s forests. This was due to decreasing forest area decreased in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and South-Eastern Asia, driven by deforestation for agriculture. Desertification affects as much as one-sixth of the world’s population, 70% of all drylands, and one-quarter of the total land area of the world. It also leads to spreading poverty and the degradation of billion hectares of cropland. A report in 2020 stated that globally, the species extinction risk has worsened by about 10 per cent over the past three decades.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
SDG 16 is to: “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels”.
The goal has ten “outcome targets”: Reduce violence; protect children from abuse, exploitation, trafficking and violence; promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice; combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows, substantially reduce corruption and bribery; develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions; ensure responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making; strengthen the participation in global governance; provide universal legal identity; ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms. There are also two “means of achieving targets”: Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism; promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies. Reducing violent crime, sex trafficking, forced labor, and child abuse are clear global goals. The International Community values peace and justice and calls for stronger judicial systems that will enforce laws and work toward a more peaceful and just society.
Goal 17: Partnership for the goals
SDG 17 is to: “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development”. This goal has 19 outcome targets and 24 indicators. Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals. Goal 17 is included to assure that countries and organizations cooperate instead of compete. Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to share knowledge, expertise, technology, and financial support is seen as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The goal encompasses improving north–south and South-South cooperation, and public-private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned.

IZUOGU CHIOMA SYLVERLINE
2017/244598
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom. We recognise that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. All countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will implement this plan. We are resolved to free the human race from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet. We are determined to take the bold and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world onto a sustainable and resilient path. As we embark on this collective journey, we pledge that no one will be left behind. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets which we are announcing today demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what these did not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.
The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical importance for humanity and the planet:

PEOPLE
We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

PLANET
We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations.

PROSPERITY
We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.

PEACE
We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development.

PARTNERSHIP
We are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalised Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focussed in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all people.
The interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals are of crucial importance in ensuring that the purpose of the new Agenda is realised. If we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the Agenda, the lives of all will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the better.

In these Goals and targets, we are setting out a supremely ambitious and transformational vision. We envisage a world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want, where all life can thrive. We envisage a world free of fear and violence. A world with universal literacy. A world with equitable and universal access to quality education at all levels, to health care and social protection, where physical, mental and social well-being are assured. A world where we reaffirm our commitments regarding the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and where there is improved hygiene; and where food is sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious. A world where human habitats are safe, resilient and sustainable and where there is universal access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy.
We envisage a world of universal respect for human rights and human dignity, the rule of law, justice, equality and non-discrimination; of respect for race, ethnicity and cultural diversity; and of equal opportunity permitting the full realization of human potential and contributing to shared prosperity. A world which invests in its children and in which every child grows up free from violence and exploitation. A world in which every woman and girl enjoys full gender equality and all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment have been removed. A just, equitable, tolerant, open and socially inclusive world in which the needs of the most vulnerable are met.
We envisage a world in which every country enjoys sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all. A world in which consumption and production patterns and use of all natural resources – from air to land, from rivers, lakes and aquifers to oceans and seas – are sustainable. One in which democracy, good governance and the rule of law as well as an enabling environment at national and international levels, are essential for sustainable development, including sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development, environmental protection and the eradication of poverty and hunger. One in which development and the application of technology are climate-sensitive, respect biodiversity and are resilient. One in which humanity lives in harmony with nature and in which wildlife and other living species are protected.

OUR WORLD TODAY
We are meeting at a time of immense challenges to sustainable development. Billions of our citizens continue to live in poverty and are denied a life of dignity. There are rising inequalities within and among countries. There are enormous disparities of opportunity, wealth and power. Gender inequality remains a key challenge. Unemployment, particularly youth unemployment, is a major concern. Global health threats, more frequent and intense natural disasters, spiralling conflict, violent extremism, terrorism and related humanitarian crises and forced displacement of people threaten to reverse much of the development progress made in recent decades. Natural resource depletion and adverse impacts of environmental degradation, including desertification, drought, land degradation, freshwater scarcity and loss of biodiversity, add to and exacerbate the list of challenges which humanity faces. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and its adverse impacts undermine the ability of all countries to achieve sustainable development. Increases in global temperature, sea level rise, ocean acidification and other climate change impacts are seriously affecting coastal areas and low-lying coastal countries, including many least developed countries and small island developing States. The survival of many societies, and of the biological support systems of the planet, is at risk.
It is also, however, a time of immense opportunity. Significant progress has been made in meeting many development challenges. Within the past generation, hundreds of millions of people have emerged from extreme poverty. Access to education has greatly increased for both boys and girls. The spread of information and communications technology and global interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies, as does scientific and technological innovation across areas as diverse as medicine and energy.
Almost fifteen years ago, the Millennium Development Goals were agreed. These provided an important framework for development and significant progress has been made in a number of areas. But the progress has been uneven, particularly in Africa, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing States, and some of the MDGs remain off-track, in particular those related to maternal, newborn and child health and to reproductive health. We recommit ourselves to the full realization of all the MDGs, including the off-track MDGs, in particular by providing focussed and scaled-up assistance to least developed countries and other countries in special situations, in line with relevant support programmes. The new Agenda builds on the Millennium Development Goals and seeks to complete what these did not achieve, particularly in reaching the most vulnerable.

THE NEW AGENDA
We are announcing today 17 Sustainable Development Goals with 169 associated targets which are integrated and indivisible. Never before have world leaders pledged common action and endeavour across such a broad and universal policy agenda. We are setting out together on the path towards sustainable development, devoting ourselves collectively to the pursuit of global development and of “win-win” cooperation which can bring huge gains to all countries and all parts of the world. We reaffirm that every State has, and shall freely exercise, full permanent sovereignty over all its wealth, natural resources and economic activity. We will implement the Agenda for the full benefit of all, for today’s generation and for future generations. In doing so, we reaffirm our commitment to international law and emphasize that the Agenda is to be implemented in a manner that is consistent with the rights and obligations of states under international law.
We reaffirm the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international instruments relating to human rights and international law. We emphasize the responsibilities of all States, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to respect, protect and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability or other status.
Realizing gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls will make a crucial contribution to progress across all the Goals and targets. The achievement of full human potential and of sustainable development is not possible if one half of humanity continues to be denied its full human rights and opportunities. Women and girls must enjoy equal access to quality education, economic resources and political participation as well as equal opportunities with men and boys for employment, leadership and decision-making at all levels. We will work for a significant increase in investments to close the gender gap and strengthen support for institutions in relation to gender equality and the empowerment of women at the global, regional and national levels. All forms of discrimination and violence against women and girls will be eliminated, including through the engagement of men and boys. The systematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation of the Agenda is crucial.

NAME: OBODIKE LOVETH OGADIMMA
REG NO: 2017/ 249537
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE FIRST NINE GOALS, SOME CAN ACTUALLY BE ACHIEVED IN NIGERIA WITHIN THE TIME FRAME ALLOTED, THOUGH WITH SOME CHALLENGES
The SDGs or the Project 2030 is a global call to put an end to poverty, secure the planet and ensure that everyone enjoys peace and prosperity by 2030. It was adopted by 193 countries with Nigeria as one of its country members. The SDGs are set of seventeen interconnected goals which have targets with at least one or two indicators for each targets. The implementation of “Global Goals” for all kicked off in January, 2015. Its objectives are to ensure social inclusion, protect the environment and foster economic growth. Governments, private sector, research, academia and CSOs receive support from the UN as the SDGs encourage partnerships. It ensures the right choices are adopted now to improve life for future generations in a sustainable way. The SDGs are blueprints for the world to experience peace and prosperity at the fullest by 2030. sustainable Development Goals is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world. In 2017, Nigeria was among 44 member countries of the United Nations that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the SDGs at High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. In 2020, Nigeria was ranked 160 on the 2020 world’s SDG Index. The government affirmed that Nigeria’s current development priorities and objectives are focused on achieving the SDGs. Nigeria is a member of the United Nations. Since the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Nigeria has continued to demonstrate its commitment to the SDGs promise through leadership and ownership of the implementation process. At UNDP, we are building on our support through provision of technical support to the Office of the Senior Special Advisor to the President on SDGs (OSSAP) and line ministries in an effort to ensure that planning and budgeting for development activities in the country are done within the framework of the SDGs. Using lessons learnt from the MDGs era, we are working closely with the Government of Nigeria and other partners in ensuring that the SDGs are efficient and effective implemented and that resources are allocated to sectors of the economy that will yield highest dividend for the poor and vulnerable millions across the country.
We have supported the Government of Nigeria in conducting the SDGs Data Mapping Exercise and conducting a Baseline Surveys whose results have been useful in developing baseline indicators for SDGs implementation, monitoring and reporting in the country. The baseline survey continue to be updated by-annually to reflect current situation and changing trends in the country. In addition to conducting various advocacy and awareness activities with several government ministries, departments and agencies, we supported initiatives aimed at promoting strategic engagements around the SDGs. For example, with our support, the government developed the Private Sector Engagement Strategy which provides for and recommended the establishment of the first-ever Private Sector Advisory Group on SDGs. We have also supported the establishment of SDGs Development Partners Forum which we also achor.
We provide both technical and financial support toward ongoing efforts aimed at integrating the SDGs into national and State-level policies, plans and budgets. In support of Governments efforts aimed at sharing its experiences so far, we are providing technical support towards the development of Voluntary National Reviews (VNR). The VNRs facilitate the sharing of experiences, including successes, challenges and lessons learned, with a view to accelerating the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. The NRVs will serves as a basis for anticipated regular reviews by the high-level political forum (HLPF) meetings held every year. The VNRs also seek to strengthen policies and institutions of governments and to mobilize partnerships.
As the UNs agency mandated to eradicate poverty, UNDP will continue supporting the Governments and people of Nigeria in tackling the new agenda and taking it forward over the next couple of years. We will continue to provide support to the as we all continue on this long path towards the SDGs promise- a promise of a just, equitable and sustainable planet – our common heritage; a promise of peace and prosperity for all.

According to the agreement of Nigerian with the United Nations, aims to align its development priorities in partnership with CSOs and the private sector to achieve the SDGs together. The Agenda 2030, is designed to build sustainable world around the five P’s, namely; People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnerships, which span across the 17 SDGs. In 2017, Nigeria was among 44 member countries of the United Nations that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 agenda and the SDGs at HLPF. Since the year 2017, Nigeria has volunteered to be among the countries to review the progress of the 2030 Agenda. Voluntary National Review (VNR) presentations are annual reviews presented to the UN High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). Nigeria was among 44 member countries of the United Nations that presented its Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 agenda and the SDGs at HLPF.
In July 2020, President Muhammadu Buhari presented the report at the HLPF’s second panel session, online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He gave the progress of seven of the SDGs which are referred to as core to the country at large. On July 1, 2020 Nigeria officially commenced the process of designing and implementing an Integrated National Financing Framework (INFF) for financing national development priorities and achieving the SDGs. The integrated National Financing Framework (INFF) is a United Nations initiative to support countries in operationalizing the agreements of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) for financing the SDGs. UNDP has been supporting the government and its people by addressing development challenges, strengthening and building institutions that promote inclusive sustainable development and democratic governance. For example, during the COVID-19 crisis, UNDP partnered with Japan to support Nigeria’s health and socio-economic response.
The year 2020, which is referred to as “Decade of Action” is said to have slow progress regards the progress of SDGs as reported by President Muhammadu Buhari during Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR).” The focus of the report was on issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16), and partnerships (SDG-17).
Though having discussed how some of this goals some can be solved above, below are more elaborations of the remaining goals and how they can and cannot be achieved in Nigeria within the time frame.

Goal 1: No poverty
Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. While the number of people living in extreme poverty dropped by more than half between 1990 and 2015, too many are still struggling for the most basic human needs.

As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived on less than US$1.90 a day; many lack food, clean drinking water and sanitation. Rapid growth in countries such as China and India has lifted millions out of poverty, but progress has been uneven. Women are more likely to be poor than men because they have less paid work, education, and own less property.
The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we started, and end poverty in all forms and dimensions by 2030. This involves targeting the most vulnerable, increasing basic resources and services, and supporting communities affected by conflict and climate-related disasters.
Goal 2: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate .Globally, the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age fell from 12.7 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013. The first 28 days of life the neonatal period represent the most vulnerable time for a childs survival. In 2013, around 44% of under-five deaths occurred during this period, up from 37% in 1990. Reaching the MDG on reducing child mortality will require more rapid scale up of key effective, affordable interventions: care for newborns and their mothers; infant and young child feeding; vaccines; prevention and case management of pneumonia, diarrhoea and sepsis; malaria control; and prevention and care of HIV/AIDS.
WHO promotes four main strategies: appropriate home care and timely treatment of complications for new-borns, integrated management of childhood illness for all children under five years old; expanded programme on immunization; infant and young child feeding. These child health strategies are complemented by interventions for maternal health, in particular, skilled care during pregnancy and childbirth.
Goal 3: improve maternal health, this chapter addresses the feasibility of Nigeria achieving Target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims at reducing maternal deaths to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Maternal deaths occur due to lack of access to maternal healthcare, which encompasses the healthcare dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care for women. Nigeria is presently the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally, having a maternal mortality ratio of 814 per 100,000 live births. Will Nigeria achieve this goal by 2030? This chapter assesses the maternal health landscape of Nigeria and the measures taken by the government to address maternal health from the perspective of the feasibility of achieving SDG 3, Target 3.1 by 2030.
Goal 4:: combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases. The SDGs sharply elevate global health and development aspirations, contemplating a world that is far more prosperous, secure, healthy, and equitable, where human rights and dignity are universally respected, and where human development unfolds in a manner that preserves the natural environment. Yet, the 3 years that have passed since the SDGs were agreed have dimmed prospects for achieving many of these visionary aims. Among the reasons why the world opted for such an ambitious agenda for the SDGs was the success of the HIV response. As a result of a worldwide mobilisation, the incidence of HIV infections peaked and began to decrease in all parts of the world, and AIDS-related mortality decreased from 1·9 million in 2005 to 1·0 million in 2016.
: Goal 5: Quality education
Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of universal primary education. The total enrolment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half. There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes. Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels of poverty, armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and North Africa, ongoing armed conflict has seen an increase in the number of children out of school. This is a worrying trend. While Sub-Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in primary school enrolment among all developing regions from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in 2012 large disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high. Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable development. This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and secondary schooling by 2030. It also aims to provide equal access to affordable vocational training, to eliminate gender and wealth disparities, and achieve universal access to a quality higher education.
Goal 6: developing a global partnership for development
The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained steady but below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters continue to demand more financial resources and aid. Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage growth and trade. The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving access to technology and knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster innovation. Coordinating policies to help developing countries manage their debt, as well as promoting investment for the least developed, is vital for sustainable growth and development. The goals aim to enhance North-South and South-South cooperation by supporting national plans to achieve all the targets. Promoting international trade, and helping developing countries increase their exports is all part of achieving a universal rules_based and equitable trading system that is fair and open and benefits all.

Ewa Princess
2017/249501
Economics
ewaprincess79@gmail.com
Blogwithprincess.wordpress.com

SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere:-
1.1. Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than US$1.25 a day.
Nigeria is now the largest economy in Africa, with a GDP of US$ 397 billion and accounting for 17 per cent of the continent’s GDP. However, 40.1 per cent of Nigerians (about 83 million people) live in poverty and growth per capita has been negative. Poverty has been rising in rural areas and the northern zones, while the situation in the southern zones has generally been improving. The poor health and education services for those who cannot afford to pay is also a driver of poverty. The National Social Investment Programme has been a cornerstone programme, targeting the poor and vulnerable members of the Nigerian population to address this, and safety nets cover around 22.5 million households. The federal government’s significant efforts to extend social welfare to the growing numbers of poor households is not reaching far enough, deep enough and fast enough.
As it stands, it is well impossible for Nigeria to achieve it’s sdg1 at the 2030 target.
This is because, corruption has eaten deep into the Nigerian system. Funds for the betterment of the people are embezzled, leaving the people in abject poverty.

SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture:-
In Nigeria, it is observed that the goal to end hunger and achieve food security is not obtainable. As at Jan 2021 to May 2021, the inflatrion rate for agricultural products and food has skyrocketed to about 17.8%. These has made it practically impossible for the majority of the population to get food. The masses are hungrier by the day, with no hope of getting food, not even the most malnourished products.

SDG 3:- Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages:-
A National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was established in 2005 to provide access to quality health care services and financial risk protection, reduce the rising costs of healthcare services and maintain efficiency in healthcare. Subsidized healthcare services and exemption mechanisms are initiatives expected to provide financial risk protection for the most vulnerable populations. Government has implemented many healthcare reforms to address public healthcare challenges. These reforms include the National Health Insurance Scheme, National Immunization Coverage Scheme (NICS), Midwives Service Scheme (MSS), and Nigerian Pay for Performance Scheme (P4P) among others. Nevertheless, the country has not adequately dealt with its numerous public healthcare challenges (Aregbeshola, 2019).
The most vulnerable people in Nigeria include children, pregnant women, people living with disabilities, the elderly, displaced, unemployed, retirees and the sick.
Despite sometimes benefitting from free healthcare services and exemption mechanisms, this group mostly has to pay for healthcare services out of pocket. This is because politicians often use free healthcare services as campaign promises to attract votes without any intention to fulfil the promises. And when they try to redeem their electoral pledges, they implement the projects poorly, ensure they do not become fully operationalized, and they sometimes only last a few years (Aregbeshola, 2019).
A National Health Act (NHA) was signed into law in 2014, stating that all Nigerians are entitled to a basic minimum package of health care services. However, the NHA is yet to be implemented six years after it was signed into law and it is not clear if the provisions made in the NHA are capable of achieving UHC in Nigeria (Aregbeshola, 2019). Concerning human resources for health, as of 2018, there were 36 registered medical doctors to 100,000 members of the population (i.e., a doctor-population ratio of 1: 2753). The ratio of nurses and midwives in 2018 came to 88 nurses to a population of 100,000 (a nurse-population ratio of 1: 1,135) and 58.9 midwives to a population of 100,000 (a midwife- population ratio of 1: 1,697).

SDG4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all:-
While primary school attendance is essential (about 60 per cent), there is a need for the government to do more to increase the low levels of secondary school attendance (49 per cent). The reduced attendance rate partially explains the low literacy (50 per cent) and numeracy rate amongst youths. There has been a very positive increase in participation in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age) by girls in both private and public schools. The figure has more than doubled in private schools since 2015 and tripled in public schools. If this trend continues, the country will achieve its 2030 targets. With a population of approximately 206-million people, regional disparities are significant, with 78 per cent of south-western children able to read full or part sentences, while only 17 per cent of north-eastern children can. The proportion of under-five children who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being is lower than that reported in 2015. Progress has made towards the psychosocial development of children under five, leading to an increase of more than 6 per cent in 2016 and 2017 from the baseline. A key challenge confronting the country has to do with over 10 million out-of-school children in primary education. This portends higher risk arising from schools’ lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic, a demographic challenge which relates to an interplay between employment (SDG-8), education (SDG-4), poverty (SDG-1) and the digital economy (SDG-17). The participation rate of youths and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months is meagre both for formal and non-formal education. There has been a slight improvement in formal education, whereas non-formal education has seen a decline in participation. With the high youth unemployment rate in Nigeria, much needs to be done to improve participation in these institutions substantially. With only 1.6 per cent of GDP devoted to education, the country needs to increase the resources to provide quality education.
Despite almost 20 years of the UBE programme and 15 years of implementing the UBE Act (2004), myriad challenges continue to plague the education system in Nigeria, including 13.2 million out-of-school￾children (UNICEF, 2018) and gender disparities which continue in the basic education system. Furthermore, there remain challenges on the quality of education demonstrated in very unsatisfactory pupil learning outcomes, such as average scores in literacy, numeracy and life skills, ranging from 30 per cent to 52 per cent (Abul, Uyilowhoma & Aboli 2017; Federal Ministry of Education 2018).

SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls:-
Of the six selected indicators, key legal frameworks exist. There has been an improvement on two indicators, gender-based violence (GBV) and child and early forced marriage (CEFM) before age 15, while one has somewhat worsened (CEFM before age 18). For the remaining two indicators, women in elective/appointive as well as managerial positions, there is insufficient data to assess progress. However, it appears that political participation has regressed. All in all, it seems little progress has been made on gender inclusiveness. The possibility of achieving the SDG targets by 2030 remains very low as long as deeply rooted values and social norms are not met by strong political will and serious commitment. One of the most significant challenges in the achievement of SDG 5 has been the lack of up-to￾date gender-disaggregated data – one example being women in managerial positions. As explained in the National Beijing + 25 Review of the Federal Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Social Development (FMWASD), ‘the consistent, institutionalized tracking of gender data in a holistic manner and the coalescing of sector-specific gender results into one national database has remained a major challenge.’

SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all:-
In Nigeria, majority of the population, especially in the Rural areas, there are little or no access to clean water. Water management systems are dilapidated, sanitation is zero as many gutters are filled up with refuse. It is practically impossible for Nigeria to achieve this by 2030 because of bad and irresponsible government.

SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all:-
While capitalist has taken over the energy sector, it has had quite a terrible name at functioning. Majority of the population in the rural areas has not seen electricity. Most times, even in the urban areas, there have always been consistent power interruption. It is impossible for Nigeria to achieve this goal by 2030.

SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productivite employment and decent work for all:-
Real GDP growth has been positive since the country came out of recession in 2017 but remained lower than the rate of population growth, so people are becoming poorer. Besides, while most Nigerians work in the informal sector, there is very little job and income security in this sector and the likelihood of transitioning out of poverty is low. Four years ago, the unemployment rate was significantly lower than the 2018 figure of 23.1 per cent, and it is likely to worsen due to COVID-19. Nigeria’s informal economy is one of the largest on the continent – estimated at 53 per cent of the labour force and accounting for 65 per cent of GDP. It is estimated that 75 per cent of all new jobs are informal and only 10 per cent of the working-age population is employed in formal wage labour, with more than half of those jobs in the public sector. Youths have a combined unemployment and under-employment rate of 55.4 percent. With 38 per cent of the 15 to 24-year-olds not in education, employment or training, it means that these young people are not gaining the skills to enter the labour market or to become self-employed. Ensuring that youths are well educated and able to transition to productive employment through the digital economy can reduce poverty (SDG-1) significantly.

SDG 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation:-
Finally, the business environment is not conducive enough to create jobs that can sustain livelihoods or address the myriad of challenges facing the country. These challenges have to do with (1) highly concentrated markets with a small number of dominant firms with significant market share; (2) high barriers to entry, some of which are created by the conduct of dominant firms or imposed inadvertently through government regulations; and (3) limited exposure to foreign competition because of trade barriers. Furthermore, intermittent electric power is a massive deterrent to the competitiveness of Nigerian firms (ibid, 18). These growth rates are far below the projections of the ERGP which had aimed at 2.2 per cent in 2017, 4.8 percent in 2018, 4.5 per cent in 2019 and 7.0 per cent in 2020. This drop in the growth rate is attributed to the economy’s dependence on oil as well as the oil shock experienced by the country in 2014-2015 (World Bank 2019; UNDP 2020. Despite coming out of recession and maintaining a slow pace of recovery since 2017, the country’s growth rate has remained modest, falling below those of leading countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and with the standards of living not improving (Augosto, et., al, 2019; World Bank 2019; UNDP 2020).
reviews indicate that several factors are contributing to this slow economic growth. First, Nigeria is heavily dependent on agriculture. This is the sector that constitutes a quarter of the country’s GDP and employs more than 50 per cent of its labour force. Nevertheless, the sector grew by only 2.1 per cent, rising to 2.5 per cent in 2019, making its actual GDP contribution quite low. Besides this, despite having an unusually large labour force, the productivity level of its labour force is substantially lower than that of other sub-Saharan countries with smaller labour forces. This is a reflection of the country’s low stocks of physical and human capital and the inefficiency with which inputs such as capital and labour are transformed into outputs.

NAME: OBUTE CHISOM HELLEN
DEPT: ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2017/249539
EMAIL ADDRESS: hellytec4@gmail.com
BLOGGERS ADDRESS; obutechisomhellen.blogspot.com

NIGERIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
I would say that these SDG is achievable in Nigeria if necessary measures are taken. Although Nigeria might not be able to achieve the whole SDG. But before diving into the discussion I would like to say little thing about SDG
The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. Learn more and take action. These Sustainable development Goals are 17 in Number.
Nigeria’s 2020 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focuses on the key issues of poverty (SDG-1) and an inclusive economy (SDG-8), health and wellbeing (SDG-3), Education (SDG-4), Gender equality (SDG-5), and the enabling environment of peace and security (SDG-16), and partnerships (SDG-17). This focus is based on Nigeria’s current development priorities and the development objectives of President Muhammadu Buhari’s administration.
SDG3-Health and Wellbeing: While Nigeria has some poor health outcomes, such as high rates of maternal mortality, there have been improvements in the under-five mortality rates (from 157 to 132). COVID-19 has challenged our public health 2 | Page system. A key lesson in protecting the public in times of such pandemics is hygiene and the need to prioritize universal access to clean water and soap. Nigeria’s current access to basic drinking water stands at 64%. There must be more investment in public health and to ensure the most vulnerable are reached through universal access to essential service
,SDG4-Education: A key challenge confronting the country has to do with Out-of- School-Children, a demographic challenge that relates to an interplay between employment (SDG-8), education (SDG-4), poverty (SDG-1) and the digital economy (SDG-17). With a population of approximately 200 million people, regional disparities are significant, with 78% of South Western children able to read full or part sentences, while only 17% of North Eastern children can. With only 1.6% of GDP devoted to education, the country needs to increase the resources to provide quality education.
SDG8-Inclusive Economy: In terms of inclusive economy (SDG-8), Nigeria’s informal economy is one of the largest on the continent – estimated at 53% of the Labour force and accounting for 65% of GDP. It is estimated that 75% of all new jobs are informal. Youth have a combined unemployment and under-employment rate of 55.4% or 24.5 million1. This is the youth bulge that needs to be building the required skills to move into secure and less precarious forms of employment. Ensuring youth are well-educated and able to transition to productive employment through the digital economy can help reduce poverty (SDG-1) and help diversify growth beyond dependence on oil and gas.

Alignment of national planning to SDGs: Good strides have been made in the domestication process of the SDGs in Nigeria. First, there is an ongoing realignment of the National Statistical System (NSS) with the requirements and Indicators of the SDGs. Second, Nigeria has developed its home-grown ‘Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDG Model) – an analytical framework for assessing how policy making can better address the indivisible nature of the SDGs. Third, the Nigeria’s 2020 VNR report has drawn on past evaluations across the Seven priority SDGs and has an ongoing evaluation of the country’s performance in SDG 3&4. This attempt to systematically use evaluations is an innovation in the VNR context. Nigeria should strengthen the evidencebased planning and accountability mechanisms at State level for accelerating the SDG decade of action. The post-ERGP National Development Plan (2021-2030) will be pivotal in advancing the

Name : Ferdinand Daniel Nweke
Reg no : 2017/245020
Department : Economics
The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world: But this are the first 9 in my opinion they can be achieved with in the period. This are the first 9 of them.
Goal 1: End poverty in all it’s forms everywhere
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, promote sustainable Agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life- long learning opportunities for all
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
In my opinion the sustainable development goal can be full achieve completely . If they is the establishment of strong, active and productive institution which will be operated in full capacity in other to bring the sustainable goal to reality.

NAME: OKONKWO FAITH MUNACHI
REG NO: 2017/242422
E-MAIL: faith.okonkwo.242422@unn.edu.ng

ANSWER:
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”. Each of the 17 goals is expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country around the world.
The SDGs include:
Goal 1: No Poverty
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
Goal 3: Good health and Well-being
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Goal 6: Clean water and Sanitation
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean energy
Goal 8: Decent work and Economic growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and Production
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life below water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong institutions
Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals.

The First Nine(9) Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria: It is about how Nigeria is implementing the Sustainable Development Goals within the thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
1. End poverty in all its form everywhere;
Nigeria has not achieved that goal and will not even achieve it in 2030. The reason is that Nigeria’s leaders are so corrupt, instead of developing our country, they loot our money and put it in a bank overseas. They don’t create Jobs for the youth, rather increasing unemployment which in turn creates poverty. The unavailability of jobs that could guarantee the said minimum earning of 1 dollar pay day, with which survival and sustenance is heavily relied on in terms of healthy nutrition that will cure hunger poverty.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture;
Nigeria will not achieve it by 2030 because we do not storage facilities to preserve our seasonal/perishable goods. The farmers are peasant and not technologically inclined, our leaders are not even doing anything about this. The case of unknown gun men, Fulani herdsmen and other vices are not helping matters.

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
This goal is fair and could be attained within the time frame if proper attentions is paid to the sector that guarantees it. The improvement in health services both at the national and at the local/primary level is commendable and have led to reduced mortality cases accessible drugs for cures to various ailments etc.

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life long learning opportunities for all.
It is also attainable provided the Nigerian government reverse its attention and give life to public institutions again, by properly funding them, not owing the academic and non academic staffs. Improve infrastructures and adopts world best practices in terms of standards and technology in schools.

5. Achieve Gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Goal 5 seems not attainable, as in Africa and Nigeria in particular have tribal and cultural inclinations that defines the role of women as against the men. The gender equality may appreciate to some level but will not be possible as is stated or wanted. Women are given positions and not takers of position in the political and social environments of ours and this limits the possibility of this goals.

6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
This goal is possible if the government takes the local/rural area as a priority, because in the various ancient localities, the colonial/ earliest governments that followed had a system of functional water management and well managed waste practices and disposals. The government in partnership with the SDGs program can continue from what have been put in place and advance it. The problem is that with the level of water scarcity, refuse dumps all around, industrial spillages etc. one should have a doubt of the attaining this before 2030.

7. Ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable and modern energy for all.
This is far from been achievable in the present Nigeria, because the level of politics been played in the areas of power and energy is unimaginably very bad. There are water bodies in every parts of this country that could be converted to dams. Well managed that could generate electricity but that is not the point of focus of the leaders, that of solar energy as alternative that could be harnessed; enough is not done in local research that could help remedy the short fall in energy supply witnessed in the country.

8. Promote sustained , inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Goal 8 is also possible, but on condition that the present leadership addresses the worsening insecurity, how could the SDGs point of decent work for all be possible when herders make some categories of workers to face hostility, where those who are luckily employed are owed and there is little or no power supply that could encourage entrepreneurs and foster innovations. Economic growth is possible within the time frame, if the key critical sectors like; Education, Security, Energy, Agriculture, Industries in partnership with the SDGs program are given proper attention. This simply means that goal 8 can be achieved as long as the other goals aforementioned are achieved.

9. Build resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovations.
Goal 9 may be attained half way with the reasons that outcomes may be seen partly in few selected locations and not in the entire cities. This is accompanied by the politics which drives every growth witnessed in infrastructure in this part of the world. High level of corruption and embezzlement in the system is another blockade that will deprive the attainment of effective SDGs programs at the stated time frame.

Name: Oforka Blessing Oluchi
Reg, No: 2017/243365
Department: Economics
Email: blesscolls@gmail.com
Answer:
The Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria
Nations of the world met in September 2015 at the UN in New York and adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the successor framework to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which came to an end in 2015.

The SDGs are made up of 17 goals and 169 targets and each goals are expected to be achieved by 2030 in every country. The SDGs is a call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The goals are integrated such that the action in one area will affect another and development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

In 2020, Nigeria was ranked 160 on the 2020 World’s SDG Index. While looking at the current state of the country, the possibility of her being able to achieve fully all the 17 goals is zero to none. The damages done by the past and present government would make it very difficult for Nigeria to correct it all and achieve a sustainable economy.

Looking at the MDGs, Nigeria found it to be a struggle to achieve fully 8 goals under 15 years (2000-2015) – it was recorded that Nigeria was able to achieve fully one goal (Goal 8). At the country’s current pace, it would be impossible to achieve the SDGs which has 17 goals and is expected to be achieved by 2030.

Through proper planning and the effective implementation of policies, Nigeria can be able to achieve some of the goals and targets by 2030. The availability of resources and their mobilization is a critical factor that has to be considered for the realization of the SDGs in Nigeria, given the fact that the implementation of the required programs and projects will be capital intensive. The efficient management of resources should be take into account both the present and future generation.

NAME-OZOEMENA CHUKWUEBUKA SABASTINE
DEPT-ECONOMICS
REG NO-2017/250816
COURSE CODE-ECO 362(DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS II
LEVEL-300L
ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability goals, such as the current UN-level Sustainable Development Goals, address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that “the term ‘sustainability’ should be viewed as humanity’s target goal of human–ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis[contradictory]), while ‘sustainable development’ refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability”.[1] Modern economies are endeavouring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging[clarification needed] them into market opportunities will do greater good.[unbalanced opinion?] The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).[attribution needed]
The concept of sustainable development has been, and still is, subject to criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth’s finite stock;[2]:13 this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable.[3]:20f[4]:61–67[5]:22f It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from ‘conservation management’ to ‘economic development’, and that the Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan.(see
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability goals, such as the current UN-level Sustainable Development Goals, address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that “the term ‘sustainability’ should be viewed as humanity’s target goal of human–ecosystem equilibrium (homeostasis[contradictory]), while ‘sustainable development’ refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the end point of sustainability”.Modern economies are endeavouring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate change commitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging[clarification needed] them into market opportunities will do greater good.[unbalanced opinion?] The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).
The concept of sustainable development has been, and still is, subject to criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth’s finite stock; this perspective renders the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable.It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from ‘conservation management’ to ‘economic development’, and that the Brundtland Report promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan.
The 17 SDGs are:
(1) No Poverty
(2) Zero Hunger
(3) Good Health and Well-being
(4) Quality Education
(5) Gender Equality
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth
(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
(10) Reducing Inequality
(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities
(12) Responsible Consumption and Production
(13) Climate Action
(14) Life Below Water
(15) Life On Land
(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
(17) Partnerships for the Goals.

UFOMADU OSCAR ONYEKACHI
2017/249579
ECO 362-DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS II
300 LEVEL
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS.
DISCUSSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities
Image of the Envision Disability in 2030 visual identity
Imagine the world in 2030, fully inclusive of persons with disabilities
In September 2015, the General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Building on the principle of “leaving no one behind”, the new Agenda emphasizes a holistic approach to achieving sustainable development for all.
Visual identity of the SDGs that shows each individual goal in colour boxes
The SDGs also explicitly include disability and persons with disabilities 11 times. Disability is referenced in multiple parts of the SDGs, specifically in the parts related to education, growth and employment, inequality, accessibility of human settlements, as well as data collection and the monitoring of the SDGs.
Although, the word “disability” is not cited directly in all goals, the goals are indeed relevant to ensure the inclusion and development of persons with disabilities.
Inforgraphic that shows where disability is explicitly included in the 17 SDGs
The newly implemented 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development holds a deep promise for persons with disabilities everywhere.
The year 2016 marks the first year of the implementation of the SDGs. At this critical point, #Envision2030 will work to promote the mainstreaming of disability and the implementation of the SDGs throughout its 15-year lifespan with objectives to:
Raise awareness of the 2030 Agenda and the achievement of the SDGs for persons with disabilities;
Promote an active dialogue among stakeholders on the SDGs with a view to create a better world for persons with disabilities; and
Establish an ongoing live web resource on each SDG and disability.
The campaign invites all interested parties in sharing their vision of the world in 2030 to be inclusive of persons with disabilities.
Please forward your comments, suggestions, references and/or new information on the SDGs and persons with disabilities to enable@un.org or follow us @UNEnable on Facebook and Twitter and use hashtag #Envision2030 to join the global conversation and help create a world in 2030 that is fully inclusive of persons with disabilities.
SDGs Bar
The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world:
GOAL 1: No Poverty
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
GOAL 15: Life on Land
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

NAME: OGBONNAYA VICTOR NNANNA
REG NO: 2017/249544
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of seventeen global goals designed as a blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. The SDGs include:
(1) No Poverty , (2) Zero Hunger , (3) Good Health and Well-being , (4)
Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work and Economic Growth , (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure , (10)
Reducing Inequality , (11) Sustainable Cities and Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production , (13) Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water , (15) Life On Land , (16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17)
Partnerships for the Goals.
Now we are going to consider if the first nine goals can be obtainable with the situation of Nigeria today.

Firstly, in the area of no poverty, Nigeria has an inbuilt system that favours the rich and disfavors the poor. The prices of goods keep spiking uncontrollably as a result of hoarding by some businessmen. With all these Nigeria will continue been poor and the goal to eradicate poverty will be near to impossible.

In the area of industrialization, Nigeria has few or little industries and they prefer importing rather than producing. This discourages infant industries as they won’t receive a lot of patronage and this makes the economy to keep depreciating instead of developing.

In the area of decent work and economic growth Nigeria is riddled with corrupt politicians that just prefer fattening their pockets without regards to the poor masses. You have to be connected to the politicians before you can get a decent job.

In the area of affordable and clean energy, Nigeria has no prospects as even though we are rich in mineral resources, the extent of corruption in Nigeria forces us to send the resources abroad to be refined and then buy it again..

In the area of clean water and sanitation, I think it is realizable as borehole water is now accessible even in remote areas.

In the area of gender equality, Nigeria is now given female gender opportunities to participate in politics, and also encourages female empowerment.

In the area of quality education, in a country where the government provide almost a zero budgeted expenditure to the educational sector, how do we expect quality education. The sum is the government is not trying stall in the area of improving education in Nigeria. The state of schools in Nigeria is very apaling.

In the area of good health care and well-being, the Nigerian government provides some hospitals and the staffs there are not qualified and the staffs are short-handed. Though there the hospitals are not well equipped.

Concerning the eradication of hunger. Nigeria is very populated and the government are not really helping in this matter. Hunger can only reduce drastically when the government understand the place and feelings of the citizens and intervene.

For the goals to be achieved the limitations explained above must be eliminated for us to move forward.

Name: NNANYELUGO CHIDERA MICHAEL
Reg no: 2017/245023
Dept: ECONOMICS

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030 Agenda
In 2015, 195 nations agreed with the United Nation that they can change the world for the better.
This will be accomplished by bringing together their respective governments, businesses, media, institutions of higher education, and local NGOs to improve the lives of the people in their country by the year 2030.
Here’s the 2030 Agenda:
1. Eliminate Poverty
2. Erase Hunger
3. Establish Good Health and Well-Being
4. Provide Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Improve Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Grow Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Create Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Increase Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduce Inequality
11. Mobilize Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Influence Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Organize Climate Action
14. Develop Life Below Water
15. Life On Land
16. Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Build Partnerships for the Goals
Our Organization Joined the United Nation and their Sustainable Development Goals to Help
Our organization, NJ MED, along with our partners, are committed to seeing all of the 195 nations achieve Five Education Goals for 2030, as well as, monitor the progress, each nation is making towards providing new support services for children and their families.
The‘plan of implementation of the world summit on sustainable Development’
listed about170, with the major issues
listed as follows:
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Commitment at all levels to the United Nation Millennium Declaration held in
Riodejaneiro in1992.
The effort will promote the integration of the three components of sustainable
development–economic development,social development and environmental
protection-as interdependent,and mutually reinforcing pillars.Poverty eradication,
changing unsustainable pattern of production and consumption and protecting and
managing the natural resource base of economic and social development are over arching
objectives and essential requirement for sustainable development.
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Good governance within each country at all levels sound policies on social
environmental and economic issues;democratic institutions responsive to the needs of
the people the rule of law; anti-corruption measures; genderequality and an enabling
environment for investment as basis for sustainable development; external assistance to
individual especially between developed logytocofferdiet and trade and full
participation of developing countries in global decision making.
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Peace,security and respect for human might and fundamental freedoms,
including the right to development and ensuring that the benefits of development
includes all, especially, the valuable groups women, children.Youths In abid to
eradicate poverty,the function point
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Access to quality healthcare services by rural and urban for all person; good
education for all children especially primary schooling and all levels of schooling; combat
desertification and mitigate the effects of drought,floods;land and natural resource
management;increase access to clean driving water and adequate sanitation to improve
and protect human health and environment;transfer basic sustainable agricultural
techniques and knowledge including natural resource management to small and medium
scale for mores,fishes and the rural poor in Developing countries.
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Other measures include;improve access to reliable and affordable energy
services;strengthen the contribution of industrial development to poverty eradication;improve the people living in slums by 2020;eliminates of the worst forms of child
labour.
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Specificactions on consumption and production patterns to achieve sustainable
development include from using governments and institutions to the way promote a
frame work in support of social and economic development policies addressing basic
issues such as pollutions,waste,enhancing corporate environmental and social
responsibility and accountability,
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In addition,promotion of a good transport system at all levels;prevent and
minimize waste and maximize reuse recycling and use of environmentally friendly
alternative materials
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Specificactions to protecting natural resource base of economic and social
development include;Development of strategies to protect the ecosystem;financial and
technical assistance to achieve the MDGs on safe drinking water;promote the
conservation and management of the oceans;enhance maritime safety candle security
land based activities;risk assessment and disaster management promote sustainable
tourism including non-consumptive and eco-tourism;preservation of Biological
definition introduction of forest management and improvement.
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To achieve sustainable development in a globalizing world,the course of action
suggested include ensuring full participation and equity among all especially developing
nations;strengthen the capacities of developing countries to encourage public/private
initiatives that enhance the ease of access timeliness and coverage of information on
countries;strengthen the regional trade and cooperation agreement
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To achieve good Health and sustainable Development the specific objective
include poverty eradication as to avoid high prevalence of debilating diseases;strengthen
thecapacityofhealthcareservicestoallinefficient,accessibleandaffordablemanner;
reduction of HIV Prevalence among young men and women aged 15 to-25 in most
affected countries by 2005 and globally by 2010 as well as combat malaria,tuberculosis
and other diseases;phase out lead in lead-based paints and in other sources of human
exposure
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With particular reference to sustainable Development to different regions,the
African perspective include welcoming of New partnership for Africa’s Development
[NEPAD] and other existing development framework that are owned and driven
nationally by African countries and that embodies poverty reduction strategies;provide
financial aid Technical support of Africa’s effort to implement land and natural resources
management practices;mobilize financial and other support to develop and streng then
health systems;promote integrate water resource development and options the
upstream and downstream benefits through effective management policies
In addition to enhancing ensuring sustainable development in Africa other measures to
be employed include Achieve sound management of chemicals,with particular focus
on hazardous chemicals and waste’Bridge the digital divide and create opportunity in
terms of access infrastructure and technology transfer and application through
integrated activities for Africa;create an existing environment to attract investment;
accelerate new and existing programmes and projects;support African countries in their
efforts to implement the habitat agenda though initiatives to strengthen national,local and institutional capacities insustainable urbanization and local and institutional
capacities.
Plan implementation is said to include;the assessment of plans contribution to
development process;the extent of consultation among government offices as well as
between states and private interest during the formulation stage of a plan. Inaddition,it
involves acooperation and participation of the various groups/stakeholders namely
planners,policymakers and the society at large.
The world summit on planning for sustainable development adopted the following
strategies for the implementation of its objectives;adequate funding of the MDGs
through significant increased flow of financial resource to less developed countries in
particular capacity-building and information for decision making and scientific
capabilities;facilitate greater flow of foreign direct investment so as to support
sustainable development activities;including the development of infrastructures of
developing countries and enhance the benefits that foreign direct investments provide,
recognition that a substantial increase in official development assistance and other
resource will be required in LEDCs;making full and effective use of assisting financial
mechanism and institutions; reduction as debt burden,debt cancellation and other
effective mechanism geared to solving debt problems; promotion of public–private
partnership to mobilize resources;Build the capacity of commodity dependent countries
to diversify export through financial,technical and international assistance for economic
diversification and sustainable resource management.
Other strategies include–promote mutual support evens between multilateral trading
system and the multilateral environmental agreements;take concertedaction against
international terrorism;support publicly funded research and development in strategic
alliance for the purpose of enhancing research and development to achieve cleaner
production and production technologies;provide a wide range of formal and informal
continuing education opportunities;integrate sustainable developmentin to education
system at all levels of education in order to promote education as key agent for change;
Enhance and Accelerate human,instructional and infrastructure capacity inresponse to
specific reeds in LEDCs;Elimination of gender disparity;Encourage further workon
indicators for development and strengthen information and statistical and analytical
services relevant for sustainable development policies and programmes at all levels.