ECO. 362—-19-4-2021 (Online Discussion Quiz 4—An Appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals)

2014/191971

ECONOMICS

According to the UN report, “nearly 60 percent of the world’s 1 billion extremely poor people lived in just five countries in 2011: India, Nigeria, China, Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of the Congo”. Nigeria contributed significantly to more than 42,000 people who were forced to abandon their homes and seek protection due to armed conflicts in 2014 . Of the 2.1 million new HIV infections that occurred in 2013, 75% occurred in just 15 countries with Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda accounting for almost half of them all . Moreover, Nigeria has one of the lowest number of children sleeping under the mosquito nets, in a comparison of surveys among nations of the world. poverty and hunger are on the rise on the continent. The global economic crisis worsened the situation. There were no sign of a decline in unemployment rates or of a fall in the rate of “vulnerable employment” (the activities of self-employed workers and unpaid family workers). From 2001 to 2007, Nigeria doubled its food production. According to recent estimates, Nigeria has an infant mortality rate of 72.7 deaths per 1,000 live births, health expenditure of 3.9% of GDP (2013); HIV prevalence of 3.17% (2014 est.), a HIV burden of 3,228,600 (2013) and HIV-associated deaths of 174,300 (2014), with life expectancy at birth of 53.02 years . These indicators showed how Nigeria was unable to meet the MDG targets by the end of 2015, even if smaller nations in Africa did so, such as Ghana, Cameroon and Botswana. Nigeria, like most sub Saharan African nations, has failed to meet any of the targets due to a multiplicity of health system-related, political and systemic challenges. Lack of human capacity for implementation, poor access to primary healthcare delivery systems with high cost of healthcare, inadequate and unreliable data systems, inadequate funding and indiscipline with endemic corruption as challenges that faced MDGs in Nigeria. Individuals appointed to manage the funds did not have the requisite qualifications, the interest of the nation and the program at heart, as well as the capacity to manage the funds successfully towards the achievement of the MDG targets.
While a lot of resources were invested into the management of MDGs, little was done in terms of progress evaluations to effectively and scientifically look at the progress of the roll-out of the MDG program. If these had been done, it would have given those in charge early warning signs that the delivery of the MDG program was off-course. These evaluations, audits and consequent corrections were never carried out. Rather, the program depended on oral reports, informal adhoc data from program managers designed to make the National President and the world happy, as well as positive newspaper reports of opening of new healthcare centres, donation of medical equipment and increased employment of healthcare workers.

Name: Chigbata Franklin Chigozie
Reg Number: 2017/242424
Department: Economics

Millennium Development Goals are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000. The MDG-Fund contributed directly and indirectly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, with the main driver behind its work being the eradication of extreme poverty. They established yardsticks for measuring results—not just for developing countries but for the rich countries that help fund development programmes and for the multilateral institutions, such as the European Union, and the NGOs that help implement them.The Fund adopted an inclusive and comprehensive approach to the MDGs, embracing the discourse on climate change as it relates to poverty while incorporating other programs areas that are recognized as prerequisites and/or mechanisms for MDG achievement. Our approach was guided by the Millennium Declaration and its emphasis on development as a right, with targeted attention directed towards traditionally marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities, indigenous groups and women.
THE EIGHTS MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ARE:
1.Hunger: Extreme poverty and hunger.
2.Education: Achieve universal primary education.
3.Gender: Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Children: Reduce child mortality.
5. Mothers: Improve maternal health.
6.Disease: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7.Environment: Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Partnership:Develop a global partnership for development
The study offered the following recommendations amongst others; the need for re-engagement in entrepreneurial development through integrated microfinance model and it also suggested that major efforts should be made to remove the critical material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent the rural poor from seizing opportunities for improved livelihoods in ways that they themselves can sustain and improve upon.
The failure of policy implementation is one that still hunts Nigeria’s development till this very day. The MGDs are goals that the route to attainment is in the proper and effective maintenance of policies that transcends change of government.
As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women’s and children’s health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.

EKPECHI AFOMA K
2015/203448
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
THE 8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

MDGs as a Framework of Accountability
The MDGs are not a new strategy but a new instrument for mobilizing
action. The MDGs are not a technocratically defined set of goals that
emerged from an analysis of development constraints accompanied by a
finely tuned set of policy prescriptions. Rather, the MDGs are a global
commitment and a framework of accountability.
The MDGs’ newness is not attributable to their content but to how
they have mustered political consensus on common objectives. They
also explicitly commit world leaders to a collective responsibility for all
people irrespective of national borders. The MDGs were not formulated
overnight. They build on a global consensus reached in the 1990s
among governments?a dialogue to which many civil society groups
actively contributed.3 All but two of the eight MDGs are outlined in the
agendas negotiated and adopted at various UN conferences during the
1990s. The MDGs also draw on goals proposed by rich countries; the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) had
earlier drawn up its own development goals.4
The MDGs are more powerful tools than mere UN declarations
because time limits and quantifiable outcomes, by which progress can
be objectively measured and monitored, are specified. They provide
a framework for accountability at local, national, and international
levels.
The most divisive element in negotiating the MDGs has been the
eighth goal?global partnership?which includes trade, debt, aid, and
technology transfer. This goal is important for the developing countries,
but it is weak on accountability; it is the only MDG without quantified
and time-bound indicators. Developing countries are not interested in
opening themselves up to global scrutiny unless there is a real commit
ment to joint accountability.
An accountability framework is useful only if it is based on evi
dence. The UN system is mounting a systematic procedure for global
monitoring and support. MDGs are monitored by specialized agencies
that report annually to the UN General Assembly. The Statistical Divi
sion of the UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs consolidates
information into an integrated data system. At the country level, the UN
Development Programme (UNDP) is helping countries develop progress
reports based on national data.
Many UN resolutions have been passed, only to be left with no fol
low-up. Other proposals succeeded in mobilizing massive action and
effectively realized their objectives, such as achieving universal cover
age in child immunization. The leadership role of the UN Children’

The MDGs were supposed good news for especially developing countries. They were set to raise the living standard for everyone.
Now to the question of how far have these goals been implemented using Nigeria as a case study. Nigeria is a developing country and “should” be amongst the recipients of these Millennium Development Goals but sadly it seems the MDGs were nothing but goals. I do believe however that’s the general body did their part in raising of these funds.. And also the distribution of these funds. But apparently it did not trickle down to those to whom these funds were intended. So it seems that they were but goals… A “ foreign movie concept”.
My point is, almost nothing has been done in Nigeria. The points where it seems like it are mostly private hands or campaign projects. This however is as a result of misplaced priorities of our government.

NAME: MGBADA OGOCHUKWU EMELDA
REG NO:2017/245040
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
In 2000, 189 countries committed themselves to the eradication of extreme poverty in all its forms by 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of time bound and quantified goals and targets developed to help track progress in eradicating poverty.
The goals are to:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
In addition to the 8 goals, 21 targets and 60 indicators were developed for measuring progress between 1990 and 2015.
Nigeria was among the 189 countries from across the world that endorsed the United Nations Millennium Declaration in New York in September 2000, which led to the adoption of the eight time-bound Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their monitorable indicators.
The objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are no doubt laudable. The development goals have been widely embraced by many United Nations member states, including Nigeria. These goals are practical targets with definite time limit spanning from inception till 2015. It is obvious that the pace of many of these nations towards attaining the MDGs is being undermined by a number of factors. And for any effective effort to achieving the MDGs between now and 2015 to be actualized, it implies getting rid of these negative factors or at least minimizing their impact considerably. To an extent, this is the case of Nigeria and many other developing countries that are members of the United Nations. The World Bank (2008), Global Monitoring report, stated unequivocally that “looking to the medium term a key challenge is to spur stronger growth in lagging countries that have not shared in the surge in growth witnessed in much of the developing world over the past several years”. The above statement signifies that some member nations of the U.N. are lagging behind when compared with some others who made significant strides towards achieving the MDGs as at mid-term of the time frame i.e. as at middle of 2007.
The Problem of Policy Implementation in Nigeria Nigeria is one country that many of her citizens and foreigners watching her development process will agree is not in drought of policies. Nigeria has a number of policies that are meaningful, laudable and capable of bringing about sustainable development to the country. Since independence in 1960, many policies have been made with some of them enshrined in the nation’s constitution, thereby giving them the much needed legal backing. Also, policy formulation and the establishment of agencies and parastatals for their implementation have been on the increase over the years. In Nigeria, policies are quickly made by every successive government, often without any thought of continuity of previous ones. This leads to non-execution or neglect of many laudable policies that could have ensured the manifestation of concrete development around the country. It takes little or nothing for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors that are man-made and perpetuated by Nigerians. These factors frustrate policy implementation in Nigeria and consequently affect the development of the country negatively. The question here is what are these negative factors that inhibit effective policy implementation in Nigeria? It is necessary to identify these factors because their elimination will go a long way to help Nigeria attain huge developmental strides including achieving the MDGs which themselves are core developmental goals necessary for the progress of any society or nation, especially in this millennium of globalized economy and governance.
Some failed policies (Development Plans) in Nigeria
The failure of policy implementation is vivid when one considers some of the development plans of past governments in Nigeria. Past experiences at policy making in Nigeria were incorporated in a series of development plans. Although Nigeria made initial efforts at development planning during the colonial era in 1946 and between 1955 and 1960, the 1962 – 1968 plan is regarded as its first comprehensive plan for purposes of policy formulation. Subsequent Development Plans were 5-yearly plans for the periods 1970-74, 1975-79 and 1980-84 (Onyi, 1985). Most of these development plans which were expected to roll over the years were interrupted, manipulated or abandoned leading to non implementation or partial implementation. This contributed to the poor state of infrastructural development in Nigeria today.
Some Impediments to Effective Policy Implementation in Nigeria: The MDGs in Focus • Corruption/Criminality In Nigeria, corruption has been so institutionalized that many Nigerians have come to see corruption as a way of life (Iheriohanma, 2009). This is with the effect that corruption has grown deep into the fabric of our nation’s socio-economic and political strata. The issue of policy implementation is not left out as corruption affects it negatively. Many Nigerians do things under the influence of greed and selfishness and not for the collective interest of all Nigerians. Njoku (2011), opines that “Nigerians generally lack the necessary sense of patriotism and discipline required for effective and successful policy implementation”. The MDGs cannot be actualized under this condition because it requires selfless commitment by individuals, groups and institutions (the government and private sector) etc, to be realized. • Bad Leadership/Poor Governance Achebe (2001), states that “the trouble with Nigerian is simply and squarely a failure of leadership …. The Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility of the challenge of personal example which are the hallmark of true leadership”. Any good government will ensure among other things, the implementation of its policies in order to succeed. Bad leadership in Nigeria, affects policy implementation negatively because of the lack of political will to implement policies according to plan for reasons that may be more political than social or economic. This in turn affects Nigeria’s pursuit of the MDG’s because its actualization requires firm commitment to the implementation of certain policies by people in government. • Political Instability Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has been under many governments, from Military to Civilian and this has not helped matters in the realm of policy implementation. The frequent change of government mitigates policy implementation because of apathy and distrust between governments. It is important to state here that the Nigerian military that was in power for more years than the civilians is not trained for governance and does not apply or conform to rule of law. They believe in the use of decrees, force and aggression and many of their policies were undemocratic. For the MDGs to be actualized in Nigeria, stable socio-political atmosphere must be sustained up to 2015 and afterwards, because it is in that condition that policies can be effectively implemented. • Ethnicity/Nepotism Nigeria is a country with many citizens that are ethnocentric in perception and behaviour. Nigeria is a creation of British government for its own selfish economic interest and the seed of ethnicity was planted as the colonial masters sought after this interest. The problem of tribalism and ethnic distrust has been a source of obstacle to effective implementation of policies in Nigeria. Public office holders block the implementation of policies they envisage as not beneficial to their people or part of the country. By so doing interfere with the purposes for which these policies were made in the first place. Projects are abandoned or relocated to places that are not viable for their purpose and sustenance. The MDGs are goals that should be pursued without interruptions or manipulations of projects aimed at their actualization.

Nigeria hasn’t realized the MDGs goals, it is difficult to believe that such milestones have been reached. It is questionable as to whether infant deaths have reduced in Nigeria and if there has been a significant change in malaria-induced mortality and morbidity. It seems that maternal death rates have not significantly changed. With the Federal Government yet to pay teachers’ salaries, whether schools have higher enrolment is a moot point. With the regular healthcare workers’ strikes, attempts to reduce national mortality rates have been severely hampered.

From the current national health outcome reports, it will be a disservice to Nigeria and Nigerians for anyone – government or international organizations- to claim that any of the eight MDG targets were actually met in Nigeria to date. lack of human capacity for implementation, poor access to primary healthcare delivery systems with high cost of healthcare, inadequate and unreliable data systems, inadequate funding and indiscipline with endemic corruption as challenges facing MDGs in Nigeria. There is no single dependable, reliable, validated and easily verifiable public dataset in Nigeria.
Nigeria is lacking behind in achieving the MDGs goals, maybe if proper personnel are put to work, the scenario might change.

Name:Eze Udoka Chidiebube
Reg no:2017/242428
Dept:Economics
In general terms, the report indicates that Nigeria has made appreciable progress in the attainment of MDGs in the last 14 years, particularly, in the area of universal primary education enrolment; achieving gender parity in education; reducing the spread of HIV and AIDS; reducing maternal death.
A final stock take of the MDGs implementation reveals that although many challenges remainNigeria has made significant progress in reducing under-five mortality rate, getting more children immunized and is on the path to eradicating polio. It has also improved the proportion of births attended to by skilled health personnel and ante-natal coverage. The net enrolment rates in primary and secondary schools which had registered commendable progress in the past have however, been halted by the menace of insurgency in the North-east geo-political zone.Per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Nigeria has trended upwards over the years with sectoral allocation to key sectors, such as health, exhibiting an upward trend. In the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), evidence reveals that Nigeria has recorded tremendous success with cellular phone subscribers and internet users rising astronomically over the past decade. The country is however, still faced with critical challenges in tackling poverty, hunger and malnutrition; achieving gender parity in education, wage employment and political leadership; reducing maternal deaths; and improving access to sanitation and ensuring environmental sustainability. In nutshell, Nigeria has a mixed bag of performance records.
Going forward, there will be need to consolidate the gains made and address the outstanding challenges in the areas where little progress has been made or the country is off track in reaching the goals targets. A renewed sense of commitment both from the Government and international development partners, is required if Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are to serve as the veritable platform for improving some of the worrisome aspects of Nigeria’s human development indicators. While committing to our renewed partnership, we present to you this Nigeria MDGs End-point Report trusting that it will spur all stakeholders into action.

LIKIBE GITA CASSANDRA
2017/241429
ECONOMICS
300lv

Nigeria, like most sub-Saharan African nations, has failed to meet fully any of the targets due to a multiplicity of health systems related, political and systemic challenges.

The claims some persons might have is that Nigeria met some of the MDGs and this need to be fully supported and validated. Without epidemiological data to the contrary, it is difficult to believe that such milestones have been reached. It is questionable as to whether infant deaths have reduced in Nigeria and if there has been a significant change in malarial induced mortality and morbidity. It seems that maternal death rates have not significantly changed. With the Federal Government yet to pay teachers’ salaries, whether schools have higher enrolment is a moot point. With the regular healthcare workers’ strikes, attempts to reduce national mortality rates have been severely hampered.

From the current national health outcome reports, it will be adisservicecee to Nigeria and Nigerians for any one – government or international organizations to claim that any of the eight MDG targets were met in Nigeria to date. To be politically correct, one can tell the world that the exact situation is unknown currently in Nigeria.

NAME: Uwode Joy Ogheneyonle
REG NO: 2017/241451
DEPARTMENT: Economics
EMAIL: yonlejoyuwode@gmail.com

Taking Nigeria as a case study, the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) were partially realized. This is due to the fact that poverty and hunger still strives predominantly in Nigeria, we have about 70 percent Nigerians who are poor and this exist even though the goal was to totally eradicate poverty and hunger.
Also, universal primary education though implemented, has not been totally achieved, this is due to the fact that the schools are half baked and do not provide a conducive environment of learning.
A good effort has been put to reduce child mortality but I won’t consider it an excellent effort.
Environmental sustainability has totally failed in Nigeria, a great number of people do not have access to safe drinking water.
Also, in the area of promoting gender equality, Nigeria has partially achieve success but not in totality. Both gender can contest for any political position, and there’s no segregation in social matter between the both gender.

Furthermore, speaking about child mortality reduction, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other disease: Nigeria has achieve low success in the sense that government builds hospitals to advance the health of citizens and with the hospital bill subsidized. But the problem lies in the fact that their hospital are not well facilitated and the environmental condition is not conducive for patience in the hospital.

Name: Metu Sandra C
Department: Economics
Reg number: 2017/249526
Email address: sandra.metu.249526@unn.edu.ng

The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs) is made up of eight goals to achieve all round development.The MDGs is peculiar to developing countries and was hoped to be achieved in 2015. They are

MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
MDG 5: Improve maternal health
MDG 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases
MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for Development.
Using Nigeria as a case study it is obvious that more work needs to be done in order to fully achieve the aforementioned goals .
For MDG 1 Nigeria still has a long way to go since over the years the percentage of Nigerians living in poverty and suffering hunger has exponentially increased. So this goal hasn’t been achieved in Nigeria.
For MGD 2: Nigeria is still on it’s way to achieving this goal. Insurgency in different parts of the north in Nigeria has however increased the number of out of school children.
For MDG 3: The goal to achieve gender equality and empower women has however not been achieved. However the number of females going to school has risen thanks to growing awareness. During the covid 19 lockdown it was evident that more had to be done in order to achieve this goal.
For MGD 4: due to technological advancement and transfers, the number of children that die under age 5 in Nigeria has reduced.
For MGD 5: the rate at which women die at child birth is a sorry case and needs urgent attention.
For MGD 6: the fight to combat HIV/AIDS is yielding some efforts but malaria is not fully eradicated in Nigeria as it has remained major child killer disease.
For MGD 7: because of efforts to achieve this goal there’s has been conversations on sustainability and practices to achieve a sustainable environment. Some success has been achieved as more people know better.
For MGD 8: the achievement of this goal is dependent on the foreign relationship of developing countries with themselves and their relationship with developed.
We must do better to achieve this goal. Although the time put for its achievement is 2015 we must still work to sustain the efforts.

Name: Esokawu Jonathan C.
Reg: 2017/249500
Dept.: Economics
Email: jesoka18@gmail.com

In my opinion I will say the Millenium Development Goals have been partially achieved in Nigeria, as the wise saying goes “knowing the problem is half way to the solution.” Nigerians are becoming increasingly aware of this goals as they correlate with there natural human aspirations for a better life.
Let’s examine the goals to equalise the gender gap. Currently in 90% of Universities in Nigeria girls/female student boost the largest population of students. In fact it is reported that there are trice as many girls in UNN as there are boys. Also the goal that seeks to achieve Univereal Primary Education is another area where this policies are been heavily implemented especially before 2015 when Buhari’s futile administration took office. However, the role of Government has been replaced by NGOs across the country. Although we lag behind in the timeline of this goals.

Using Nigeria as case study, the MDGs were not achieved.
Goal 1: Eradicate poverty and hunger it was not achieved since more than half of the world’s population are living in extreme poverty
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education- This was not achieved since there are children who hawk in the streets while school sessions are on going.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women- This was achieved to an extent since women now participate in politics and other activities for which they were formally dissociated from.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality- This has not been achieved since a good number of children die on a daily basis.
Goal 5: Improve maternal health- This was achieved to an extent since so many nursing mothers don’t die as before.
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases- This was achieved to a large extent since the number of death cases of people living with AIDS and malaria has been reduced.
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability- This has not been achieved so far.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development- To a large extent this has been achieved.

NAME: ONYEKANMA CHIDINMA CYNTHIA
REG. NO. 2017/249569
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
Challenges for Nigeria Meeting the Goals
The question of whether Nigeria can or cannot meet the MDGs is a crucial question that should agitate the minds of politicians, government bureaucrats, civil society activists and development workers. It can be answered either in the negative or the affirmative. The NEEDS document clearly states that “if present trend continues, the country is not likely to meet the Millennium Development Goals.” On the other hand, the 2005 report gives the conditions for meeting the goals: strong political will and sustained efforts. Perhaps, a better way to frame the question is what can Nigeria do to meet the MDGs in 2015?. Nigeria has sufficient resources to meet the MDGs in 2015. But for this to happen, as earlier stated, the country will have to change course in the conceptualization and implementation of policies and programmes to achieve the MDGs. These are the challenges facing Nigeria in achieving the MDGs. They are;
I) lack of human capacity for implementation
II) poor access to primary healthcare delivery systems with high cost of healthcare
III) inadequate and unreliable data systems,
IV) inadequate funding
V) indiscipline with endemic corruption.

Name : chukwu mmesoma faith
Reg no: 2017/243807
Department: education and economics
The nation Nigeria, was one of the 50 richest countries in the world in the early 1970s, but has retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at threshold of the twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time harbors the third largest number of poor people after china and India. What a paradox, but that indeed is the reality today. However, the United Nations Millennium Development agenda is comprehensively addressing the core problems of under-development and primitiveness that continues to set Nigeria back since independence. In September 2000, leaders from 189 nations ratified the Millennium Declaration. The declaration was an unprecedented global commitment and one of the most significant United Nations documents in recent times. It offers a common and integrated vision on how to tackle some of the major challenges facing the world of our time. The declaration has resulted in Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on reducing poverty, improving the quality of peoples’ lives, ensuring environmental sustainability, and building partnerships to ensure that globalization becomes a more positive force for all the world’s people. Also specific targets and indicators have been set and put in place for each of the goals, to be achieved by 2015. This study attempted to identify the key roles financial institutions particularly Micro Finance Banks can play in helping to achieve these MDGs objectives in target time in Nigeria.

The study offered the following recommendations amongst others; the need for re-engagement in entrepreneurial development through integrated microfinance model and it also suggested that major efforts should be made to remove the critical material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent the rural poor from seizing opportunities for improved livelihoods in ways that they themselves can sustain and improve upon.

NNADI CHINWE MONICA
EDUCATION ECONOMICS
2017/241532

Since Nigeria and other United Nations member countries of about 189 have embraced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the year 2000, Nigeria and other countries have been determined to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development. The MDGs composed of eight different goals.
Millennium Development Goals include:
1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women.
4. To reduce child mortality
5. improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8.To develop a global partnership for development.

A number of known factors are contributing to Nigeria’s failure to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including bureaucratic inefficiencies, poor resource management in the healthcare system, consecutive healthcare worker strikes and kidnappings in the south of Nigeria. To be able to significantly advance with the new sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, the country needs to tackle these issues.
n our society, we can see that only the few wealthy are able to feed well, yet most of the poor remain hungry. In Nigeria, Various schools and hospitals have been widely distributed among the different states of Nigeria, but not to a satisfactory level.women’s rights have been partially implemented, women have the right to seek for any position and voting in elections are also included.

NAME: UMELO CHIDERA NICOLE
REGISTERATION NUMBER: 2017/249589
EMAIL: nicoleumelo@gmail.com

The 17 SDG’s were no doubt full of promise and dreams. That’s why they were called goals right? However, the extent to which these goals have been achieved in developing countries remain a debate for another day. For today, we seek to answer whether or not these goals have been achieved in Nigeria.
Personally, these goals have been Partially achieved in Nigeria. When we look at these goals, there is a dearth of areas where Nigeria as a nation has failed and is continuing to fail. However, as difficult as this is, it will be fair to acknowledge that the country has also achieved some of these goals to a relatively large extent.

some goals that have been achieved by Nigeria include:
Goal 4: Inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. To so extent, this goal has been achieved, especially as regards the question of inclusive education. However whether the standard of education is quality, equal or equitable is another story.
Goal 6: Availability and sustainable management of water
Ok, I just checked and Nigeria seems to be lagging behind in the achievement of the remaining goals. So, there you have it, Nigeria is lagging behind in the achievement of the SDG’s. However, while some argue that Nigeria has not achieved the goals in anyway, this a(baby steps) towards the achievement of the goals.
Thank you

Okoye Kingsley Chigozie
2017/249561
300l
Okoyekingsley93@gmail.com
MDG 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
Nigeria made notable progress in this goal and particularly in the fight against hunger, but generally missed meeting the targets of most of the indicators.
The strong progress under this goal can be seen in the persistent reduction in poverty prevalence in recent years. Although poverty prevalence fluctuated, it declined from 65.6% in 1996 to 45.5% in 2010; short of target (21.4%) by 24.1%. However, the World Bank’s most recent estimates of poverty incidences in Nigeria indicate it at the lower of 33.1% in 2012/2013; a figure much closer to the target. One major challenge to effective poverty reduction in the country is the very limited reduction effect of economic growth. Thus, whereas the country recorded largely impressive growth rates in the 2000s decade and in more recent times, this was not entirely inclusive and neither did it reduce poverty or even generate employment.
In one particular area of strength, Nigeria was able to reduce hunger by 66% in 2012 (three years in advance) and this earned her international recognition in 2013 from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). However, while Nigeria is very close to meeting the hunger target owing to the transformative interventions in the nation’s agricultural sector, there are still high level disparities across the geo- political zones, states and between the urban and rural areas. Thus, the prevalence of hunger is much higher in the Northern states and more endemic in rural than in urban areas.
A number of key institutional and policy drivers can be said to have been responsible for the appreciable progress made on Goal 1; notably, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMARD), the office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Millennium Development Goals (OSSAP- MDGs), Development Partners, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)-among others, but currently we can see that Nigeria is losing these achievements.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 1: Strong progress made but goal not met.

MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
The net enrolment in basic education (as domesticated in Nigeria to mean six years of primary schooling and three years of junior secondary education) has had a fluctuating history of an upward trend to the mid-point assessment year. This positive trend was however halted in later years as a result of the disruptions brought about by the Boko Haram insurgency. The insurgency led to the destruction of many schools with the school children constituting a large size of the internally displaced population. Consequently, the net enrolment of 60% in 1995 declined to the end-point net enrollment of 54% in 2013. There is, however, a good policy environment provided by the Federal Ministry of Education and its parastatals which will aid significant growth in net enrollment once the Boko Haram phenomenon is effectively checked.
With respect to primary six completion rate, the trend and end-point status show strong and significant progress. Nigeria remained largely on track towards achieving this indicator. The completion rate which stood at 73% in 1993 trended upwards in most of the subsequent years culminating in 82% at the end-point year. The policy environment is good and supportive of consolidation of the achievements. There are however variations across states which need to be addressed in efforts to consolidate the achievements.
The literacy rate trended marginally upwards in most of the years from 64% in 2000 to 66.7% in 2014. The significant rate of 80.0% achieved in 2008 could not be sustained. There were marked variations across states and between the north and the south. With respect to variations across geo-political zones, the North-east recorded the highest rate of illiteracy with the insurgency compounding the problem. However, the policy environment at both the national and sub- national levels is very supportive especially with active and growing collaboration between Nigeria and international development partners.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 2: Appreciable progress but goal not met.

MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women.
The pursuit of gender parity in basic education in Nigeria has witnessed strong progress when seen against the prevailing patriarchal culture and practices in most parts of the country. There has been a steady increase in the ratio of girls to boys in basic education in Nigeria with the end-point status of 94% in 2013 being a significant achievement compared to the 82% achieved in 1991. The statistics from both the World Bank and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) corroborate the high gender parity index recorded by Nigeria. The success at the basic education level has not been replicated at the tertiary level where there is weak progress even though the policy environment has been supportive at every level of the educational pipeline.
Similarly, Nigeria has not done well in the area of proportion of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector with an end-point status of 7.7% in 2010 (the most recent data). However, in terms of women’s contribution to the total labour force in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, the proportion has considerably increased to a record 37.7% in 2014. The ILO statistics corroborates this with a 48.1% increase in 2011.
As regards the proportion of seats held by women in the National Parliament, Nigeria has done badly, with an end-point status of 5.11% in 2015 against the expected target of 35%. The prevailing patriarchal culture and practices remain a major factor against women’s access to elective positions. This is however not the case with women in appointive positions as over 30.0% of women got appointed to higher level political decision making positions in recent years.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 3: Strong progress made in gender parity but weak progress in women empowerment. Goal not met.

MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
Nigeria’s efforts aimed at reducing avoidable child deaths have been met with gradual and sustained progress. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has improved remarkably from 191 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 89 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 as the end-point status. Considering the end-point status of U5MR, Nigeria falls short of the 2015 target of 64 deaths per 1000 live births by 28 %.
In 1990 (as the baseline), the infant mortality rate (IMR) was estimated at 91 deaths per 1000 live births. This, however, decreased to 75 deaths per 1000 live births in 2008 and to 61 deaths per 1000 live births in 2012. Although the end-point figure which stood at 58 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 reflects progress, it is still short of the 2015 target of 30 deaths per 1000 live births.
The immunization effort against measles has been relatively effective. It has resulted in significant reductions in case burden as a result of the scale up of the administration of measles vaccination to children 9 months and older through routine immunization services led by the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA). The proportion of one-year-old children immunised against measles increased from 46% in 1990 to 61.3% in 2012 and subsequently to 63.0% in 2014. Nigeria has also recorded strong progress in the effort to eradicate polio and recently celebrated one year without polio from July 2014 to July 2015.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 4: Strong progress but goal not met.

MDG 5: Improve maternal health
The drive to make progress on this goal has seen improvements in maternal health. With a baseline figure of 1000 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) consistently decreased over the years to 545 in 2008. The downward trend continued to 350 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 and subsequently to its end-point status of 243 per 100,000 live births in 2014.
Many policy drivers made the progress possible; one being the Midwives Service Scheme while the other was the collaborative efforts made between donors and the Federal Ministry of Health and its parastatals. In the meantime, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel improved appreciably from a baseline figure of 45% in 1990 to the end-point status of 58.6% in 2014 with the conviction that the national figure would have been better had it not been for the wide disparities across states with lower records. The success recorded is attributed to effective implementation of the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS).
In the case of antenatal coverage, significant progress was also recorded. Antenatal coverage of at least one visit recorded an end-point status of 68.9% in 2014, and for at least four visits, the end-point status was 60.6% in 2014. The successes imply the need for a scale-up of the policy interventions.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 5: Maternal mortality target met, and strong progress made on other indicators.

MDG 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases
The prevalence of HIV among pregnant young women aged 15–24 years has steadily declined from 5.4% in 2000 to 4.1% in 2010 (end-point status). The decline resulted from the implementation of tested high impact interventions implying the need for consistent implementation of such high impact interventions in the sector.
With respect to the incidence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people, the efforts have not produced appreciable results. In the past 7 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 343.00 in 2005 and 339.00 in 2012. The end-point status of the incidence of tuberculosis in Nigeria was 338 as of 2013. This latest figure is still unacceptable and calls for renewed efforts, more resources and interventions in order to drastically reduce the prevalence of tuberculosis.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 6: Appreciable progress in combating HIV and AIDS, but weak progress in other diseases. Goal not met.

MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Nigeria has made appreciable progress in improving households’ access to safe drinking water with an end-point status in 2015 at 67.0% access. The country is also deemed to have done well on this indicator from the statistics of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) indicating the recorded end-point status of 69% in 2015. This compares well with the baseline figure of 40% in 1990. However, there are wide disparities in access to safe drinking water across states, with those in the south having higher access than those in the north.
Nevertheless, in Nigeria as a whole, there is a good policy environment for the provision of safe drinking water with the Conditional Grant Scheme (CGS) being a major policy driver of the intervention in all parts of the country and mostly in the rural areas. Again, the Federal Ministry of Water Resources and its parastatals, as well as the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, along with many donors have played prominent roles in the provision of safe drinking water to Nigerians. Given the existence of many policy drivers targeting both the urban and rural areas for improved access to safe drinking water, as well as the scaling up of interventions, it is only a matter of time for safe drinking water to be available to a large majority of Nigerians.
The success recorded in the provision of safe drinking water has, however, not been witnessed with respect to the proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities. The end- point status of only 41% using improved sanitation facilities in 2014 is not encouraging and in fact, suggests weak progress in this indicator. The JMP estimate is even worse here, as it recoded 29% for this indicator in 2015.
The percentage of the urban population living in slums has been on the decline since 1990. From a baseline figure of 77.3% in 1990, it declined to an end-point status of 50.2% in 2014. Although this implies strong progress, the number of persons living in slums is still very alarming and also considering that the number of slum dwellers has been on the rise owing to increasing housing deficits of 16-18 million units against the reality of growing number of cities with populations of one million and over.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 7: Strong progress in the provision of safe drinking water but weak progress in other indicators. Goal not met.

MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for Development
Nigeria has performed better on this goal as compared to the others. There has been a rising trend in per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) with potential impact felt in infrastructure and human development. The appreciable decline in debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is attributed to the debt relief granted in 2005. The socio-economic benefits associated with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has seen to appreciable growth in the industry. The growth in the number of cellular phone subscribers and the tele-density per 100 people standing at 77.8 and 99.3, respectively, in 2014 signifies wide coverage. Conversely, the growth in the number of internet users per 100 people, standing at 42.68 in 2014 implies that there is need to step up interventions in this sector.

Okagbue chisom
2017/249552
Economics

Using Nigeria as a case study,I feel she keeps going back and forth I.e statistics which serves as a yardstick for measuring her current position in attaining this development goals isn’t stable so id say nigeria is at the crossroad of sustainable economic development with unending search for policy miz, strategies,
programmes and appropriate institutional mechanism to improve the quality of life of Nigerians. Nigeria desires
to have a economic development but this must be pursued under sustainable dynamic equilibrium conditions.
Nigeria needs to adopt sustainable economic development strategies if she is not to be left behind in this era of
sustainable revolution. Sustainable development, enabled by the integration of economic growth, social justice
and environmental stewardship must be made the global guiding principle and operational standards.
Sustainable development is the part way to the future. This is the only framework that can bring together the full
range of human aspirations and needs. It is a framework that offers a template for mutually reinforcing
approaches to the challenges of the whole world.
Economic development that is hinged on environmental sustainability is critical to the attainment of
sustainable economic development. The quest for economic development must be balanced with the need for
responsible environmental management. This balancing requires policies, legislations and regulations which
improve natural resource management and support sustainable resource use.
An economic system is not only an institutional devise for satisfying existing wants and needs, but a way of fashioning wants in the future. Nigerians are the most important assets of this nation. There is a growing
demand worldwide for a new direction of economic development and progress that will be people and earth
centred. This involves a new way of economic life and organization that will empower people to meet their
needs and still be able to conserve the earth and its resources for present and future generations. The Nigerian
economic system should be such that is able to fashion wants of future generations while meeting the needs of
present generations.
The transformation into a dynamic equilibrium economy requires making systemic changes. This
requires defining an appropriate role for national and global policy to facilitate a transition to a sustainable
balance of a new kind of economic development within the earth’s carrying capacity. Action must also be taken
at the local level to mitigate every unwanted impact of this transition.

Name: Okorie Judith
Reg number :2017/241450
Email: Judith.Okorie.241450@unn.Edu.ng

The millennium development goals (MDGs) set crucial goals for a global partnership and co-operation to fight poverty, and other seven goals, paving ways for a shared vision of better world by the year 2015.

Millennium Development Goals include:
1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women.
4. To reduce child mortality
5. improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8.To develop a global partnership for development.

The question is what are the problems and prospects of achieving these eight goals in Nigeria. Development has been a problem which occupies the minds of scholars, activists, religious organization, and politicians etc, both within and outside Nigeria.

The limitations of goals to what is measureable is advantageous on one hand and disadvantageous on the other. There is a flaw because many aspects of development cannot be easily measured.
1) Authenticity of Collected Data: It is difficult to vouch for the baseline data obtained from developing nations with which we are assessing the progress of the MDGs in Nigeria and some developing nations. We need to be sure if the information is verifiable and properly collected? Without verifiable data, it is difficult to prove that we have made progress or not.

2) Ignorance and superstition: There are people who will prefer to seek help from traditional medical people instead seek medical help for health care. Those family members who ignorantly take people suffering from ailments like Ebola or HIV for treatment by native doctors and other prayer consultants are part of the problem. There are those who still unfortunately mismanage pregnancy and ignorantly kill our women. We have cultures that discriminate against the women folks and impoverish them: and these women constitute up to 50% of our population.

3) Lack of Political will and poor Governance: There is the lack of political will on the part of government in all tiers to execute and evaluate projects with effective parameters to measure achievement of each of the goals. This has to do with issues of poor governance on the part of most Nigerian leaders, who have not adopted appropriate development approaches or models to end poverty and hunger. There have been faulty responses from the government towards the issues of food security and agricultural development. Most of these inappropriate measures have really not targeted the poorest of the poor. Sector and human capital development; not to talk of generating full employment.

Despite the flaws affecting the MDG, efforts is been made to foster economic and political developments in Nigeria and this has yielded some benefits.

Udeh Rita Ezinne
2017/249578
ritaudeh563@gmail.com

Below are major prescriptions of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To promote gender equality.
4. To reduce child mortality.
5. To improve maternal health.
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development
Evaluating Nigeria’s Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs)

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: the target was to achieve an Appreciable progress especially in reducing hunger and underweight children however in Nigeria the Goal have not been achieved.

Achieving Universal Primary Education: the goal was slightly achieved but because of the insurgencies and insecurities in some parts of the country it wasn’t achieved fully

Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment: there’s Satisfactory Progress in areas in the ratios of girls to boys in school and Weak progress in women empowerment.

Reduction of Child Mortality: Satisfactory Progress was made kind of.

Improvement in Maternal Health : there’s Appreciable Progress in Maternal Mortality Ratio.

Combating HIV/AIDs, Malaria and Other Diseases: Weak Progress Goal not met

Ensuring environmental sustainability Appreciable progress in the provision of safe drinking water. Weak progress and Goal I’d not achieved.

Developing Global Partnership for Development Appreciable and Satisfactory Progress . Goal met

Ezeh Jude Obioma
2017/249504
Economics
Email: judeobioma07@gmail.com

In view of the issue of underdevelopment in Nigeria which is a paradox considering its poor state in comparison with the vast natural and human resources that exists in the country, Nigeria and other United Nation member countries of about 189 embraced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the year 2000 as part of the determination to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development.
The MDGs comprises of eight different goals to be achieved in 2015. These goals include;
1. Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achievement of universal primary education
3. Promotion of gender equality and women empowerment
4. Reduction of child mortality
5. Improvement in maternal health
6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensuring environmental sustainability
8. Developing global partnership for development
In my own opinion, with the economic reality of Nigeria, the country have only been able to attain a partial success of the MDGs despite the efforts made by successive Nigeria government in designing and implementing numerous policies and programmes to achieve these goals. It is as a result of the fact that for the past decades the country have been facing developmental deficiencies such as bad governance, corruption, weak legal system, lack of monitoring of projects, inequality, policy inconsistency, ethnicity among others have resulted to the failure of developmental policies and programmes in Nigeria. To sum it up, the entire system of governance have been seriously defected as there is no longer sincerity in government policies and programmes which have resulted to the abject poverty being faced by most Nigerians as well as the present economic stagnation of the nation.

NAME: ODOH KOSISOCHI DORIS
REG NO: 2017/249542
DEPT: ECONOMICS
E-MAIL : kosisochidoris@gmail.com
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.To achieve universal primary education
3.To promote gender equality and empower women
4.To reduce child mortality
5.To improve maternal health
6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7.To ensure environmental sustainability
8.To develop a global partnership for development
Based on my opinion I think some of the MDGs were not realized in Nigeria because of the following reasons.
Firstly, the Nigerian system of government is already in the mud due to corruption, then how do you expect these goals to be achieved in Nigeria?, there is also a high level of unemployment many people are willing to work and are actively searching for jobs but all to no avail in this country leaving people in abject poverty, leaving them to the whims and caprices of hunger.
Another point as regards the in-attainability of these goals is religious and cultural background, most culture believe in the superiority of the male folks, to this mindset women are prone to be marginalized. So there the realization of the universal primary education will be in the mud’s. since universal primary education was unduly achieved, there was less promotion of gender equality and the movement of women empowerment was taking slow turns.
However, Nigeria has made significant progress in reducing under-five mortality rate, getting more children immunized and is on the path to eradicating polio. It has also improved the proportion of births attended to by skilled health personnel and ante-natal coverage.
The post-2015 agenda is now under discussion. The government and policy- makers should take into consideration the political situation in the country, health and environmental challenges, and an all inclusive approach should be adopted. The eight goals and 18 targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) provide a concrete framework for tackling poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, communicable disease, education, gender inequality, environmental damage and the global partnership for development.

Name: Oroke Charity N
Reg no : 2017/243816
Depart : Economics
Course: Development Economics
Millianium Development Goal
This goal was set forth in the millennium declaration , a document authord by world leaders.The charityoroke@yahoo.comdeclaration target for 2015 include the following:
Achieve universal primary education: This was to ensure boys and girls at least complete their primary School before going into something else if they wish not to continue.This they have gone a long way to achieve since public primary school are now free.
Promote gender equality and women empowerment : this helps to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education. They wanted to ensure that boys and girls are giving equal opportunity to go to school and no longer a situation where the male go to school and the female ones stay back at home to do house choirs . This they has achieved to large extent because the idear of women charier ends in kitchen exist little or no more.
Eradicate estreem poverty and hunger : This they tried to achieve B reducing the no of people living below a dollar per-day .
Reduce child mortality: this tend to reduce two third of mortality rate among children in developing countries . Health care like immunizations , anti-natal and post-natal , it was put in place to ensure this goal is achieved.
Improving maternal health Care : The target here was to ensure that at least three qauter of maternal morality rate are reduced. Good nutrition was
advised to achieve this.
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other deceases : orientation should be given the people as regards to premarital sex . Abstainance is the best approach with regards to premarital in other to reduce the spread of disease (HIV/AIDs) . To those who have the desease already , vacine should be made available, and this is evidenced on the slow Pace at which we hear of HIV
Ensure environmental sustainability: this was geared towards achieving a significant impact in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
Develop a global partnership for development: Ensure that we develop partnership that works.

NAME: IJE VORDA GOODNESS
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS MAJOR
REG NO: 2017/249514
EMAIL: vordagoodness78@gmail.com

The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs) are a set of eight goals and eighteen targets to achieve all round development in developing countries. The MDGs includes eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development. However much has not been achieved in these goals as Nigeria has still has a long way to go.
In the eradication of poverty Nigeria has not been able to achieve this goal over the years for reason such as lack of political will, corruption and unstable and unfavorable economic situations.
Moreover due to insurgency in various parts of the north in Nigeria it has however frustrated efforts to decrease the number of out-of-school children. Poverty and inability of parents to pay children school fees is also a factor driving up the out of school children.
The fight to achieve gender equality and empower women has however not been achieved as progress is not commiserate with efforts put into achieving this goal. However over the years the number of females going to school has increased. During the covid 19 lockdown it was evident that more has to be done in order to achieve this goal as women and girls were exposed to all forms of violence and domestic abuse.
To reduce child mortality: many children in Nigeria still die before age 5 but we can do better.
Moreover the rate at which women die at child birth is alarming in Nigeria and needs urgent attention. However the fight to combat HIV/AIDS is yielding some efforts but malaria is not fully eradicated in Nigeria as it has over the years remained a major child killer disease. More efforts has to be paid to this area. Over the years the conversation on environmental sustainability has been on but still the Nigeria environment is still dirty and it’s citizens are not really taking measures to sustain their environment.. this may be partly due to poor education. Moreover Nigeria has not fully embraced renewable energy and environmental friendly gas.
In conclusion, Nigeria has made efforts to partner with the other countries to foster economic and political development and this has yielded some benefits. We need to do better to see better.

ONAH SOMTOCHUKWU KERIAN
2017/249566
ECONOMICS

The Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration .They include:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To promote gender equality and empower women.
4. To reduce child mortality.
5. To improve maternal health.
6. To combat HIV/AIDS , malaria , and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development.
As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women’s and children’s health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.
Taking Nigeria as a case study some of the MDGs were not fully realized, although some of them were partially realized. Take for example :
GOAL I: Although the Nigeria government has established some policy to help fight hunger and food insufficiency like operation feed the nation, fadama project. These policies have yielded nothing ranging from food scarcity, high price of food items and extreme poverty.
GOAL 2:T he government has provided free education for students in some parts of Nigeria. Atleast this goal has being achieved to a certian level.
GOAL 3:the government has ensured that there is a growing equality between men and women in areas like education, politics, governance etc. although some religion brings barriers to this , a greater significance of gender equality has being achieved.
GOAL 4: due to some government sponsored immunization program the government has succeeded in the reduction of the mortality rate of chidren under five.
GOAL 5: This goal has not being achieved since the rate of maternal mortality is still high. Although there is sensitization but more has to be done like free or low delivery charges, free drugs and free medical cosultancy.
GOAL 6: this goal has being partially met since there is free delivery of mosquito treated insecticides net and governments education on the issue of protected sex like the use of condoms and the issue of blood transfusion and other preventive measures against HIV/AIDS and malaria.
GOAL 7: this goal as well has partially being achieved but not fully achieved sincec some people still has no access to a clean drinking water.
GOAL 8: Also this goal has being partially achieved but not fully achieved.

NAME: MADUAGUM MADONNA CHIOMA
REG. NO: 2017/241456
EMAIL: cmaduagum@gmail.com

One of the Millennium Development Goals was to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger which Nigeria has failed in as Nigeria is currently the poverty capital of the world with more than half of her population living in poverty. In terms of achieving universal primary education, some states in Nigeria have achieved that goal whereas some are regressing as over 518 state schools in five northern states just shut down. In promoting gender equality empowering women Nigeria still has a long way to go especially in northern states where they believe young girls should not be educated as boys are but instead be married off and start a family as education can cause Insubordination in women. Although there have been empowerment programmed for women, gender equality can still be considered a far goal to reach. Child mortality is still on the rise due to poor health systems, unsafe environment, poor nutrition, etc. In improving maternal health, antenatal has been made accessible to expectant mothers which lowers the risk during pregnancy. Poor health system is still a big problem in the case of maternal health. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, the health ministry of Nigeria has done quite well, in provision of mosquito nets, sharing pamphlets and hosting programs to raise awareness on malaria and AIDS and how to prevent it, along with quality drugs being sold over counter to combat these illnesses. In terms of ensuring environmental sustainability, Nigeria has failed because both the land, water bodies and air are polluted. Lots of industries are sited close to where people live and their waste toxins are being dumped in inappropriate places without being sued because often times they pay off the authorities. Lastly, in developing a global partnership for development, Nigeria’s government policies are driving away lots of investors so the country’s development pace is slow paced because lots of job opportunities are lost thus increasing the unemployment rate which brings about so many negative consequences.

Abiazia Rufus Chidiebube
2017/343371
Economics

This paper highlighted the the How MDGs was achieved, but it partially achieve. In Nigeria. Which review the eight MDGs set in 2000 for attainment on or before 2015 which also targeted the most vulnerable groups in the family (the women and children).

Available data from the World Bank and the National Bureau of Statistics revealed that though substantial progress has been made towards attaining the various targets set for the MDGs but, only MDG Goal 3 aimed at gender parity in primary and secondary school was fully met in Nigeria in 2012 as indicated by NBS 2014 national survey results of 1.0 and 1.02 ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school at the national level. Nigeria did not meet fully all of the other MDG goals and targets and actually retarded rather than progress with respect to MDG Goal 1, Goal 6 and Goal 7.

Proportion of the population that had access to improved sanitation facilities for instance, actually declined from 37 per cent in 1990 to 28 per cent in 2012 in Nigeria rather than increase by 50 per cent from the 1990 level. Therefore, a lot still needs to be done in Nigeria and most other developing countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa, in order to assist families in this part of the world to be able to contribute their quota to economic development in their environment and the world at large.

More investments are needed in the education and health sectors and priorities must be given to the vulnerable groups (women and children) as well as very poor families who performed worse.

In these appraisal, points on what goals that Nigeria amd the goal they could not achieve will be discusse below:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerhunger: it is crystal clear that hunger and poverty has been increasing in Nigeria daily. Unemployment, inflation, insecurity, unproductive etc. That are currently faced by Nigeria has lead to the increasing pace of extreme hunger and poverty.

2) Achieve Universal primary school: so far Nigeria has achieve about 40% of this goal. Many states have promote universal primary education (basic education) by paying their teachers, and also by reducing the cost of basic education in the state.

3) Promote gender equality and empower women: Nigerians has initiated organisation that empower women, and the restrictions/inequality in job opportunities has reduced in Nigeria.

4) Reduce child mortality: so far child mortality in Nigeria has reduced because of the treatment ( antenatal, postnatal and immunization), improve medical facilities, and closeness to primary health care has help in the achievement of the reduced child mortality.

5) improve maternal health: women are now been educated on issues patterning to child bearing, nutrition, antenatal, and on important of family planning. The health of women have been improved by so doing.

6) combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases: medical treatment, sense of belonging an AIDS patient will improve their by we are not ready to associate with them. Combating AIDS is a difficult thing to achieve because of the desire for sex, sharing a used object with another person, wickedness of carriers who decide to share it abroad.

7 and 8) have not be achieved, because of corruption, sustainable environment can not be achieved withe the increase of gas emissions especially in the South South Parr of the country.

Fidelis Emmanuel Oluebubechukwu
2017/241440
Oluebubechukwu Emmanuel.fidelis.241440@unn.edu.ng

Millennium Development Goals
Nigeria was among the 189 countries that adopted the MDGs in year 2000. The programme was part of the government plan to reduce poverty and uphold sustainable development. The MDGs however commenced in 2005, after the cancellation of the debt relief. The cancellation of the debt enabled the government to save US$1 billion annually and this led to the increase and target of pro-poor interventions such as YES, YouWin, Conditional Cash Transfer, Conditional Grant Scheme, etc. MDGs project in Nigeria have gulped about N1.4 trillion between 2006 and 2010 (Az-Zubair; 2010).Prodding further, an analysis of the 2012 budget shows that a total of more than 3 trillion was spent on MDGs.
1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger-
Nigeria being one of the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa following its poverty records, contributes a major quota to the poverty statistic in the region. Statistics show that poverty prevalence in the country has been on decline. Using the halve of 1992 data which was estimated at 42.7% as a benchmark upon which progress or lack of it was gauged, poverty status has been said to be swaying.
2. Achieving Universal Primary Education-
Education is an established instrument in bringing about development in any Nation. On this platform, MDGs provided 2015 as a bench mark for children everywhere in the world, boys and girls alike to complete a full primary education. On this ground, the Nigerian Government introduced the Universal Primary Education (UPE), Education for All Policy (EFA) and the Federal Teachers Scheme (FTS) to ensure the effective progress of MD Goal 2.
3. Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment-
This target is so important to the Nigerian government because one in every household in Nigeria is a woman and also the vital importance of women and girls in the development of a region. This importance has led to the clamor for gender equality. The Gender Equality Index, Nigeria ranks 118 out of 134 countries (Ukaid Gender Report, 2012).
4. Reducing Child Mortality-
MDG 4 aims to reduce the mortality of children under five years of age from 191 per 1000 in 1990 to approximately 64 per 1000 live in 2015; and infant mortality rate (IMR) from 91 deaths in 1990 to 31 deaths per 1000 people. However, the under-five mortality rate has witnessed slight progress as it has improved from 191 deaths in 1990 to 89 deaths per 1000 in 2015 as against the 63.7 deaths per 1000 target for 2015.
5. Improve Maternal Health-
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of people who die from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management excluding accidental or intended cause during pregnancy and child birth or within 42 days of the termination of pregnancy (Nigeria MDGs Report, 2015:68). WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank (2012), shows that Nigeria has the 10th highest MMR in the world, with 630 women dying per 100,000 births..
6. Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases-
HIV/AIDs epidemic has become one of the complex health problems worldwide. USAID (2006) reported that 4.3 million people across the globe were affected in the year 2006. In Nigeria, statistics shows that HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is on the decline. The rate of infection fell from 5.8% in 2001 to 4.1% in 2010. This however falls short of the 2015 target of 0.9% (NACA, 2011).
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability-
Nigeria commitment to ensuring environmental sustainability is enshrined in its Vision 2020, which is an integrated long term development plan for the country. Also, the Nigerian Government established a Federal Ministry of Environment in 2008, with the constitutional mandate in protecting the environment against pollution and degradation (Nigeria MDGs Report: 2015:86). But Nigeria’s natural resource like its forest keeps depleting. Between 2000 and 2010 for example, forest area shrank from 14.4% to 9.9%.
8. Develop Global Partnership for Development-
The flow of Official Development Assistance (ODA) from developed countries to Nigeria has increased dramatically since 2004, with the heath sector as a leading recipient. The health sector so far has received about US$480,017,028 from donors as compared to other sectors (National Planning Commission, 2015). The accruement of these funds has contributed to the attainment of health related target especially Goal 4.5 and 6 (Nigeria MDG Report, 2015:96).

Egbo Chinemelum Chinonso
2017/249493
egboemecs@gmail.com

Millenium Development Goals
Nigeria was among the 189 countries from across the world that endorsed the United Nations
Millennium Declaration in New York in September 2000, which led to the adoption of the
eight time-bound Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their monitorable indicators.
The eight goals were to be achieved by respective countries by 2015 and were stated as
follows:
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
MDG 5: Improve maternal health
MDG 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases
MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for Development.
In the situation of Nigeria, there are some of the goals that has been met and those that hasn’t been met.
MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger- Nigeria made notable progress in this goal and particularly in the fight against hunger, but generally missed meeting the targets of most of the indicators. The strong progress under this goal can be seen in the persistent reduction in poverty prevalence in recent years. Although poverty prevalence fluctuated, it declined from 65.6% in 1996 to 45.5% in 2010; short of target (21.4%) by 24.1%.
MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education- The net enrolment in basic education (as domesticated in Nigeria to mean six years of primary schooling and three years of junior secondary education) has had a fluctuating history of an upward trend to the mid-point assessment year. This positive trend was however halted in later years as a result of the disruptions brought about by the Boko Haram insurgency.
MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women- The pursuit of gender parity in basic education in Nigeria has witnessed strong progress when seen against the prevailing patriarchal culture and practices in most parts of the country. There has been a steady increase in the ratio of girls to boys in basic education in Nigeria with the end-point status of 94% in 2013 being a significant achievement compared to the 82% achieved in 1991. The statistics from both the World Bank and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) corroborate the high gender parity index recorded by Nigeria. The success at the basic education level has not been replicated at the tertiary level where there is weak progress even though the policy environment has been supportive at every level of the educational pipeline.
MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality- Nigeria’s efforts aimed at reducing avoidable child deaths have been met with gradual and sustained progress. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has improved remarkably from 191 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 89 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 as the end-point status. Considering the end-point status of U5MR, Nigeria falls short of the 2015 target of 64 deaths per 1000 live births by 28%.
MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health- The drive to make progress on this goal has seen improvements in maternal health. With a baseline figure of 1000 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) consistently decreased over the years to 545 in 2008. The downward trend continued to 350 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 and subsequently to its end-point status of 243 per 100,000 live births in 2014.
MDG 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases- The prevalence of HIV among pregnant young women aged 15–24 years has steadily declined from 5.4% in 2000 to 4.1% in 2010 (end-point status). The decline resulted from the implementation of tested high impact interventions implying the need for consistent implementation of such high impact interventions in the sector.
MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability- Nigeria has made appreciable progress in improving households’ access to safe drinking water with an end-point status in 2015 at 67.0% access. The country is also deemed to have done well on this indicator from the statistics of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) indicating the recorded end-point status of 69% in 2015. This compares well with the baseline figure 40% in 1990. However, there are wide disparities in access to safe drinking water across states, with those in the south having higher access than those in the north.
MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development- Nigeria has performed better on this goal as compared to the others. There has been a rising trend in per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) with potential impact felt in infrastructure and human development. The appreciable decline in debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is attributed to the debt relief granted in 2005. The socio-economic benefits associated with Information and Communication Technology(ICT) has seen to appreciable growth in the industry.

Name. UGWOKE EMMANUEL IFEANYI
Dept. Economics
Reg. 2017/242426
Email. ifeanyie722@gmail.com

Appraisal of the milennum development goals:

Development Goals are the international community’s most broadly shared, comprehensive and focused framework for reducing poverty. Drawn from the Millennium Declaration, adopted and agreed to by all Governments in 2000, the MDGs represent the commitments of United Nations Member States to reduce extreme poverty and its many manifestations: hunger, disease, gender inequality, lack of education and access to basic infrastructure, and environmental degradation.
The MDGs set quantitative objectives to be achieved by 2015. They also drive international development policy by spelling out the responsibilities of rich countries to support poor countries through aid, debt relief and improved market access. The Goals confirmed the importance of the United Nations, with its unique legitimacy and convening power, as the multilateral body best placed to build global coalitions and political action to address global problems.
In Nigeria, policies are quickly made by every successive government, often without any thought of continuity of previous ones. This leads to non-execution or neglect of many laudable policies that could have ensured the manifestation of concrete development around the country. It takes little or nothing for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors that are man-made and perpetuated by Nigerians. These factors frustrate policy implementation in Nigeria and consequently affect the development of the country negatively. It is necessary to identify these factors because their elimination will go a long way to help Nigeria attain huge developmental strides including achieving the MDGs which themselves are core developmental goals necessary for the progress of any society or nation, especially in this millennium of globalized economy and governance.
Eneanya (2010), states that there are two concepts in policy analysis such concepts as policy statements and policy outputs, especially in this clime where we often celebrate the statements of our governments. But the truth is that there is always a world of difference between intentions and actual outcomes . This statement points to the fact that there is a gap between policy statements and policy implementation in Nigeria. It takes a lot to transform policy statements into policy outputs and subsequent governments in Nigeria have failed to effectively move to the output level due to lack of political will of the leadership, corruption, ethnicity, political instability, slow public service structures etc. The argument here is that the inability or partial ability to translate policy statements into policy outputs is simply a failure in policy implementation and this is one of the major reasons for sluggish development in most developing nations, including Nigeria.
The recent call for implementation of Beijing Declaration by Lagos women clearly shows the level of non-implementation of policies in Nigeria. Adebayo (2010), observes that governments at all levels in the Federation have failed to implement the 15-year old document called the Beijing Declaration on women rights . Imagine this happening in a country that is pursuing the MDGs. This action directly undermines Nigeria s efforts towards attaining the third goal of the MDGs which aims at promoting gender equality and empowering women. The 1995 Declaration is aimed at ensuring that every country put in place legislation and policies that preserve the rights of women and children. Obi (2010), also highlights Nigeria s policy implementation problem in the following words, the recent declaration by the federal government to create a database of unemployed persons is a good idea. The trouble, however, is that Nigerians have heard it several times before, and it has never seemed to be able to transform itself into significant reduction in unemployment and underemployment . This contradicts Nigerian s efforts towards achieving the goal number
one of the MDGs which aims at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.
Any act or policy by a nation that does not help to reduce unemployment rate is equally not helping in poverty reduction, let alone poverty eradication. There can be no doubt that the establishment of a comprehensive database of the unemployed is one of the first concrete steps towards tackling the monster of joblessness and its associated problems such as youth restiveness, crime, violence, terrorism, poverty etc. As experience in other parts of the world such as United States of America, Germany, Britain, Canada and Japan has shown, such databases offer government an invaluable overview of the precise dimensions of unemployment: age ranges, qualifications, location etc, which help to make
other important demographics become apparent (Macleans, 2010).
A journey to Singapore may be instructive at this juncture. Singapore within ten years came out of doldrums to emerge as one of the fastest growing and solid economies of the world. The success story of Singapore came through because a visionary leader came with the policy of rule of law which the government implemented strictly in all its affairs. If Singapore that is not richly populated like Nigeria and has little natural resources, and not as large as Nigeria, could achieve this in a matter of a decade, then Nigeria, giving her endowments, can became a first world country within a space of five years if we all say no to corruption and our leaders ensure adherence to rule of law and prompt policy implementation at all levels of governance. This is imperative if the MDGs are to be met on time.
Some failed policies (Development Plans) in Nigeria
The failure of policy implementation is vivid when one considers some of the development plans of past governments in Nigeria. Past experiences at policy making in Nigeria were incorporated in a series of development plans. Although Nigeria made initial efforts at development planning during the colonial era in 1946 and between 1955 and 1960, the 1962 1968 plan is regarded as its first comprehensive plan for purposes of policy formulation. Subsequent Development Plans were 5-yearly plans for the periods 1970-74, 1975-79 and 1980-84 (Onyi, 1985). Most of these development plans which were expected to roll over the years were interrupted, manipulated or abandoned leading to non implementation or partial implementation. This contributed to the poor state of infrastructural development in Nigeria today.

Some Impediments to Effective Policy Implementation in Nigeria: The MDGs in Focus
1. Corruption/Criminality In Nigeria, corruption has been so institutionalized that many Nigerians have come to see corruption as a way of life (Iheriohanma, 2009). This is with the effect that corruption has grown deep into the fabric of our nation s socio-economic and political strata. The issue of policy implementation is not left out as corruption affects it negatively. Many Nigerians do things under the influence of greed and selfishness and not for the collective interest of all Nigerians. Njoku (2011), opines that Nigerians generally lack the necessary sense of patriotism and discipline required for effective and successful policy implementation . The MDGs cannot be actualized under this condition because it requires selfless commitment by individuals, groups and institutions (the government and private sector) etc, to be
realized.
2. Bad Leadership/Poor Governance Achebe (2001), states that the trouble with Nigerian is simply and squarely a failure of leadership . The Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility of the challenge of personal example which are the hallmark of true leadership . Any good government will ensure among other things, the implementation of its policies in order to succeed. Bad leadership in Nigeria, affects policy implementation negatively because of the lack of political will to implement policies according to plan for reasons that may be more political than social or economic. This in turn affects Nigeria s pursuit of the MDG s because its actualization requires firm commitment to the implementation of certain policies by people in government.
3. Political Instability Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has been under many governments, from Military to Civilian and this has not helped matters in the realm of policy implementation. The frequent change of government mitigates policy implementation because of apathy and distrust between governments. It is important to state here that the Nigerian military that was in power for more years than the civilians is not trained for governance and does not apply or conform to rule of law. They believe in the use of decrees, force and aggression and many of their policies were undemocratic. For the MDGs to be actualized in Nigeria, stable socio-political atmosphere must be sustained up to 2015 and afterwards, because it is in that condition that policies can be effectively implemented.
4. Ethnicity/Nepotism Nigeria is a country with many citizens that are ethnocentric in perception and behaviour. Nigeria is a creation of British government for its own selfish economic interest and the seed of ethnicity was planted as the colonial masters sought after this interest. The problem of tribalism and ethnic distrust has been a source of obstacle to effective implementation of policies in Nigeria. Public office holders block the implementation of policies they envisage as not beneficial to their people or part of the country. By so doing interfere with the purposes for which these policies were made in the first place. Projects are abandoned or relocated to places that are not viable for their purpose and sustenance. The MDGs are goals that should be pursued without interruptions or manipulations of projects aimed at their actualization.

There were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.

1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.To achieve universal primary education
3.To promote gender equality and empower women
4.To reduce child mortality
5.To improve maternal health
6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7.To ensure environmental sustainability
8.To develop a global partnership for development
From my own point of view the MDGs were not realize at all because of the following reasons
There’s high rate of unemployment leading to poverty and there extreme hunger due to the rate of inflation.
Due to the high rate of poverty and unemployment my parents are still unable to send their children to school and thus this leads to high lever of illetracy among kids especially in the rural areas and also lack of educational facilities in the rural areas.
There’s nothing like gender equality in Nigeria as women still have little or no say when it comes to decision making and political power.
The mortality rate is still high due to poor medical facilities across the country.
Nigeria is also the country where nearly 20% of all global maternal deaths happen. Between 2005 and 2015, it is estimated that over 600 000 maternal deaths and no less than 900 000 maternal near-miss cases occurred in the country.
Nigeria has the second largest HIV epidemic in the world and one of the highest rates of new infection in sub-Saharan Africa.
Many people living with HIV in Nigeria are unaware of their status. Nigeria continues to fall short of providing the recommended number of HIV testing and counselling sites.
Environmental sustainability is not even option in Nigeria as there is high level of oil spillage and and poor drinking water.

ONAH IFEANYI SAMSON
2018/251515
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
300 LEVEL
ECO 362-DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS II Millennium Development Goals
Our precious Garden Planet. An Oasis in the Universe. Photo by Ed
In 2000, 189 countries committed themselves to the eradication of extreme poverty in all its forms by 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of time bound and quantified goals and targets developed to help track progress in eradicating poverty.

In 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were superceded by the Sustainable Development Goals. Some of the links on this page lead to archived material
The goals are to:

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
In addition to the 8 goals, 21 targets and 60 indicators were developed for measuring progress between 1990 and 2015.

As stated on the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) MDG monitoring site: “The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty”.

Example

Three targets and nine indicators have been developed to measure progress in achieving the first goal of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.

Target 1.A

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day

1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per daya
1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Target 1.B

Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people

1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed
1.5 Employment-to-population ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day
1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment

Target 1.C

Halve,between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of diet

Udeh Emmanuel ikechukwu
Economics department.
An appraisal for the millennium development goals
Using Nigeria as a case study,the millennium goals were not realized at all.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was implemented in 2000 ostensibly to accelerate development within its 15 years plan of action. In the credence of this notion, Nigeria was one of the early countries that adopted the rational policy. Prior to the introduction of MDG, the country had implemented diverse developmental policies which are said not to have delivered the expected dividend.
Nigeria is blessed with a fertile land but there is a high rate of hunger in the country.Nigeria is one of many food-deficient countries in Africa, and its alarming hunger statistics are tied with high levels of conflict that have plagued the region surrounding Nigeria for years. A food crisis such as Nigeria’s causes distressing levels of stunting in children and is correlated with high rates of poverty.The insecurity is another major issue which it has failed to realize.the list are endless

The Millennium Development Goals have the enormous potential for the sustainable development of Nigeria, as a developing country. Progress in the realization of the MDGs in the country has been significantly slow, a more rigorous and coherent approach and strategy can significantly achieve some of the goals. As applicable with other development models adopted in the country in past years, one cannot expect the full attainment of all the goals and targets of the Millennium declaration, given the peculiar socio-cultural, economic and political terrain of the country. It is also important to appreciate that the MDGs are not discrete, stand-alone goals, but are inter-linked so that failure to meet one is likely to have knock-on effects for some of the other goals. This has enormous implications for a synergy and a multi-sectoral broad-based implementation approach. Most of the MDGs intervention initiatives have only worked in small scale, which do not reach the millions of people required by the MDGs. Meeting all the MDGs by remains challenging because progress has failed to reach the most vulnerable – the poor. Governments at all levels in the country have not shown much commitment in expending funds budgeted for the MDGs programme. Funds meant for MDGs have either been misappropriated or mis-applied. Many of the NGOs involved in the MDGs programme are only interested in the money they get from donor organizations. There is no transparency and accountability in the approval and disbursement of funds for MDGs projects. Nigeria, the most populous African country has more than 70 percent of its citizens living below poverty line. The Nigerian preliminary report on word bank global consultation with the poor suggests the communities in Nigeria have a rich, complex and comprehensive experience of poverty, defining it using a range of material and non-material indicator. Increasingly, communities perceive poverty as an overwhelming denial of their right to a quality life that is enabling and empowering with characteristics of social exclusion, vulnerability, and insecurity.

Name:ugwuda Blessing chidera
Reg number:2017/242804
Debt: Economics education
Email:shantelchidera17@gmail.com
Course:Eco 362
Topic:DISCUSS AN APPRAISAL OF THE MILLENNIUM OF DEVELOPMENT GOAL
Appraisal is the act of estimating or judging the nature or value of something or someone. an estimate of value, as for sale, assessment, or taxation; valuation. an estimate or considered opinion of the nature, quality, importance, etc: the critics’ appraisal of pop art; an incorrect appraisal of public opinion.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are now at the midterm of their target period, as 2015 is the date scheduled by the United Nations Organisation (UN) for their attainment. The purpose of this article is to review the current situation of the MDGs worldwide and to analyse the barriers which are preventing them from being attained in each of the MDG areas, as well as to assess a number of the indicators evaluated. In order to do so, a review has been made of the scientific literature published on the MDGs in the principal health sciences and social sciences databases, as well as the most significant reports on the issue drawn up by the United Nations. The scientific studies on the 8 MDGs and their 18 Targets make it possible to undertake a critical analysis of the situation in which each of these Goals are found at the present time, identifying the determinants that are preventing the attainment of the Goals and the actions considered necessary in order to achieve progress. Although there have been improvements in some of the goals on a world level, the research carried out to date reveals barriers to the attainment of the MDGs, as well as the insufficient weight of the developing countries in the economic and political decision-making processes, together with the incoherence between the economic policies and the social and health policies. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes the most disadvantaged region, which means that it will not attain the majority of the MDGs. Spain and the developed countries, in addition to contributing resources, can also contribute to the MDGs by means of the identification and eradication of the barriers preventing attainment. This involves promoting international economic relations under conditions of social justice, by supporting a greater decision-making power for developing countries and denouncing actions that increase social inequalities and the impoverishment of the population.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
In 2000, 189 countries committed themselves to the eradication of extreme poverty in all its forms by 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of time bound and quantified goals and targets developed to help track progress in eradicating poverty.

In 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were superceded by the Sustainable Development Goals. Some of the links on this page lead to archived material
In addition to the 8 goals, 21 targets and 60 indicators were developed for measuring progress

As stated on the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) MDG monitoring site: “The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries “to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty”.
The MDGs were developed out of several commitments set forth in the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[11] and a series of measurable health indicators and economic indicators for each target.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Edit
Target 1A:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day[14]
Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
GDP Growth per Employed Person
Employment Rate
Proportion of employed population below $1.25 per day (PPP values)
Proportion of family-based workers in employed population
Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[15]
Goal 2:
Achieve universal primary education Edit
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of Primary education/primary schooling, girls and boys
Enrollment in primary education
Completion of primary education[16]
Goal 3:
Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under-five mortality rate
Infant (under 1) mortality rate
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[18]
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
The Maternal Mortality Ratio is the KPI used by the UN to measure Maternal health
Target 5A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage
Unmet need for family planning[19]
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Edit
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to anti-retroviral drugs
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with marijuana
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[20]
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Edit
Target 7A:
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion of land area covered by forest
CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Proportion of urban population living in slums[21]
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Edit
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Includes: tariff and quota-free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction
Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Through the Programme of Action for the sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA):
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNI
Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs
ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs
Market access:
Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP
Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability:
Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target
8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population.

The Millennium Development Goals ( Nigeria as a case study)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:
1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.To achieve universal primary education
3.To promote gender equality and empower women
4.To reduce child mortality
5.To improve maternal health
6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7.To ensure environmental sustainability
8.To develop a global partnership for development
Now using Nigeria as a case study,we can all testify to the fact that Nigeria has achieved some of these goals but there is still much to be done.
The first goal is centred on eradicating poverty,am glad to state here that Nigeria is still very far from achieving that goal because up till now,more than 90% of the Nigerian population still lives in abject poverty. Some find it difficult to feed even once in a day.
Talking about the second goal which is to achieve universal primary education. Well the Nigeria government have tried in this aspect by providing learning materials to some government schools and also providing infrastructure for the students. But they have failed to make learning very interesting which is the reason many children of primary school don’t enjoy going to school.
Gender equality has been one of the problem of Nigeria. Although there is an improvement but I must state here that much still needs to be done. Even till now there is this bias attitude women face when they want to fight for a particular position. They tell us there is gender equality yet they go to the back and threaten any woman that wants to compete with them.
The country has done well in the aspect of reducing child mortality rate. Many years ago,there were many cases of child mortality. There were women who had twelve issues and yet none is alive,they are died as a child. Such is not the case today. The government has tried in so many occasions to bring vaccines for polio,mensiles and all sort of child diseases.
There is also an improvement on maternal health as women are now giving free anti- natal care when they are pregnant. There has been many awareness of the importance of anti- natal care and post natal care for women. Unlike before were most women lost their lives while given birth.
Even though many Nigerians don’t seem to believe there is anything called HIV/AIDS,the government is giving free medical care to these category of patients and this has helped them to live their lives like normal people unlike before when HIV/AIDS is equal to instant death or a well known death sentence.
Nigeria as a developing country has tried but there is still much to be done to achieve all this goals effectively.

The millennium development Goals have eight agenda; to alleviate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, to combat Hiv/Aids, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and to develop a global partnership for development. Using Nigeria as a case study. Actually all this goals have worked and are working in Nigeria but in a subtle way, subtle I mean is that it have worked to some extent. Nigeria is blessed with natural resources and have what it takes to make all these agenda work in Nigeria. And some of the barriers are institutional and structural problems.
If all this structural and institutional problem are being taken care of, Nigeria will be a better nation to live in.

Name: Mgbada Ogochukwu Emelda
Reg no: 2017/245040
Department: Economics
Topic: Appraisal of millenium development goals.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000. At that time, eight goals that range from providing universal primary education to avoiding child and maternal mortality were set with a target achievement date of 2015.
The MDG-F contributed directly and indirectly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, with the main driver behind its work being the eradication of extreme poverty. The Fund adopted an inclusive and comprehensive approach to the MDGs, embracing the discourse on climate change as it relates to poverty while incorporating other programme areas that are recognized as prerequisites and/or mechanisms for MDG achievement. Our approach was guided by the Millennium Declaration and its emphasis on development as a right, with targeted attention directed towards traditionally marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities, indigenous groups and women.
As the table below illustrates, six out of the eight MDG-F programmatic areas addressed one or more of the MDGs and their respective targets, while the last two played an important contributing role.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability[1]
8. To develop a global partnership for development
The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.
Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.
Interventions evaluated include (1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water), (2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate sanitation, (3) increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone, (4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation (5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone (Hutton, G. Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, 2004 WHO-Geneva)
Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries’ aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards natural disaster relief and military aid, rather than further development.
As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women’s and children’s health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.
Among the non-governmental organizations assisting were the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., the Global Poverty Project, the Micah Challenge, The Youth in Action EU Programme, “Cartoons in Action” video project and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project.

Ogbodo peace chinenyenwa
2017/249543
Nenyepeace2010@gmail.com
Peacenenye.blogspot.com

The MDGs which is an abbreviation for Millennium Development Goals is am Ambitious development proposal made by a group selfless individuals to help developing countries to meet some keep note of development. They came up with a number of goals and targets as discussed in the class which was supposed to be a lather to development. But goals were not fully achieved, using Nigeria as a case study. The goals of the MDGs were as follows;
A. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: This was not and will not be achieveable in Nigeria because the govt cannot possibly provide all the basic needs of the individuals. Though their target was to reduce by half the proportion of people living in less than $1 a day, but it is practically impossible since Nigeria and its people have been over the one by corruption.
B. To achieve a universal primary education: This goal would have been achieved if and only if the government could provide free education for the citizens, but they would rather redirect the funds made available for this project into their own personal account.
C. Promote gender equality and empower women: As the 2015 when this goals were published, the idea of women’s education ending in kitchen was the other if the day. Men believed that if women were to empowered that they would act as though they are the chief in command so they ignored the issue of women empowerment. The MDGs was only able to achieve the inequality based on education because before this goal came to stand, most people believed that training a female gender was waste of resources. But nowadays, women have the higher population in some schools.
D. To reduce child mortality rate: The MDGs aimed at reducing child mortality rate and this was achieve because they were able to tutor mothers to always go for anti-natal care whenever they get pregnant and this help to prevent and reduce the rate of miscarriages among pregnant women.
Some other goals of the MDGs include;
E. To improve maternal health.
F. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
G. To ensure environment sustainability.
H. To develop global partnership for development.
Some if this goals were observed and treated as supposed while the others where neglected due the situation in the country. This goals can only be achieved when we have selfless individuals in power.

Name: Ugorji Ijeoma Judith
Reg no: 2017/243088
Department: ECONOMICS

The millennium development goals (MDGs) are set of targets or objectives aimed at achieving social and economic development with specific interest in less developed countries and the world at large. The MDGs is the brain work of the United Nations development program and other UN departments, Organization of Economic Corporation and Development as well as efforts from multilateral financial institutions such as the World Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The MDGs formulated in September 2000 and targeted to be achieved by the year 2015 has so far been adopted by many nations and a good number has recorded a great deal of success in the implementation of this 8goal agenda.
Nigeria, just like many other developing countries adopted the MDGs agenda and till present has recorded a substantial amount success in achieved a good portion of these goals. These success can be felt in the following areas;
Achieving Universal Primary Education. Government took actions towards this by ensuring that each community has a primary school, qualified teachers and free textbooks available to the pupils. They also ensured free education at this level for both boys and girls.
Promoting Gender Equality and Empower Women. The extent of the realization of this goal in Nigeria is laudable. In areas of Job opportunity, women are now allowed to take up certain jobs that were once perceived to be male jobs in different firms, and the disparity in pay gap has been brought to it’s minimal. Also in politics, women take up positions in the senates, house of Representatives, local government and other government parastetal.
Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases. Free medical test for HIV/AIDs patients is made available at all government hospitals. Drugs are free and some are subsidized. This measure was also applicable to malaria and other diseases such as tuberculosis.
Improved healthcare services in the aspect of mother and child health services. Tge government had ensured infants have access to free immunization in order to prevent childhood diseases and reduce mortality rate. Antenatal and postnatal services are free in government hospitals.
Having achieved these however, Nigeria is still lagging behind greatly in areas of extreme poverty and hunger eradication. 70% of Nigerians live below poverty level and a good number live in abject poverty. Although government at different levels and regimes had intervened by setting up social development schemes like N-power, OFN, NEEDS and the likes. But less has been done in implementing this programs. In the aspect of ensuring environmental sustainability, the government at different levels adopted different strategies to promote a healthy and sustainable environment. An example is the “operation plant a tree policy”.
Nigeria as a country has great potentials to acheiving economic and social development. There is need for strong institutions in place to ensure that all government programs and policies are efficiently and effectively implemented.

Name: Nwosu Angel Chiamaka
Reg no: 2017/249536
Dept: ECONOMICS
Email: angelapaul230@gmail.com
The millennium Development Goals
Introduction
On my own understanding, I think is partially realize with the following reasons:
The nation Nigeria, was one of the 50 richest countries in the world in the early 1970s, but has retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at threshold of the twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time harbors the third largest number of poor people after china and India. What a paradox, but that indeed is the reality today. However, the United Nations Millennium Development agenda is comprehensively addressing the core problems of under-development and primitiveness that continues to set Nigeria back since independence. In September 2000, leaders from 189 nations ratified the Millennium Declaration. The declaration was an unprecedented global commitment and one of the most significant United Nations documents in recent times. It offers a common and integrated vision on how to tackle some of the major challenges facing the world of our time. The declaration has resulted in Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on reducing poverty, improving the quality of peoples’ lives, ensuring environmental sustainability, and building partnerships to ensure that globalization becomes a more positive force for all the world’s people. Also specific targets and indicators have been set and put in place for each of the goals, to be achieved by 2015. This study attempted to identify the key roles financial institutions particularly Micro Finance Banks can play in helping to achieve these MDGs objectives in target time in Nigeria.
The study offered the following recommendations amongst others; the need for re-engagement in entrepreneurial development through integrated microfinance model and it also suggested that major efforts should be made to remove the critical material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent the rural poor from seizing opportunities for improved livelihoods in ways that they themselves can sustain and improve upon.

The millennium development Goals were fully implemented in some countries while it was partially implementated in some other countries and not implemented at all in some countries. Using Nigeria as a case study, I think the millennium goals were partially implementated.
For instance, even though the goal was to totally eradicate poverty and hunger, majority of Nigerians still live in abject poverty. An estimate of about 70% of Nigeria’s population are poor indicating a poor implementation of the millennium development goals.
Also, even though universal primary education is implemented, it has not been totally achieved, due to the fact that the schools lacks standard and there is no conducive environment for learning.
Environmental sustainability has totally failed in Nigeria, a great number of people do not have access to safe drinking water.
Efforts has been made to reduce child mortality but a lot still have to be done in that area.

NAME: FERDINAND DANIEL NWEKE
REG: 2017/245020
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMIC

In my point of view Nigeria as partially achieve some aspects of the MDGs in some sector while have done nothing in the remaining sector. MDGs meant well for developing countries but the actualization of the policy is been done internally by the government of the national. In the case of Nigeria despite the huge amount of money put to actualize the program we are not see any improvement in the those aspect due to the weak institution in Nigeria were corruption have become the other of the day .
Some factor are impediments to the implementation of the MDGs are :
1) Corruption and mis used of government fund.
2) Bad government and lack of incompetent leader.
3) Political Instability and appointment for unqualified personal into office.
4) weak institution
5) Lack of continuity of Policies.
6) lack Public Service Structure
Nigeria cannot realize the MDGs with now or later if it continues to have problems with policy implementation which to some extent is contributing to underdevelopment in Nigeria. Since policy implementation is mainly in the domain of the leaders, they owe themselves and the entire citizenry of the country immediate change of political attitude by continually pursuing development policies that will materialize in the much pronounced democracy dividends that up till now seem elusive. For Nigeria to reach the MDGs goal , Nigeria should just create and improve the institution in the nation to be active, strong and productive to meet up with the gaps that affect it.

Eric-nnaji Chiamaka Ngozi
2017/249499
Economics department
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000.The eight millennium development goals include:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To promote gender equality and empower women.
4. To reduce child mortality.
5. To improve maternal health.
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development.
Taking Nigeria as a case study, I think the MDGs were partially realized. Reasons:
1. In the case of poverty, Nigeria has not achieved anything substantial in reducing poverty mainly because of the increase in the price level in the country causing the real wage to fall there by making a lot of people still unable to afford the basic necessities of life.
2. Nigeria has had tangible progress in achieving primary education in the country. They have made efforts in providing free education but according to available statistics from the World Bank, enrollment rates from the year 2000 to 2013 decreased by 4% in the primary level and increased by 130% for secondary education.
3. In the aspect of gender equality in Nigeria, Nigerian women are running more formal businesses, leveraging technological advancements to build innovative companies and organising more than ever to support each other. They also start up NGOs dedicated in uplifting other females in the country. In election, women are also allowed to contest though their success rate in that aspect is very low.
4. For Nigeria’s health sector, the government has made efforts in improving the sector through subsidies and health insurance but the sector is still in a bad shape as a result inadequate facilities, no constant power supply and so on. And as a result of this setbacks, there has been little to no progress in reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
5. In ensuring environmental sustainability, Nigeria has made substantial progress in the urban regions of the country but not so much in the rural regions.
6. Nigeria has made and is still sustaining some of these partnerships with global organizations for development.

OBASI-JONAS EMMANUEL.O.
2017/243892
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

Appraisal of the millennium development goals.

The Millennium development goals (MDGs) refers to the eight international development goals by the United Nations on how to improve the developing countries by 2015. These goals include;
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower
women.
4. To ensure environmental sustainability
5. To develop a global partnership for
development.
6. To improve maternal health
7. To combat HIV/AIDS , malaria , and other diseases
8. To reduce child mortality

Using Nigeria as a case study, I think the millennium goals were partially realized.
Nigeria has not done well in the eradication of hunger and poverty. Universal basic education seems to be achieved to some extent but it is not adequate. we still have about 80 percent Nigerians who are poor and this exist even though the goal was to totally eradicate hunger and poverty.
With the help of international bodies, there has been increased awareness of gender empowerment, reduction of child mortality and improvement of maternal health, though they are not their best for now. Also, universal primary education though implemented, has not been totally achieved, this is due to the fact that the schools are half baked and do not provide conducive environment of learning.
In conclusion, Without the appropriate investment by governments, development agencies, and other funding bodies to support the implementation of the VISION 2020 programme, the MDGs will remain unattainable. In orderwords, the government should help improve better.

Okere success chigoziem
2017/243145
Education economics

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
In 2000, 189 countries committed themselve to the eradication of extreme poverty in all its forms by 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of time bound and quantified goals and targets developed to help track progress in eradicating poverty.
The goals are to:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
9. In addition to the 8 goals, 21 targets and 60 indicators were developed for measuring progress between 1990 and 2015.

NAME: OGBONNAYA VICTOR NNANNA
REG NO: 2017/249544
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
E MAIL: nnanna.ogbonnaya.249544@unn.edu.ng

What are the Millennium Development Goals?
The millennium development goals are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives that world leaders agreed on at the millennium summit in 2000. The millennium development goals are the most widely supported goals the world has ever established. These eight goals and 18 targets provide a concrete framework for tackling poverty, hunger, mortality, communicable diseases, environmental damage, education, gender inequality, e.t.c. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDG in 2016. All 191 United Nations member states and at least 22 international organisations committed to help achieve the following goals in 2015. The eight millennium development goals are:
1. To eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empowerment
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To ensure environmental sustainability
6. To develop a global partnership for development
7. To improve maternal health
8. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
In Nigeria, my opinion is that the millennium goals were partially realized and also the policies are quickly made by new government without continuing or finishing the previous ones because they believe that completing the previous projects will be accredited to the previous government and that is why they prefer starting their own with no hope of finishing it during their tenure. This factor impends policy implementation in Nigeria and affects the country negatively as unfinished projects can be seen everywhere in Nigeria. In Nigeria, we have about 70% of Nigerians who are poor and this exists even though the goal was to completely eradicate poverty and hunger. Many health centres has been established in Nigeria but most of them are not functioning perfectly as they are not well equipped and lacks skilled hands and professionalism. There are no much good drinking water not because it cannot be achieved but because the policy concerning it has been scrapped off from the ruling government which causes an increase in child mortality. Nigeria has achieved partial success in that they maintain their relationship with international organisations with the aim of promoting development and world peace especially in West Africa. The Universal Primary Education policy has been implemented but not fully realised since there are still more children who are yet to be educated example the northerners.

NAME:OKEKE NANCY OGADIMMA
REG NO:2017/249557
DEPARTMENT:ECONOMICS
EMAIL:ogadimmanancy12@gmail.com

Well I think the MDGs were not fully achieved. This is due to the fact that, using Nigeria as a case study, the high rate of poor people, destitute, beggars and people with low per capita income and low standard of living are still much. This therefore increases the rate of hunger in the country. It has also been proved that Nigeria has over 70% of poor people living in the country even though the MDGs were to eradicate poverty
Also, the second goal of the MDGs is to achieve universal primary education. This has partly been achieved in Nigeria because there are a lot of government owned primary schools open to every child with zero charges which makes basic education free. But the problem with this is that the so called government schools are functioning below standards. There are always disorganized with unqualified teachers and no good equipments that aid teaching. The environment is also not conducive.
Moreover, the third one which is to promote gender inequality has been greatly achieved in Nigeria in the area of education. Nowadays, there are various many females in basic education and their ratio to boys are higher. However, the ratio of women in the labor force is unfortunately very low. The same still goes to the election of women into executive offices. These patriarchal cultures and practices has remained one of the factors against women positions into the labor force and executive positions.
Furthermore, the fourth one which is to reduce child mortality has experienced a very sustained progress. The efforts of providing adequate immunization programs like provision of vaccines for disease like measles, polio, etc. However, the problem of child mortality has not been completely eradicated but rather has been relatively low.
The fifth one which is to improve maternal health. Well in Nigeria, antenatal services for upcoming mothers are now free unlike those days when pregnant women die due to lack of money to go for antenatal care. However, the health facilities needed are not always readily available due to its insufficiency. Also, most rural areas don’t have these hospitals and health facilities close to them and most times they have to trek long distances just to have access to these services.
The next one which is to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease has also witnessed significant improvements. The amount of pregnant women, children youths and adults living with HIV/AIDS has been on a decrease due to improvements on free health facilities, proper orientations and sex educations in schools. However they still have to do more as the number of those who haven’t been oriented properly especially those in the rural areas are high. And also the government still have to work hard with medical experts to provide the vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS.
Environmental sustainability which is the seventh one has made appreciable progress in improving households’ access to safe and clean drinking water. However there are wide disparities in access to safe and clean drinking water across states. For example, those in the south have clean and safe water than those in the north. Also some communities still don’t have access to water talk less of access to a clean one. More efforts is still needed to make sure that everybody has access to clean water.
The last one is to develop a Global partnership for development. The appreciable decline in the debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is attributed to the debt relief granted in 2005.
Nigeria has also done its very best to improve its international relations with different countries of the world .Burt due to political and economic instability in the country, the development of the country or economy rather is still very poor.
Finally, for better implementation of these policies, the government should allow for swift measures and better implementations of policies. The MDGs are goals that are being pursued by the government of the nations that write signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000 with the expected support of their civil societies. And so the bulk of the work likes on the government’s shoulders. If Nigeria actually desires MDGs success on time, then it must activate government’s outfit with a reform template that will bring about proper policy implementation.

Isaac Blessing chiyantirimam
2017/242942
Economics
isaacblessing49@gmail.com
The Millennium Developmental Goals (MDGs) were partially fulfilled in Nigeria. The (MDGs) was implemented in 2000 ostensibly to accelerate development within its 15 years plan of action. In the credence of this notion, Nigeria was one of the early countries that adopted the rational policy. Prior to the introduction of MDG, the country had implemented diverse developmental policies which are said not to have delivered the expected dividend. While some countries have made impressive gains in achieving health-related targets, others are falling behind. Often the countries making the least progress are those affected by high levels of HIV/AIDS, economic hardship or conflict.
The MDGs helped to lift more than one billion people out of extreme poverty, to make inroads against hunger, to enable more girls to attend school than ever before and to protect our planet.Nigeria is one United Nations member state that is increasingly working on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which took off at the turn of this century. The MDGs are eight goals and targets to be attained within 2015. Giving the available time, it is obvious that it is a major challenge to Nigeria because of its requirements for actualization in the country. Among the requirements is ensuring effective policy implementation. However, poor policy implementation is believed by some analysts to be the bane of development in Nigeria. This seeks to highlight the need for proper and effective policy implementation while identifying some impediments to be tackled if Nigeria is to ensure that policies, particularly those relating to the MDGs, are effectively and timely implemented. These impediments include, among others: corruption, badleadership, political instability, slow public service structures, ethnicity etc. This posits some sustainable development measures for Nigeria, such as effective use of political will, eschewing social vices (like ethnicity, favouritism, nepotism and mediocrity), continuity of policies between governments, eradication of corruption , gender inequality, education etc. Nigeria cannot achieve the MDGs whether on time or later if it continues to have problems with policy implementation which to some extent is contributing to underdevelopment in Nigeria. Since policy implementation is mainly in the domain of the leaders, they owe themselves and the entire citizens of the country immediate change of political attitude by continually pursuing development policies that will materialize in the much pronounced democracy dividends that up till now seem elusive. The MDGs are democratic goals that the route to attainment is embedded in the implementation of peopleoriented policies that are allowed to manifest in concrete and physical terms.

Name: KINGSLEY GIFT EBUBECHUKWU
Reg number: 2017/241438
Dept: Economics
E_mail: gift.kingsley.241438@unn.edu.ng

What are the Millennium Development Goals?
The Millennium Development Goals are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit in September 2000. For each goal one or more targets have been set, most for 2015, using 1990 as a benchmark.
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Target for 2015: Halve the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and those who suffer from hunger.
2) Achieve universal primary education.
Target for 2015: Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary school.
3) Promote gender equality and empower women.
Targets for 2005 and 2015: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.
4) Reduce child mortality.
Target for 2015: Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under five.
5) Improve maternal health.
Target for 2015: Reduce by three-quarters the ratio of women dying in childbirth.
6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
Target for 2015: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
7) Ensure environmental sustainability.
Targets: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
By 2015, reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water.
B 2020 achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.
8) Develop a global partnership for development.
Targets: Develop further an open trading and financial system that includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction nationally and internationally.

Why Nigeria and other African countries could not achieve their target of the Millennium Development Goals, could be blamed on the development on the region’s over-reliance on foreign aids.
Although Nigeria has made some progress in achieving some of the MDGs, it could not meet the expectation, because of lack of political will to implement policies.
Nigeria has not made as much progress as was hoped for partly because of poor implementation mechanisms and excessive reliance on development aid.
“Another factor is the failure of many African countries in mainstreaming the MDGs into their national economic plans, policies and budgets. Added to these is the fact that many African countries lacked relevant data and mechanisms to monitor progress.”
For efforts to be made to achieve the MDGs in Nigeria, there should be coordinated between all tiers of government in the following areas:
a) Promotion of Rural Entrepreneurship: This includes engagement in off-farm and off-season income earning ventures. This is necessary because labor intensive agriculture practiced in the rural areas alone may prove inadequate means of alleviation of rural poverty. Moreover, many rural households derive a significant proportion of their income from non-farm activities and the counter cyclical nature of non-farm employment smoothen the seasonal pattern of earnings. This point should be taken very serious because entrepreneurship is a catalyst to alleviate poverty. Even though NUC have recommended the teaching of entrepreneurship in all existing and functioning tertiary institutions in Nigeria, not all institutions have comply to this order and even those that have complied, most of them are not doing any practical at all. Thus, it is not a complete dose of knowledge.

b) Adequate funding of rural development: Provision of adequate funding of rural development activities is necessary to address rural poverty and reverse the neglect suffered in the past. With enough funding there will be rural revival in forms of agricultural development, rural employment which raise rural incomes ad also help stem rural urban migration.

It may be very difficult for some countries in developing societies to attain the MDGs because most of them share the same socio-economic and religious template especially for a nations like Nigeria where corruption is the order of every second and it is very unfortunate the virus of corruption has been injected into all the on coming generations. It is also important that the rural areas become central aspect of planning, restructuring and reformation and rebranding simply because it is evident that the rural areas are very essential in the economic development of any country. For the MDGs not to be a tall dream, the analysis, facts and figures discussed above is dependent is a function of comprehensive development of the rural areas and improvement in the living standard of the rural people.

Okaome Esther Chioma
2017/249554
estherokaome@gmail.com
Good day Mr President and honourable members of the house.

Using Nigeria as a case study the millennium development goal were partially utilized, this was due to the the high rate of poverty and hunger in the country. There are large numbers of people that are poor about 70 percent of Nigerians still love in abject poverty.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are now at the midterm of their target period, as 2015 is the date scheduled by the United Nations Organisation (UN) for their attainment. The purpose of this article is to review the current situation of the MDGs worldwide and to analyse the barriers which are preventing them from being attained in each of the MDG areas, as well as to assess a number of the indicators evaluated. In order to do so, a review has been made of the scientific literature published on the MDGs in the principal health sciences and social sciences databases, as well as the most significant reports on the issue drawn up by the United Nations. The scientific studies on the 8 MDGs and their 18 Targets make it possible to undertake a critical analysis of the situation in which each of these Goals are found at the present time, identifying the determinants that are preventing the attainment of the Goals and the actions considered necessary in order to achieve progress. Although there have been improvements in some of the goals on a world level, the research carried out to date reveals barriers to the attainment of the MDGs, as well as the insufficient weight of the developing countries in the economic and political decision-making processes, together with the incoherence between the economic policies and the social and health policies. Furthermore, Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes the most disadvantaged region, which means that it will not attain the majority of the MDGs. Spain and the developed countries, in addition to contributing resources, can also contribute to the MDGs by means of the identification and eradication of the barriers preventing attainment. This involves promoting international economic relations under conditions of social justice, by supporting a greater decision-making power for developing countries and denouncing actions that increase social inequalities and the impoverishment of the population.
The goals of the millennium Development are as follows:
To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality and empower women
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development

Ezeorah chukwuebuka Emmanuel
2017/249508
emmanuellescot32@gmail.com
Economics
Appraisal of the milennum development goals:

um Development Goals are the international community’s most broadly shared, comprehensive and focused framework for reducing poverty. Drawn from the Millennium Declaration, adopted and agreed to by all Governments in 2000, the MDGs represent the commitments of United Nations Member States to reduce extreme poverty and its many manifestations: hunger, disease, gender inequality, lack of education and access to basic infrastructure, and environmental degradation.
The MDGs set quantitative objectives to be achieved by 2015. They also drive international development policy by spelling out the responsibilities of rich countries to support poor countries through aid, debt relief and improved market access. The Goals confirmed the importance of the United Nations, with its unique legitimacy and convening power, as the multilateral body best placed to build global coalitions and political action to address global problems. At the Millennium Summit in 2000, the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey in 2002, the UN World Summit in 2005 and other international events, world leaders pledged to establish national policies and strategies needed, and to provide the resources necessary to achieve the Goals. The MDG agenda has become a uniting and organizing principle for the work of the entire international system in the area of development

Name: Anayo Bright Udochukwu
Reg Number: 2017/249482
Department: Economics

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000.

Hence, taking Nigeria as a case study in other to examine the impact of Millennium Development Goals; it is partially realized.

In general terms, report indicates that Nigeria has made appreciable progress in the attainment of MDGs in the last 14 years, particularly, in the area of universal primary education enrolment; achieving gender parity in education; reducing the spread of HIV and AIDS; reducing maternal deaths, as well as mortality rate.

Sequentially, the federation has made it possible for every state government to provide a quality and free education from the barest level to basic six but there have being a quite outrageous number out of school children due to insurgency. However, as it is no longer a normal terrain the girls child are to be in kitchen and for child bearing. And the call for gender parity gave rise to so many intiative; like Her Future Summit. Also, the parity in education made it possible for demography, thus one seeking medication when exhibiting any symptoms of illness. At least this continues to reduction of maternal death and mortality rates as statistics has proven.

Though Millennium Development Goals have not be full realized in Nigeria it has made a number of appreciable reforms which will continue as time goes on. At same help in country’s growth and development attainment.

Among the non-governmental organizations assisting were the United Nations Millennium Campaign, the Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., the Global Poverty Project, the Micah Challenge, The Youth in Action EU Programme, “Cartoons in Action” video project and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.

All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.To achieve universal primary education
3.To promote gender equality and empower women
4.To reduce child mortality
5.To improve maternal health
6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7.To ensure environmental sustainability
8.To develop a global partnership for development

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.

Interventions evaluated include
(1) improvements required to meet the millennium development goals (MDG) for water supply (by halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to safe drinking water),
(2) meet the water MDG plus halving by 2015 the proportion of those without access to adequate sanitation,
(3) increasing access to improved water and sanitation for everyone,
(4) providing disinfection at point-of-use over and above increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation
(5) providing regulated piped water supply in house and sewage connection with partial sewerage for everyone (Hutton, G. Evaluation of the Cost and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level, 2004 WHO-Geneva)

Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives, and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others. Although developed countries’ aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more than half went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards natural disaster relief and military aid, rather than further development.

As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and adopted a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date. New commitments targeted women’s and children’s health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease.

Name: Doro Yahaya Adamu
RegNo:2017/249490
Dept:Eco major

The Millennium development goals (MDGs) set by 189members of the united Nations meant well for developing countries. Nigeria was among the 189 countries from across the world that endorsed the united Nations Millennium declaration in New York in September 2000, which led to the adoption of the eight time- bound millennium development goals (MDGs) and their indicators to be achieved by respective countries by the year 2015. Yet the extent of its realization in many developing countries remain a subject of debate.
In the case of Nigeria, the implementation of the MDGs in Nigeria began in earnest when the federal government pledge to apply the savings accuable from the Paris club debt relief deal in 2005 to pro- poor programme and projects. The 2015 MDGs, end- point report review Nigeria’s implementation of the MDGs since inception. The report shows that Nigeria has made appreciable progress in the attainment of the millennium development goals particularly , in the area of universal primary education enrolment, achieving gender parity in education, reducing the spread of HIV and AIDs, reducing maternal death as well as halving the percentage of people living in absolute hunger for which it received a recognition from the food and Agricultural organization (FAO).
Nigeria made notable progress in the goals. In one particular area of strength Nigeria was able to reduce hunger by 66% in 2012 and this earned her an award in 2013 by the Food and Agricultural organization in recognition of her outstanding progress. The strong progress in goal one can also be seen in the persistent reduction in the poverty prevalence in recent years. The poverty prevalence fluctuate but declined from 65.6% in 1996 to 45.5% in 2010.
The net enrolment in basic education (as domesticated in Nigeria to mean six years of primary schooling and three years of junior secondary school) had a fluctuating history of an upward trend to the mid- point assessment year. This positive trend was however halted in later years as a result of the disruption brought about by the Boko Haram insurgency. The insurgency led to the destruction of many schools with school children consisting a large size of the internally displaced population. Consequently, the net enrolment of 60% in 1995 declined to the end point net enrolment of 54% in 2013.
The pursuit of gender parity in basic education in Nigeria has witnessed progress when seen against the prevailing patriarchal culture and the practice in most of the country. There has been a steady increase in the ratio of girls to boys m basic education in Nigeria. The end- point status of 94% in 2013 was a significant achievement compared to the 82% in 1991.
Nigeria’s efforts aimed at reducing avoidable child deaths have been met with gradual, incremental and sustained progress. The under- five mortality rate (U5MR) has improved remarkably from 191 death per 1000 live birth in 2000, to 89 death per 1000 live births in 2012 as the end point status. In the intervening period, the U5MR reduced from 191 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 157 and 94 deaths per 1000 live births in 2008 and 2012 respectively.
The drive to make progress on MDGs has seen improvement in maternal mortality, with a base line figure of 1000 deaths per 100,000 live birth in 1990. Maternal mortality rate consistently decreased over the years to 545 in 2008. The downward trend continued to 350 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 and subsequently to its end point status of 243 per 100,000 live births in 2014.
The prevalence of HIV among pregnant women aged 15- 24 years has steady declined from 5.4% in 2000 continuously to 4.1% in 2010. The decline has resulted from the implementation of tested high impact interventions aimed at combating HIV and AIDs.
The issues of environmental sustainability in Nigeria remains a big challenge. There are enormous problems relating to proper responses to issues of climate change sanitation, gas flaring, oil spillage, continuous desert encroachment, erosion and flooding. Nigeria however made appreciable progress in improving households access to safe drinking water. The end- point status in 2015 is 67.0% access. Nigeria is also adjudged to have done well on this indicator in light of the statistics provided by the joint monitoring programme (JMP)/ UNICEF and HWO. Nigeria has perform better on this goal than other goals. There has been a rising trend in per capita official development, assistance to Nigeria with potential impact self in infrastructure and human development. The appreciable decline in debt services as a percentage of expert of goods and services is attributed to debt relief granted to the nation in 2015. The socio- economic benefits associated with information and communication technology (ICT) has led to tremendous growth in the industry.
I therefore think that, with the statistics from the end- point record in 2015 so far Nigeria even though not achieved everything of the time- bound MDGs, has to a certain extent made a significant efforts and appreciable progress toward achieving the 2015 Millennium development goals (MDGs).

The nation Nigeria, was one of the 50 richest countries in the world in the early 1970s, but has retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at threshold of the twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time harbors the third largest number of poor people after china and India. What a paradox, but that indeed is the reality today. However, the United Nations Millennium Development agenda is comprehensively addressing the core problems of under-development and primitiveness that continues to set Nigeria back since independence. In September 2000, leaders from 189 nations ratified the Millennium Declaration. The declaration was an unprecedented global commitment and one of the most significant United Nations documents in recent times. It offers a common and integrated vision on how to tackle some of the major challenges facing the world of our time. The declaration has resulted in Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on reducing poverty, improving the quality of peoples’ lives, ensuring environmental sustainability, and building partnerships to ensure that globalization becomes a more positive force for all the world’s people. Also specific targets and indicators have been set and put in place for each of the goals, to be achieved by 2015. This study attempted to identify the key roles financial institutions particularly Micro Finance Banks can play in helping to achieve these MDGs objectives in target time in Nigeria.

The study offered the following recommendations amongst others; the need for re-engagement in entrepreneurial development through integrated microfinance model and it also suggested that major efforts should be made to remove the critical material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent the rural poor from seizing opportunities for improved livelihoods in ways that they themselves can sustain and improve upon.
Conclusion, having narrated all this above I stand on the notion that Nigeria is yet to realize millennium development goals and so should work harder to achieve it especially in this twenty first century. Thanks

Izuogu Chioma Sylverline
2017/244598
Education Economics

The nation Nigeria, was one of the 50 richest countries in the world in the early 1970s, but has retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at threshold of the twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time harbors the third largest number of poor people after china and India. What a paradox, but that indeed is the reality today. However, the United Nations Millennium Development agenda is comprehensively addressing the core problems of under-development and primitiveness that continues to set Nigeria back since independence. In September 2000, leaders from 189 nations ratified the Millennium Declaration. The declaration was an unprecedented global commitment and one of the most significant United Nations documents in recent times. It offers a common and integrated vision on how to tackle some of the major challenges facing the world of our time. The declaration has resulted in Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on reducing poverty, improving the quality of peoples’ lives, ensuring environmental sustainability, and building partnerships to ensure that globalization becomes a more positive force for all the world’s people. Also specific targets and indicators have been set and put in place for each of the goals, to be achieved by 2015. This study attempted to identify the key roles financial institutions particularly Micro Finance Banks can play in helping to achieve these MDGs objectives in target time in Nigeria.

The study offered the following recommendations amongst others; the need for re-engagement in entrepreneurial development through integrated microfinance model and it also suggested that major efforts should be made to remove the critical material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent the rural poor from seizing opportunities for improved livelihoods in ways that they themselves can sustain and improve upon…. It was fully realized in Nigeria.

Name: Ezike marycynthia chiamaka
Reg no: 2017/242944
Email: marycynthiachiamaka95@gmail.com
Dept: Economics

The objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are no doubt laudable. The development goals have been widely embraced by many United Nations member states, including Nigeria. These goals are practical targets with definite time limit spanning from inception till 2015. It is obvious that the pace of many of these nationstowards attaining the MDGs is being undermined by a number of factors. And for any effective effort to achieving the MDGs between now and 2015 to be actualized, it implies getting rid of these negative factors or at least minimizing their impact considerably. To an extent, this is the case of Nigeria and many other developing countries that are members of the United Nations. The World Bank (2008), Global Monitoring report, stated unequivocally that “looking to the medium term a key challenge is to spur stronger growth in lagging countries that have not shared in the surge in growth witnessed in much of the developing world over the past several years”. The above statement signifies that some member nations of the U.N. are lagging behind when compared with some others who made significant strides towards achieving the MDGs as at mid-term of the time frame i.e. as at middle of 2007. Nigeria can be said to be one of those countries because of the following reasons:
Poor policy implementation development process will agree is not in drought of policies. Nigeria has a number of policies that are meaningful, laudable and capable of bringing about sustainable development to the country. Since independence in 1960, many policies have been made with some of them enshrined in the nation’s constitution, thereby giving them the much needed legal backing. Also, policy formulation and the establishment of agencies and parastatals for their implementation have been on the increase over the years. In Nigeria, policies are quickly made by every successive government, often without any thought of continuity of previous ones. This leads to non-execution or neglect of many laudable policies that could have ensured the manifestation of concrete development around the country. It takes little or nothing for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors that are man-made and perpetuated by Nigerians. These factors frustrate policy implementation in Nigeria and consequently affect the development of the country negatively.
Poverty A large portion of population lives below the poverty line. Since 2004 the number of people, who have just $1.25 per day to spend has constantly grown. The same can be said about the number of people, who survive on just $2 per day. Presently over 70% of the country’s population live under the poverty line and this percentage has rapidly increased from almost 35% in 1992 to over 70% in 2010 and on.
Unemployment Currently the unemployment rate in Nigeria is 8.2%. In parts it is caused by the displaced persons, who were forced to leave their homes and flee. This creates social psychological issues and evokes enmity between different tribes in the country. People leave their homes and go to overpopulated cities, such as Lagos, looking to make their living and get a better life.
Poor education social problems in Nigeria may acknowledge that educational system of Nigeria has crushed. They blame corruption and government for such an outcome. Only little over 50 percent of Nigerian women can read or write and that rate is a bit higher for men – 70%. In the early 2000 the situation started to improve, but now the number of illiterate people has grown again. That has become a real problem, as our world is technocratic. People with no special skills and knowledge have little chances of succeeding in it.
Some Impediments to Effective Policy Implementation in Nigeria: The MDGs in Focus.
Corruption/Criminality In Nigeria, corruption has been so institutionalized that many Nigerians have come to see corruption as a way of life (Iheriohanma, 2009). This is with the effect that corruption has grown deep into the fabric of our nation’s socio-economic and political strata. The issue of policy implementation is not left out as corruption affects it negatively. Many Nigerians do things under the influence of greed and selfishness and not for the collective interest of all Nigerians. Njoku (2011), opines that “Nigerians generally lack the necessary sense of patriotism and discipline required for effective and successful policy implementation”. The MDGs cannot be actualized under this condition because it requires selfless commitment by individuals, groups and institutions (the government and private sector) etc, to be realized.
Bad Leadership/Poor Governance Achebe (2001), states that “the trouble with Nigerian is simply and squarely a failure of leadership …. The Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility of the challenge of personal example which are the hallmark of true leadership”. Any good government will ensure among other things, the implementation of its policies in order to succeed. Bad leadership in Nigeria, affects policy implementation negatively because of the lack of political will to implement policies according to plan for reasons that may be more political than social or economic. This in turn affects Nigeria’s pursuit of the MDG’s because its actualization requires firm commitment to the implementation of certain policies by people in government.
Political Instability Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has been under many governments, from Military to Civilian and this has not helped matters in the realm of policy implementation. The frequent change of government mitigates policy implementation because of apathy and distrust between governments. It is important to state here that the Nigerian military that was in power for more years than the civilians is not trained for governance and does not apply or conform to rule of law. They believe in the use of decrees, force and aggression and many of their policies were undemocratic. For the MDGs to be actualized in Nigeria, stable socio-political atmosphere must be sustained up to 2015 and afterwards, because it is in that condition that policies can be effectively implemented.
Ethnicity/Nepotism Nigeria is a country with many citizens that are ethnocentric in perception and behaviour. Nigeria is a creation of British government for its own selfish economic interest and the seed of ethnicity was planted as the colonial masters sought after this interest. The problem of tribalism and ethnic distrust has been a source of obstacle to effective implementation of policies in Nigeria. Public office holders block the implementation of policies they envisage as not beneficial to their people or part of the country. By so doing interfere with the purposes for which these policies were made in the first place. Projects are abandoned or relocated to places that are not viable for their purpose and sustenance. The MDGs are goals that should be pursued without interruptions or manipulations of projects aimed at their actualization.

Anene Victoria chioma
2017/242435
Economics
Victoria.anene.242435@unn.edu.ng
Toria20@simplesite.com
millennium development goals have been partly achieved in Nigeria due to a number of reasons which tend to hinder the full attainment of these goals. Nigeria’s human development indicators is at the lowest levels and as such make the greatest investments to achieve the MDGs. Nigeria has few resources and the low capacity for rapid scale-up of programs in sectors such as health and education. The government have primary responsibility for promoting equitable, sustainable economic growth and human development. The actions of the government make growth and human development much more difficult. Nigeria is faced with heightened environmental risks such as deforestation, overfishing, droughts, and floods are longstanding problems in some regions. Global climate change has potentially devastating long-term consequences since higher temperatures harm many crops.,

Agbo Jennifer Amarachi
2017/249476
jenniferamarachi.agbo@gmail.com
Economics

Just like Ban ki Moon, the then United Nations General Secretary, I will take an indecisive ground when it comes deciding if the Millennium Development goals were realized in Nigeria.

First and most, the MDGs tremendously helped to pull a lot of people out of poverty, more girls were enrolled into school thus, bridging the Gender inequality gap since most people were enlightened. Basic education on the other hand expanded it’s coverage and was able to cover a lot of people especially those in the Rural area, although the Target of achieving universal primary education was not fully realized because it has been halted by the menace of insurgency in the Northeast geo-political zone.

Moreso, significant progress has been made in reducing child mortality in children under 5 years of age. Nigeria had been able to achieve higher level of immunization coverage. Again in reducing malaria, the coverage of interventions such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying has greatly increased, and will need to be sustained in order to prevent the resurgence of disease and deaths caused by malaria.

Furthermore, although there has been a significant improvement in the use of technology and information communication, Nigeria is however still faced with artificial challenges in tackling poverty(Nigeria has been recognized as the World’s Poverty Capital), hunger, and malnutrition; achieving gender parity in education(although programs and sensitization activities have started), wage employment and political leadership; reducing maternal deaths; and improving access to sanitation and ensuring environmental sustainability.

Finally, for the last goal 8, in terms of debt relief. Yes, it is true that the Paris club wiped out Nigeria’s debt, enabling her to start from default. Statistics shows us recently that the debt has accumulated to 32 trillion more that 100 times what she was owing before the Paris Club Debt Relief. This reflects that the method used to reduce the debt, was not sustainable enough. A debt should be made sustainable to enable the government meet all its current and future payment obligations without exceptional financial assistance or going to defaults. Also, there are no proper jobs for the youth and pharmaceutical drugs are very expensive to afford.

In conclusion, some of the goals to an extent were realized in Nigeria, while some were not.

NAME: Emmanuel Treasure Adanne
Department: Economics
Reg No: 2017/242436
Email address: http://www.treasureadaemmanuel@gmail.com
Website: treshvinaemman54.blogspot.com
Answer:
In September 2000, leaders of 189 countries gathered at the United Nations headquarters and signed the historic Millennium Declaration, in which they committed to achieving a set of eight measurable goals that range from halving extreme poverty and hunger to promoting gender equality and reducing child mortality, by the target date of 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are as follows; Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal, Achieve universal primary education, Promote gender equality and empower women, Reduce child mortality, Improve maternal health, Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases, Ensure environmental sustainability, Develop a global partnership for development.
The details of the situation in Nigeria were captured in the 2005 MDGs report with regard to each of the goals is shown below:
a) Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 2015 target: Halve proportion of people living on less than $1 a day. The current rate of reduction in poverty is too slow to meet the targets set for 2015. If the current rate of poverty reduction is maintained, poverty incidence would reduce to 43% as opposed to 21.2 % by 2015.
b) Achieve Universal basic Education 2015 target: Achieve universal primary completion: The efficiency of primary education has improved over the years, as the primary six completion rate increased steadily from 65% in 1998 to 83% in 2001. It however declined in 2002 only to shoot up to 94% in 2003. Literacy level in the country has steadily and gradually deteriorated, especially within the 15-24 years group. By 1999, the overall literacy rate had declined to 64.1% from 71.9% in 1991. Among the male, the rate declined from 81.35% in 1991 to 69.8% in 1999. The decline among the female was from 62.49% during the same period.
c) Promote Gender Equality 2005/2015 target: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education enrolment by 2005, and achieve equity at all levels by 2015): At the primary school level, enrolment has been consistently higher for boys (56%) than for girls (44%).
d) Reduce Child Mortality 2015 target: Reduce by two thirds the child mortality rates: Infant mortality rate was 91% 1000 live births in 1990 which later decline to 75 in 1999 but became worse in 2003. It rose to 1000 live births in 2003.
e) Improve Maternal Health 2015 target: Reduce by three quarters the proportion of women dying in childbirth: The 1999 multiple indicator cluster survey reported a maternal mortality rate of 704 per 100, 000 live births. The maternal mortality is more than twice as high in the rural areas. The report did not give comparative statistics.
f) Combat AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases; 2015 target: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases: Since the identification of the first HIV/AIDS case in mid 1980s, the HIV prevalence rate has continually been on the increase from 1.8 to 5.8% in the period between 1991 and 2001. In 2003, the rate decreased to 5.0% and in 2005, it decreased to 4.4%.
g) Ensure Environmental Sanitation Sustainability Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources 2015 target: To reduce by half the proportion of people without access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation. The country is endowed with abundant environmental sustainability. The environmental situation is challenged by myriad of problems, which impact negatively on the utilization of the resources for development and poverty alleviation.
h) Develop a global Partnership for Development Target: develop further an open, rule – based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system which includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction both nationally and internationally.
Conclusion;
The end of MDGs has demonstrated that the world can be united on a global course in seeking for development. The era which end with successes and challenges in varying countries with Nigeria as no exception. However Out of the 8 MDGs goal only one was achieved in Nigeria and that’s developing a global partnership for development target.

IGWEH SIXTUS OZIOMA
2017/247588
ECO 362
ANSWER

The Millennium Development Goals was first declared by U.N. in the year 2000 with an 8 point agenda set to be fully achieved by the year 2015. Although a lot of countries have developed significantly African countries inclusive e.g South Africa, Ghana. Nigeria is still yet to achieve fully one of the Development Goals. I back my claim with the following points:
1) According to a U.N. report 2013, Nigeria is one of the five countries that accounts for 60 percent of where the world’s poverty population can be located.
2) A research carried out in 2013, showed Nigeria as one of the countries with a 75 percent rate of HIV/AIDS infection in the world.
3) A survey among nations puts Nigeria as one of the countries with the lowest number of children sleeping with mosquito nets.
4) Nigeria’s Federal Government still has problems paying teachers on time, as well as ensuring good education infrastructures are located across all states in the country.

EBERE CHIBUNIEM EZEBO
2017/249503
300 LEVEL
ECO DEPT

THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The UN’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were very ambitious and are absolutely central to the whole notion of public impact. The 2015 Millennium Summit, held at the UN’s headquarters in New York, was an opportunity to look forward to the new challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals and to consider the progress made against its past goals, the MDGs
The UN Secretary-General published a roadmap for implementing the MDGs, supported by 18 quantified and time-bound targets and 48 indicators. The MDGs focused the world community’s efforts on achieving significant, measurable improvements in people’s lives by 2015.
They established yardsticks for measuring results—not just for developing countries but for the rich countries that help fund development programmes and for the multilateral institutions, such as the European Union, and the NGOs that help implement them. These commitments were regularly monitored and the data was gathered and published annually by UN agencies.
The goals include…..
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a Global Partnership for Development.
From the stand point point of the Nigerian Economy, the MGDs goals is yet to be fully achieved, because we still face similar problems year in year out and no permanent solution has been offered.

NAME: OKONKWO FAITH MUNACHI
REG NO: 2017/242422
E-MAIL: faith.okonkwo.242422@unn.edu.ng

ANSWER:
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. To meet these goals and eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the historic millennium declaration at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000. At that time, eight goals that range from providing universal primary education to avoiding child and maternal mortality were set with a target achievement date of 2015. The MDG-Fund contributed directly and indirectly to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, with the main driver behind its work being the eradication of extreme poverty. The Fund adopted an inclusive and comprehensive approach to the MDGs, embracing the discourse on climate change as it relates to poverty while incorporating other programs areas that are recognized as prerequisites and/or mechanisms for MDG achievement. Our approach was guided by the Millennium Declaration and its emphasis on development as a right, with targeted attention directed towards traditionally marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities, indigenous groups and women.
THE EIGHTS MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ARE:
Hunger
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Education
2. Achieve universal primary education

Gender
3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Children
4. Reduce child mortality

Mothers
5. Improve maternal health

Disease
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Environment
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Partnership
8. Develop a global partnership for development

Based on these goals, the world has galvanized previously unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s poorest and most disadvantaged.
Nigeria, like most other nations of the world, signed this treaty and promised to work towards the realization of this goal. To achieve this, a number of steps were taken, including the release of central government funds. Offices were created and individuals appointed to key positions to work towards the MDG targets.
However, at the end of the MDG period in 2015, where is Nigeria in all this as a nation?. There are a number of unsupported claims that Nigeria achieved most of the goals, especially the HIV and maternal mortality MDG targets ahead of deadline. However, according to the UN report, “nearly 60 percent of the world’s 1 billion extremely poor people lived in just five countries in 2011: India, Nigeria, China, Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Nigeria and the MDGs: According to recent estimates, Nigeria has an infant mortality rate of 72.7 deaths/1,000 live births, a contraceptive prevalence of 15.1% (2013), health expenditure of 3.9% of GDP (2013); HIV prevalence of 3.17% (2014 est.), a HIV burden of 3,228,600 (2013) and HIV-associated deaths of 174,300 (2014), with life expectancy at birth of 53.02 years. Nigeria, like most sub Saharan African nations, has failed to meet any of the targets fully due to a multiplicity of health system-related, political and systemic challenges. The recent claims that Nigeria met some of the MDGs need to be fully supported and validated. This means that the Millennium Development Goals were partially realized in Nigeria.

NAME: OKPOR MARTHA ASHINEDU
REG. NO: 2017/241430
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
LEVEL: 300L
ANSWER:
Well, in my own opinion, I think the MDGs have been partially realized but I believe that in years to come, those goals and targets(MDGs) would be fully realized.

I say the MDGs have been partially realized in Nigeria because;
Firstly, people still live in extreme poverty in so many parts of Nigeria. This was the first goal of the MDGs and the target was to reduce by half the proportion of people suffering from hunger. This goal is not anywhere close to being realized in Nigeria because the people in power keep embezzling funds meant to be used to help feed these poor people. So until this issue of bad leadership is fixed, these MDGs would not be realized in Nigeria. Secondly, in the cases of universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, I believe these goals to a large extent have been achieved. I say this because the government has done a great job by promoting free primary education to both boys and girls, some even make it up to secondary level without paying school fees. Also, in recent years, women empowerment programs have been set up and recognized as important in the nation. There has also been promotion of gender equality as the discrimination against women going to school has been abolished. In Nigeria, SAY NO TO MALARIA programs have also been in high recognition in order to make people aware of the dangerous consequences of malaria and how to combat the disease as well as HIV/AIDS.
But in the case of ensuring environment sustainability, I feel this goal has not been realized. A lot of persons in some communities in Nigeria have no access to clean water because the leaders of these communities embezzle the funds handed over to them to build boreholes for safe drinking water. It all bores down to bad leadership at the end of the DA. We are passed 2020, but yet the number of slum dwellers are still on the increase everyday.

In conclusion, I believe that until the issue of bad leadership, corruption, nepotism and tribalism are corrected, the MDGs will not be fully realized in this country.

NAME: OKOYECHUKWU CHIOMA AUGUSTINA
REG NO: 2017/244827
DEPT: EDUCATION/ECONOMICS
Email:chioma.okoyechukwu.244837@unn.edu.ng

Using Nigeria as a case study, I will say that the Millennium development goals have been partially realized. According to the Presidential Committee on MDGs, for Nigeria to accomplish the MDGs targets in Nigeria, poverty rate is expected to reduce from, 42.7% in 1990 to 21.35% in2015; children dropouts are assumed to be completely eliminated; infant mortality rate per 1000 ought to decrease from 191 to 63.7; maternal mortality rate from 740 to 176 in 2015; improved access to sanitation from 39% to 70% (Igbuzor, 2013:12). However, the completion of the MDG era has indicated incremental improvements in some areas and challenges in some as evidenced below:

1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Nigeria being one of the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa following its poverty records, contributes a major quota to the poverty statistic in the region. Statistics show that poverty prevalence in the country has been on decline. Using the halve of 1992 data which was estimated at 42.7% as a benchmark upon which progress or lack of it was gauged, poverty status has been said to be swaying. In 2004, Nigeria poverty status rose from 53.3% to 65.6% in 2006; then moderated to 54.4% in 2011 (Bello, 2007:46; Nwanolue, 2014: 5-6; Nigerian MDGs Report, 2015; 29). However, a report by World Bank (2014) stated that 33.1% Nigerians lives in poverty which is a closer range to the 21.35 % target for 2015. This report however contradicts the NBS (2011) and UNDP (2013) report estimate that about 69% people live in poverty. The figures appear not to have taken into consideration the country’s vast economic growth rate following the country’s poverty menace and restrict it to specific sectors like agriculture and manufacturing (ADB, 2015). The upturn in the agricultural sector led to the notable achievement of Nigeria’s fight against hunger. FAO (2013) reports that Nigeria has been able to reduce hunger by 66% in 2012, meeting the MDG target 3 years prior 205 deadline. This development reduced the proportion of underweight children from 35.7% in 1990 to 25, 5% in 2014 as against the 2015 benchmark of 17.85%. In light of the above, eradicating hunger in Nigeria recorded a remarkable success while poverty reduction did was not achieved.

2. Achieving Universal Primary Education
Education is an established instrument in bringing about development in any Nation. On this platform, MDGs provided 2015 as a bench mark for children everywhere in the world, boys and girls alike to complete a full primary education. On this ground, the Nigerian Government introduced the Universal Primary Education (UPE), Education for All Policy (EFA) and the Federal Teachers Scheme (FTS) to ensure the effective progress of MD Goal 2 (Ajiye, 2014:28; Nigeria MDG Report, 2015:39-45). This programmes has yielded remarkable achievement following the improvement in school net enrolment rate from 60% in 1995 to 84% in 2004; 87.6% in 2006 and 88.8% in 2008 (MDG Report, 2013). However, due to insurgency in the Northern part and insecurity in some other parts of the country, the net enrolment rate dropped to 59% in 2011 and moderated to 68.7% in 2014 ( Nigeria MDG Report, 2015: 39-40; Odunyemi, 2015:35). The primary six completion rate has also witnessed a strong progress to its feet. Starting with a good performance of 73% in 1993 to 89% in 2006, dropped to 82% in 2013 then picked up to 85.5% in 2015 ( Nwanolue, 2014:8; Odunyemi, ibid; Nigerian MDG Report, ibid). On the other hand, the literacy rate of 15-24 years old has witnessed fair progress as revealed by available data. From 64.1% in 2000 to 80% in 2008; bounced to 65.6% in 2011 and stepped up to 66.7% in 2014 as against the 100% target of 2015 (NBS, 2015).

3. Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment.
This target is so important to the Nigerian government because one in every household in Nigeria is a woman and also the vital importance of women and girls in the development of a region. This importance has led to the clamor for gender equality, (Agbalajobi, 2010:75-76; Manion, 2012:229-235; Mullings, 2014; Mazibuko, 2016, Onochie, 2016). For the purpose of this paper, gender equality here is understood as giving a woman same entitlement as her male counterparts. The Gender Equality Index, Nigeria ranks 118 out of 134 countries (Ukaid Gender Report, 2012). The report espoused that women make up only 21% of the non￾agricultural paid labor force and are also politically underrepresented. Nonetheless, the situation is improving from the FMWA&SD (2014) reports, sub nationals governments in Nigeria have come up with policies to discourage gender disparity in the society. For instance, many states in the Northern part of the country has enacted laws to prohibit street begging and hawking; withdrawal of girls from school and enforcement of fundamental human rights for girls. There is also a gender equality policy implemented under the Education for All project. This enabling policies has been background upon which gender equality is been promoted. Statistics shows that there has been a progressive increase in the ratio of girls to boy in primary school. In 1995, the ratio was 86% but declined to 78% in 2000. The figure climbed to 90 % in 2012 and 94% in 2013. Similarly, ratio of girls to boys in secondary school witnessed similar turnaround from 78% in 1991 to 86% in 2005 and 91% in 2013 (FME, 2015). Share of women in wage employment has also witnessed a slight progress from 6.6% in 1990 to 7.7% in 2010 and 14% in 2012 has compared to the desired 100% target. Women involvement in politics has also witnessed changes. Statistics showed that women seats in the parliament improved from 3.1% in 2000 to 7.5 in 2008 and 5.11% in 2015 as compared to the 35% required target for 2015 (NBS, 2009; FMWA&SD, 2015). At the state level, seats occupied by women in all Nigerian states were 2.19% in 1999 and jumped to 6.97% in 2011. There was an impressive growth at the grass root level, where seats chaired by women increased from 1.21% in 1999 to 9.43% in 2007 (Nigeria MDGs Report, 2015:57-59). Clearly, from the foregoing statistics, the crusade for women empowerment appears to be making impressive progress but it is still way below the 35% target.

4. Reducing Child Mortality
MDG 4 aims to reduce the mortality of children under five years of age from 191 per 1000 in 1990 to approximately 64 per 1000 live in 2015; and infant mortality rate (IMR) from 91 deaths in 1990 to 31 deaths per 1000 people (Nwanolue, et al, 2014:10). However, the under-five mortality rate has witnessed slight progress as it has improved from 191 deaths in 1990 to 89 deaths per 1000 in 2015 as against the 63.7 deaths per 1000 target for 2015. IMR has also witnessed a similar trend, from 91 deaths per 1000 to 100 deaths per 1000 in 2004, then declined progressively to 58 in 2014 as against the 2015 30.3 deaths per 1000 target (NBS, 2014; NDHS, 2014). An appreciable progress has been met in this area even though targets were not met. There is room for greater improvement in this area given the establishment of government interventions such as the Sure-P initiative to incentivize the uptake of maternal and child health services; the Global Polo Initiative and the Immunization Strategic Plan.

5. Improve Maternal Health
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of people who die from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management excluding accidental or intended cause during pregnancy and child birth or within 42 days of the termination of pregnancy (Nigeria MDGs Report, 2015:68). WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank (2012), shows that Nigeria has the 10th highest MMR in the world, with 630 women dying per 100,000 births. USAID (2012) in providing clarity stated in their report that an estimated 40000 Nigerian women die during pregnancy and child birth each year. Another 1 million to 1.6 million people suffer from serious disabilities/ complications from pregnancy and birth related causes annually. Nevertheless, in the actualization of the MMR target in Nigeria, there has been a remarkable progress from a value of 1000 in 1990 to 243 maternal deaths per 1000, waylaying the 2015 target of 250 maternal deaths per 1000 (Nigeria MDGs Report, 2015). Additionally, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel increased from a low of 36.3% in 2004 to 58.6% in 2014. Antenatal care coverage also witnessed changes from 6% in 2004 to 68.9% in 2014 as against the 100% target (Nigeria MDGs Report, ibid).

6. Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
HIV/AIDs epidemic has become one of the complex health problems worldwide. USAID (2006) reported that 4.3 million people across the globe were affected in the year 2006. In Nigeria, statistics shows that HIV prevalence among young women aged 15-24 is on the decline. The rate of infection fell from 5.8% in 2001 to 4.1% in 2010. This however falls short of the 2015 target of 0.9% (NACA, 2011). Proportion of the population with advanced HIV infection that has access to antiretroviral drugs increased from 23.9% in 2000 to 48% in 2014 as against the 100% 2015 target. With regards to Malaria, there has been a sharp increase in the prevalence rate, despite distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets and other malaria preventives. The statistics which was 2.122.663 in 1998 increased to 5,326,573 in 2008 and 10,143,142 as against the 0 target for 2015 (NMCP, 2013). Similarly, progress has been made with tuberculosis. For instance, NTBLCP (2013) observed that there was a decrease from 343 per 100000 people to 338 per 100,000 with tuberculosis in 2013. However, a survey carried out in 2014 indicated an occurrence of about 600,000 new cases of tuberculosis with 91,354 placed on treatment (NTBLCP, 2015).

7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Nigeria commitment to ensuring environmental sustainability is enshrined in its Vision 2020, which is an integrated long term development plan for the country. Also, the Nigerian Government established a Federal Ministry of Environment in 2008, with the constitutional mandate in protecting the environment against pollution and degradation (Nigeria MDGs Report: 2015:86). But Nigeria’s natural resource like its forest keeps depleting. Between 2000 and 2010 for example, forest area shrank from 14.4% to 9.9%. The country also keeps loosing forest cover at a startling rate of 3.5% per annum equalizing to 350,000 to 400,000 hectares per year (Nigeria MDGs Repot, 2013). Similarly, access to safe water and sanitation has been a challenge to Nigeria. The country’s progress towards this area has been erratic and dawdling. The percentage of the population with access to improved drinking water source from any of the following channel like piped water, borehole, protected spring or rain water is 67% as against the 77% 2015 required target (FMWR, 2014; NBS, 2014). Even though citizens played discernible roles in providing their own boreholes, well and other sources of safe water (FMR, 2014). In all, Nigeria has more to do in the area of environmental sustainability. As noted by FAO (2010), forestry provides employment for over 2 million people particularly in the harvesting of fuel, wood and poles but due to deforestation, not more than 80000 people work in log processing industries, especially in the forest zones of the south. There is also need to scale up access to drinking water because improved drinking water, safe water and sanitation will help in reducingnumber of deaths from diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, ring worm and typhoid. All of which are symptoms of acute water shortage and grimy environment.

8. Develop Global Partnership for Development
The flow of Official Development Assistance (ODA) from developed countries to Nigeria has increased dramatically since 2004, with the heath sector as a leading recipient. The health sector so far has received about US$480,017,028 from donors as compared to other sectors (National Planning Commission, 2015). The accruement of these funds has contributed to the attainment of health related target especially Goal 4.5 and 6 (Nigeria MDG Report, 2015:96). The agricultural sector has also benefitted greatly from the ODA which it’s visible in the appreciable progress made in dealing with hunger as stipulated in Goal one. Other benefits of ODA had been used in setting up developmental programmes and initiatives such as Mid-wives Service Scheme, Universal Basic Scheme, Conditional Grant Scheme, Conditional Cash Transfer, Vocational Training Scheme, Roll back Malaria Partnership with global fund in providing insecticide treated mosquito nets and Federal Teachers Scheme (Ajiye, 2014:30). In promoting global partnership through communication, Nigeria had witnessed tremendous changes. The number of fixed telephone line dropped from 0.30 in 1990 to 0.10 in 2014 owing to the introduction of Global System Mobile (GSM) which was massively embraced from 0.00 in 1990 to 77.84% in 2014 following its easy and handy access to communication. Tele-density has rapidly grown from 0.73 in 2001 to 99.3 per every 100 persons given way for a phenomenal growth. The number of internet users, also relatively grew from 3.53 per 100 people in 2005 to 42.68 users per 100 people in 2014 due to the advantage of enabling easy socio economic activities at a relative low cost (NCC, 2014; Nigeria MDG Report, 2015:98-99). As statistics above shows, much progress was made in respect to meeting Goal 8.

NAME: OZUEM DEBORAH OGHENEKEVWE
REG NO: 2017/249572
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
EMAIL: deborah.ozuem.249572@unn.edu.ng

The MDGs

Using Nigeria as case study, I think that the Millennium Development Goals have been achieved partially (i.e. it has been achieved to an extent). This partial achievement is as a result of institutional and structural factors. Nigeria as a case study, it’s quite appalling that despite the numerous efforts of the government to curb hunger and adverse poverty, up to 70% of it’s citizens feed on less than a dollar per day. Hence there is hunger strike and widespread poverty in the land.
Based on the achievement of universal primary education, the cost is still outrageously high and quite unaffordable. Based on the reduction of child and maternal mortality, she has greatly improved but this is only in the urban areas hence the rural areas still suffer.
Based on gender equality, women are now given equal right to opportunities in the work place, employment positions e.t.c.
Hence Nigeria has got a long way to go even unto environmental development and sustainability. Therefore we can say she needs to brace up in all aspects.

Idoko Patience Uchenna
2017/241111
Education Economics
uchennapatience50@gmail.com

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.

To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality and empower women
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability[1]
To develop a global partnership for development[2]

The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.
Each goal had specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) to allow them to redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.

Name:Meteke Joy Orimusue
Reg.no:2017/242430
Department:Economics
Website: metekejoy01.blogspot.com
Email:joymetex2000@gmai.com

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs);Success and Failures
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals that UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this Declaration. Each MDG has targets set for 2015 and indicators to monitor progress from 1990 levels. Several of these relate directly to health.The MDGs was a partial success as seen in the following areas ;
MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger:The target of reducing extreme poverty rates – people living on just $1.25 a day – by half was met five years ahead of the 2015 deadline. Globally the number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015.However, target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger has narrowly been missed. The proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions has fallen from 23.3 per cent in 1990 to 12.9 per cent in 2014.
MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education:Primary school enrolment figures have shown an impressive rise, but the goal of achieving universal primary education has just been missed. The primary school enrolment rate in developing regions reached 91 per cent this year, up from 83 per cent in 2000.
MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women:About two two-thirds of developing countries achieved gender parity in primary education. Progress has been particularly strong in Southern Asia. Only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys.
MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality:The global under-five mortality rate has declined by more than half since 1990 – dropping from 90 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live births. This falls short of the targeted drop of two-thirds.In practical terms this means 16,000 children under-five continue to die every day from preventable causes. A terrible reality made worse by the fact we know what each one of these major killers are, and what can be done to thwart them.
MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health:Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has been cut nearly in half. This is an impressive result, but as well with goal 4 it falls short of the two-thirds reduction that was aimed for. There were an estimated 289,000 maternal deaths in 2013.
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases:The results with MDG 5 are mixed. The target of halting and beginning to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids has not been met – although the number of new HIV infections fell by 40% between 2000 and 2013.According to the UN, over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality rate by 58 per cent
MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainably:Between 1990 and 2015, 2.6 billion people gained access to improved drinking water, meaning the target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe water was achieved. Worldwide, 2.1 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation.
MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development:Official development assistance from wealthy countries to developing countries increased by 66 per cent in real terms between 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion.
Meanwhile, for water and undernourishment, accelerations in the majority of developing countries were outweighed by slowdowns in the rate of progress in many populous countries, which generated negative overall numbers for our estimate of incremental lives improved. For sanitation, the aggregate figures are only modestly positive.The MDGs helped to lift more than one billion people out of extreme poverty, to make inroads against hunger, to enable more girls to attend school than ever before and to protect our selves .Yet for all the remarkable gains, I am keenly aware that inequalities persist and that progress has been uneven.It’s true remarkable progress has been accomplished. Yet, around 1.5 billion people in conflict affected countries and on the extreme margins of society were unreached by the goals and unable to benefit from the tide that lifted their neighbours.

Ideba Tochukwu Emmanuel
2017/241535
Economics

The nation Nigeria, was one of the 50 richest countries in the world in the early 1970s, but has retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at threshold of the twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and at the same time harbors the third largest number of poor people after china and India. What a paradox, but that indeed is the reality today. However, the United Nations Millennium Development agenda is comprehensively addressing the core problems of under-development and primitiveness that continues to set Nigeria back since independence. In September 2000, leaders from 189 nations ratified the Millennium Declaration. The declaration was an unprecedented global commitment and one of the most significant United Nations documents in recent times. It offers a common and integrated vision on how to tackle some of the major challenges facing the world of our time. The declaration has resulted in Eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused on reducing poverty, improving the quality of peoples’ lives, ensuring environmental sustainability, and building partnerships to ensure that globalization becomes a more positive force for all the world’s people. Also specific targets and indicators have been set and put in place for each of the goals, to be achieved by 2015.

Nigeria has remain the poverty capital of the world till now, which might be as a result of poor poverty policy which have to be implemented through the government.

MDG has being a success in achieving universal primary education. It is common and easy to go to primary and secondary school this time due to the MDG support on education in Nigeria.

Fighting has not being a total success. Till now many Nigerians still suffer from malaria and till now no vaccine for malaria have be developed.

Name: Onah Hope Nnenna
Reg no : 2017/249565
Dept: Economics
Email: onahnnenna123@gmail.com
Course code : Eco 362

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

1). To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2). To achieve universal primary education
3). To promote gender equality and empower women
4) To reduce child mortality
5). To improve maternal health
6). To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7). To ensure environmental sustainability
8). To develop a global partnership for development
These eight goals were measured with 21 targets.
So from my observation, I will say that Nigeria has partly realised some millennium development goals and not all. In the case of empowering women and promoting gender equality, Nigeria has tried by making sure that in the government system, women have the right to contest for any position and partake in other things that were termed “men’s work” before.
But in the case of eradicating poverty and hunger, Nigeria is seriously lagging behind, they are not trying in that aspect because there is high rate of unemployment in Nigeria which results to poverty. And when people are poor, they won’t have that necessary means to eat good food and some can’t even see food to eat.
I will also agree that Nigeria has partly realised the millennium development goals in improving maternal care, reducing child mortality, combating HIV/ AIDS , malaria and other diseases. But has not realised the goals in ensuring environmental stability and developing a global partnership for development.
So, Nigeria has to push hard and stop the corruption system being practiced ,so she can be able to achieve all the millennium development goals like the developed countries.

ANACHUNAM DABERECHI MARYJANE
2017/241448
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
daberechi.anachunam.241448@unn.edu.ng
In my opinion, the millennium development goals have been partially achieved in Nigeria.
I think this way because only some of this goals has Nigeria been able to achieve a reasonable amount of success in them. And in the rest, they have almost fully ignored.
The ones Nigeria have achieved include
Providing universal primary education: Nigeria has been able to provide free primary education and very cheap education for tertiary education. Even though the quality of this public primary schools might be less but it helps to provide the basic that every child needs. And this has helped promote primary school education in Nigeria
Reduce child mortality: Improved and subsidized expense of health care system and free immunization has greatly helped reduced child mortality rate.
Promote gender equality and empower women: Gender equality has greatly improved as women now are greatly involved in government, they are encouraged to have careers and the system tries to empower them to take up more challenges as the day passes by.
Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases: Nigeria (both governmental and non-governmental institutions) has done a good job in sensitizing People about all this diseases, made preventive medication for HIV available and also medications to help those who already have the disease to live a normal life. For malaria lot’s of organization have also provided free nets for people who can’t afford it and lot’s of sensitisation to keep the environment neat and prevent the greater spread of malaria.

For the above Nigeria has done a great job but the same can’t be said for the remaining for development goals . Like
Ensure environmental sustainability: Nigerian environmental sustainability has instead deteriorated over the years. Some places in Rivers state and some other state are more prone to some illnesses due to the extraction of oil in their area and their means of livelihood like fishing and good drinking water taken away as this oil enters into their rivers. Bad roads, constant use of generators instead of electricity that leads to the increased emission of carbon(iv)oxide and the constant terrorism attacks doesn’t help in making the social environment sustainable.
Develop a global partnership for development: Nigeria isn’t doing well with this as we keep borrowing and not paying back our debts, it creates a negative relationship with the rest of the world.
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: This is probably one of Nigeria’s greatest failure, the rate of poverty and unemployment increases as the day goes by yet basic commodities needed for survival keep getting expensive and this has led to extreme hunger in alot of homes and it’s worst because Nigeria has enough resources that could easily solve this problem but for some unexplainable reason, things keep getting bad.

In summary, Nigeria may have made some efforts over the years in achieving this goals but their efforts are just partial considering the fact that’s there is still so much to be done and the ones left undone could arguably be even more important.

NAME : MMADU JOY UKAMAKA

REG NO : 2017/249528

DEPARTMENT : ECONOMICS

EMAIL : joymmadu5@gmail.com

NIGERIAN’S EFFORTS TOWARDS ACHIEVING ThE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND TARGET FOR 2015.

In Nigeria, the problem of poverty has, for a fairly long time, been a cause of concern to the government . As a result, the government’s efforts at combating the menace actually started immediately after the attainment of independence in 1960. The initial attention was focused on rural development and country planning as a practical mean of dealing with the problem. The failure to adequately implement these programs can be seen as the precursor to most of the present causes of poverty in Nigeria. The past attempts to alleviate poverty in Nigeria, which dismally failed, can be grouped into two distinct time frames or eras: pre-SAP and SAP/post-SAP. The anti-poverty initiatives of the pre-SAP era were essentially ad hoc. The measures focused more on growth, basic needs, and rural development approaches. During the same era, the government sought to fight poverty through certain institutional mechanisms, such as Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), Free and Compulsory Primary Education (FCPE), Green Revolution, Low Cost Housing, River Basin Development Authorities (RBDA), National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA), Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP), Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), Strategic Grains Reserves Program (SGRP), Rural Electrification Scheme (RES), and Rural Banking Programme (RBP) . As reported by Garba (2006), the pre-SAP programs were mostly designed to take care of objectives, such as employment generation, enhancing agricultural output and income, and stemming the rural-urban migration tide, which greatly contributed to rising poverty levels. While the Green Revolution and OFN were geared towards improved agricultural productivity.These antipoverty measures notwithstanding poverty have consistently been on the increase in Nigeria, showing the ineffectiveness of the strategies and programs. The failure of these measures has been attributed to lack of targeting mechanisms for the poor; political and policy instability; inadequate coordination of various programmes; several budgetary, management, and governance problems; lack of accountability and transparency; and lack of mechanisms for the sustainability of the programs.
Education in Nigeria as has been adopted as instrument par excellence for economic growth and national development. That is why the national policy on education in Nigeria was emphatic that education is no longer a private enterprise but a huge government venture that has witnessed a progressive evolution of government complete and dynamic intervention, and active participation.The UBE programme is an education policy formulated to represent Nigeria government strategy for achieving Education for All (EFA) accord.
The objectives of UBE as contained in the UBE Act 2004 are to:
(1) Develop in the entire citizenry a strong consciousness for education and a strong commitment to its vigorous promotion
(2) Provide free, universal basic education for every Nigerian child of school going age;
(3) Reduce drastically the incidence of drop-out from the formal school system (through improved relevance, quality and efficiency);
(4) Cater for the learning needs of young persons, who for one reason or another, have had to interrupt their schooling, through appropriate forms of complementary approaches to the provision andpromotion of basic education;
(5) Ensure the acquisition of appropriate level of literacy, numeracy, manipulative, communicative and life skills as well as the ethical, moral and civic values needed for laying solid foundation for life-long learning.
Maternity care in Nigeria is divided into three stages namely primary,secondary and tertiary care levels. Primary healthcare centres are established in all the 774 local government areas of Nigeria. It is expected that pregnant women should receive antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care in the primary health centres closest to them. In case of
pregnancy difficulties they are referred to secondary care centres, under the
management of state government, or tertiary centres, managed by the federal government.
In spite of resolution and adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), an effort by the United Nations enacted at the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) timeline in 2015. Part of its major task is the improvement of the health of pregnant and nursing mothers (maternal health) and reducing maternal and child death by 2030 [5 ]. Despite this global
commitment, the loss of women’s lives resulting from complications during pregnancy has been on the increase in most sub-Saharan African countries. In Nigeria for instance, maternal mortality accounts for 59,000 deaths of women annually. Arguably, Nigerian women are 500 times more probable to lose their lives in childbirth when compared to most advanced nations of the world.
In looking to achieve the Millennium goal on women’s development, the Nigerian government initiated the Women’s Fund for Economic Empowerment and Business Development for women entrepreneurs, while “second chance” was meant to re-introduce dropped out women due to pregnancy back to school. At the Sixty- fourth General Assembly it was reported that “the number of senior female civil servants was judged to be 22.5 per cent, while judicial appointment across the 36 States constituted about 30 per cent. A national action plan on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Nigeria was deposited with the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva in July 2009. A chapter was devoted to the rights of women and children. A National Policy on Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions had also been put in place. Free medical treatment was provided for victims of domestic and sexual violence at temporary shelters that were being established nationwide. Nigeria was also working to improve the education of girls by recruiting more female teachers, creating skill acquisition programmes for girls and women, and providing textbooks at subsidized rates, among other measures. Judges and magistrates were continuously being trained on gender and women’s rights. Health system facilities were being scaled up.
In area of combating HIV/AIDS, the country has seen more citizens placed on life saving medication of active antiretroviral therapy (AART) to increase the survival of such HIV seropositive individuals (Nigeria National Agency for the Control of AIDS, 2012). Nigeria has tried to combat the stigma of HIV already. In 2015, it enacted a law prohibiting discrimination or attacks against those with HIV and AIDS, with penalties of imprisonment or stiff fines.
And also tried in creating awareness or giving orientation to her citizens on how this virus can be contracted and also educating them on the preventive measures.

An Appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals.

Nigeria, policies are quickly made by every successive government, often without any thought of continuity of previous ones. This leads to non-execution or neglect of many laudable policies that could have ensured the manifestation of concrete development around the country. It takes little or nothing for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors that are man-made and perpetuated by Nigerians. These factors frustrate policy implementation in Nigeria and consequently affect the development of the country negatively. The question here is what are these negative factors that inhibit effective policy implementation in Nigeria? It is necessary to identify these factors because their elimination will go a long way to help Nigeria attain huge developmental strides including achieving the MDGs which themselves are core developmental goals necessary for the progress of any society or nation, especially in this millennium of globalized economy and governance.
Eneanya (2010), states that there are two concepts in policy analysis such concepts as policy statements and policy outputs, especially in this clime where we often celebrate the statements of our governments. But the truth is that there is always a world of difference between intentions and actual outcomes . This statement points to the fact that there is a gap between policy statements and policy implementation in Nigeria. It takes a lot to transform policy statements into policy outputs and subsequent governments in Nigeria have failed to effectively move to the output level due to lack of political will of the leadership, corruption, ethnicity, political instability, slow public service structures etc. The argument here is that the inability or partial ability to translate policy statements into policy outputs is simply a failure in policy implementation and this is one of the major reasons for sluggish development in most developing nations, including Nigeria.
The recent call for implementation of Beijing Declaration by Lagos women clearly shows the level of non-implementation of policies in Nigeria. Adebayo (2010), observes that governments at all levels in the Federation have failed to implement the 15-year old document called the Beijing Declaration on women rights . Imagine this happening in a country that is pursuing the MDGs. This action directly undermines Nigeria s efforts towards attaining the third goal of the MDGs which aims at promoting gender equality and empowering women. The 1995 Declaration is aimed at ensuring that every country put in place legislation and policies that preserve the rights of women and children. Obi (2010), also highlights Nigeria s policy implementation problem in the following words, the recent declaration by the federal government to create a database of unemployed persons is a good idea. The trouble, however, is that Nigerians have heard it several times before, and it has never seemed to be able to transform itself into significant reduction in unemployment and underemployment . This contradicts Nigerian s efforts towards achieving the goal number
one of the MDGs which aims at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.
Any act or policy by a nation that does not help to reduce unemployment rate is equally not helping in poverty reduction, let alone poverty eradication. There can be no doubt that the establishment of a comprehensive database of the unemployed is one of the first concrete steps towards tackling the monster of joblessness and its associated problems such as youth restiveness, crime, violence, terrorism, poverty etc. As experience in other parts of the world such as United States of America, Germany, Britain, Canada and Japan has shown, such databases offer government an invaluable overview of the precise dimensions of unemployment: age ranges, qualifications, location etc, which help to make
other important demographics become apparent (Macleans, 2010).

AYOGU UCHECHI EUPHEMIA
EDUCATION ECONOMICS
2017/244738

Nigeria, like most sub-Saharan African nations, has failed to meet fully any of the targets due to a multiplicity of health systems related, political and systemic challenges.

The claims some persons might have is that Nigeria met some of the MDGs and this need to be fully supported and validated. Without epidemiological data to the contrary, it is difficult to believe that such milestones have been reached. It is questionable as to whether infant deaths have reduced in Nigeria and if there has been a significant change in malarial induced mortality and morbidity. It seems that maternal death rates have not significantly changed. With the Federal Government yet to pay teachers’ salaries, whether schools have higher enrolment is a moot point. With the regular healthcare workers’ strikes, attempts to reduce national mortality rates have been severely hampered.

From the current national health outcome reports, it will be adisservicecee to Nigeria and Nigerians for any one – government or international organizations to claim that any of the eight MDG targets were met in Nigeria to date. To be politically correct, one can tell the world that the exact situation is unknown currently in Nigeria.

One day we hope that a better Nigeria will be seen even though it begins with us.

OGUMBA JOY CHIDINMA
2017/242028
EDUCATION ECONOMICS
williamsjoy77@gmail.com
exclusivejoy1.blogspot.com

Nigeria has not achieved much. What we are seeing now that is if we are seeing anything is nothing compared to what we could have achieved if proper measures, integrity and consistency are upheld at all levels rather than following the MDGs with greed, bureaucracy, nepotism and the host of other likes.

World leaders adopted the UN Millennium Declaration in 2000, which committed the nations of the world to a new global partnership, aimed at reducing extreme poverty and other time-bound targets, with a stated deadline of 2015. Fifteen years later, although significant progress has been made worldwide, Nigeria is lagging for a variety of reasons, including bureaucracy, poor resource management in the healthcare system, sequential healthcare worker industrial action, Boko Haram insurgency in the north of Nigeria and kidnappings in the south of Nigeria. The country needs to tackle these problems to be able to significantly advance with the new sustainable development goals (SDGs) by the 2030 target date.

The Nigerian Government and citizen needs to come together in unity and put in more effort as this can be achieved collectively than on a personal note.

The Policies should be made and implementations should be carried out with immediate effect.

NAME: OKOLI MARYANN AMAUCHE
REG NO: 2017/243272
DEPT: ECONOMICS EDUCATION

THE APPRAISAL OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

MDG 1: Reduce child mortality
Nigeria’s efforts aimed at reducing avoidable child deaths have been met with gradual and sustained progress. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has improved remarkably from 191 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 89 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 as the end-point status. Considering the end-point status of U5MR, Nigeria falls short of the 2015 target of 64 deaths per 1000 live births by 28 %.
In 1990 (as the baseline), the infant mortality rate (IMR) was estimated at 91 deaths per 1000 live births. This, however, decreased to 75 deaths per 1000 live births in 2008 and to 61 deaths per 1000 live births in 2012. Although the end-point figure which stood at 58 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 reflects progress, it is still short of the 2015 target of 30 deaths per 1000 live births.
The immunization effort against measles has been relatively effective. It has resulted in significant reductions in case burden as a result of the scale up of the administration of measles vaccination to children 9 months and older through routine immunization services led by the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA). The proportion of one-year-old children immunised against measles increased from 46% in 1990 to 61.3% in 2012 and subsequently to 63.0% in 2014. Nigeria has also recorded strong progress in the effort to eradicate polio and recently celebrated one year without polio from July 2014 to July 2015.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 1: Strong progress but goal not met.

MDG 2: Improve maternal health
The drive to make progress on this goal has seen improvements in maternal health. With a baseline figure of 1000 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) consistently decreased over the years to 545 in 2008. The downward trend continued to 350 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 and subsequently to its end-point status of 243 per 100,000 live births in 2014.
Many policy drivers made the progress possible; one being the Midwives Service Scheme while the other was the collaborative efforts made between donors and the Federal Ministry of Health and its parastatals. In the meantime, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel improved appreciably from a baseline figure of 45% in 1990 to the end-point status of 58.6% in 2014 with the conviction that the national figure would have been better had it not been for the wide disparities across states with lower records. The success recorded is attributed to effective implementation of the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS).
In the case of antenatal coverage, significant progress was also recorded. Antenatal coverage of at least one visit recorded an end-point status of 68.9% in 2014, and for at least four visits, the end-point status was 60.6% in 2014. The successes imply the need for a scale-up of the policy interventions.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 2: Maternal mortality target met, and strong progress made on other indicators.

MDG 3: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases
The prevalence of HIV among pregnant young women aged 15–24 years has steadily declined from 5.4% in 2000 to 4.1% in 2010 (end-point status). The decline resulted from the implementation of tested high impact interventions implying the need for consistent implementation of such high impact interventions in the sector.
With respect to the incidence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people, the efforts have not produced appreciable results. In the past 7 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 343.00 in 2005 and 339.00 in 2012. The end-point status of the incidence of tuberculosis in Nigeria was 338 as of 2013. This latest figure is still unacceptable and calls for renewed efforts, more resources and interventions in order to drastically reduce the prevalence of tuberculosis.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 3: Appreciable progress in combating HIV and AIDS, but weak progress in other diseases. Goal not met.

MDG 4: Ensure environmental sustainability
Nigeria has made appreciable progress in improving households’ access to safe drinking water with an end-point status in 2015 at 67.0% access. The country is also deemed to have done well on this indicator from the statistics of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) indicating the recorded end-point status of 69% in 2015. This compares well with the baseline figure of 40% in 1990. However, there are wide disparities in access to safe drinking water across states, with those in the south having higher access than those in the north.
Nevertheless, in Nigeria as a whole, there is a good policy environment for the provision of safe drinking water with the Conditional Grant Scheme (CGS) being a major policy driver of the intervention in all parts of the country and mostly in the rural areas. Again, the Federal Ministry of Water Resources and its parastatals, as well as the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, along with many donors have played prominent roles in the provision of safe drinking water to Nigerians. Given the existence of many policy drivers targeting both the urban and rural areas for improved access to safe drinking water, as well as the scaling up of interventions, it is only a matter of time for safe drinking water to be available to a large majority of Nigerians.
The success recorded in the provision of safe drinking water has, however, not been witnessed with respect to the proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities. The end- point status of only 41% using improved sanitation facilities in 2014 is not encouraging and in fact, suggests weak progress in this indicator. The JMP estimate is even worse here, as it recoded 29% for this indicator in 2015.
The percentage of the urban population living in slums has been on the decline since 1990. From a baseline figure of 77.3% in 1990, it declined to an end-point status of 50.2% in 2014. Although this implies strong progress, the number of persons living in slums is still very alarming and also considering that the number of slum dwellers has been on the rise owing to increasing housing deficits of 16-18 million units against the reality of growing number of cities with populations of one million and over.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 4: Strong progress in the provision of safe drinking water but weak progress in other indicators. Goal not met.

MDG 5: Achieve universal primary education
The net enrolment in basic education (as domesticated in Nigeria to mean six years of primary schooling and three years of junior secondary education) has had a fluctuating history of an upward trend to the mid-point assessment year. This positive trend was however halted in later years as a result of the disruptions brought about by the Boko Haram insurgency. The insurgency led to the destruction of many schools with the school children constituting a large size of the internally displaced population. Consequently, the net enrolment of 60% in 1995 declined to the end-point net enrollment of 54% in 2013. There is, however, a good policy environment provided by the Federal Ministry of Education and its parastatals which will aid significant growth in net enrollment once the Boko Haram phenomenon is effectively checked.
With respect to primary six completion rate, the trend and end-point status show strong and significant progress. Nigeria remained largely on track towards achieving this indicator. The completion rate which stood at 73% in 1993 trended upwards in most of the subsequent years culminating in 82% at the end-point year. The policy environment is good and supportive of consolidation of the achievements. There are however variations across states which need to be addressed in efforts to consolidate the achievements.
The literacy rate trended marginally upwards in most of the years from 64% in 2000 to 66.7% in 2014. The significant rate of 80.0% achieved in 2008 could not be sustained. There were marked variations across states and between the north and the south. With respect to variations across geo-political zones, the North-east recorded the highest rate of illiteracy with the insurgency compounding the problem. However, the policy environment at both the national and sub- national levels is very supportive especially with active and growing collaboration between Nigeria and international development partners.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 5: Appreciable progress but goal not met.

MDG 6: Promote gender equality and empower women.
The pursuit of gender parity in basic education in Nigeria has witnessed strong progress when seen against the prevailing patriarchal culture and practices in most parts of the country. There has been a steady increase in the ratio of girls to boys in basic education in Nigeria with the end-point status of 94% in 2013 being a significant achievement compared to the 82% achieved in 1991. The statistics from both the World Bank and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) corroborate the high gender parity index recorded by Nigeria. The success at the basic education level has not been replicated at the tertiary level where there is weak progress even though the policy environment has been supportive at every level of the educational pipeline.
Similarly, Nigeria has not done well in the area of proportion of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector with an end-point status of 7.7% in 2010 (the most recent data). However, in terms of women’s contribution to the total labour force in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, the proportion has considerably increased to a record 37.7% in 2014. The ILO statistics corroborates this with a 48.1% increase in 2011.
As regards the proportion of seats held by women in the National Parliament, Nigeria has done badly, with an end-point status of 5.11% in 2015 against the expected target of 35%. The prevailing patriarchal culture and practices remain a major factor against women’s access to elective positions. This is however not the case with women in appointive positions as over 30.0% of women got appointed to higher level political decision making positions in recent years.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 6: Strong progress made in gender parity but weak progress in women empowerment. Goal not met.

MDG 7: Develop a global partnership for Development
Nigeria has performed better on this goal as compared to the others. There has been a rising trend in per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) with potential impact felt in infrastructure and human development. The appreciable decline in debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is attributed to the debt relief granted in 2005. The socio-economic benefits associated with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has seen to appreciable growth in the industry. The growth in the number of cellular phone subscribers and the tele-density per 100 people standing at 77.8 and 99.3, respectively, in 2014 signifies wide coverage. Conversely, the growth in the number of internet users per 100 people, standing at 42.68 in 2014 implies that there is need to step up interventions in this sector.
Overall conclusion on Goal 7: Goal met.

MDG 8: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
Nigeria made notable progress in this goal and particularly in the fight against hunger, but generally missed meeting the targets of most of the indicators.
The strong progress under this goal can be seen in the persistent reduction in poverty prevalence in recent years. Although poverty prevalence fluctuated, it declined from 65.6% in 1996 to 45.5% in 2010; short of target (21.4%) by 24.1%. However, the World Bank’s most recent estimates of poverty incidences in Nigeria indicate it at the lower of 33.1% in 2012/2013; a figure much closer to the target. One major challenge to effective poverty reduction in the country is the very limited reduction effect of economic growth. Thus, whereas the country recorded largely impressive growth rates in the 2000s decade and in more recent times, this was not entirely inclusive and neither did it reduce poverty or even generate employment.
In one particular area of strength, Nigeria was able to reduce hunger by 66% in 2012 (three years in advance) and this earned her international recognition in 2013 from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). However, while Nigeria is very close to meeting the hunger target owing to the transformative interventions in the nation’s agricultural sector, there are still high level disparities across the geo- political zones, states and between the urban and rural areas. Thus, the prevalence of hunger is much higher in the Northern states and more endemic in rural than in urban areas.
A number of key institutional and policy drivers can be said to have been responsible for the appreciable progress made on Goal 1; notably, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMARD), the office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Millennium Development Goals (OSSAP- MDGs), Development Partners, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)-among others, but currently we can see that Nigeria is losing these achievements.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 8: Strong progress made but goal not met.

Ugwu Kingsley ugochukwu
2017/249585

In Nigeria, policies are quickly made by every successive government, often without any thought of continuity of previous ones. This leads to non-execution or neglect of many laudable policies that could have ensured the manifestation of concrete development around the country. It takes little or nothing for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors that are man-made and perpetuated by Nigerians. These factors frustrate policy implementation in Nigeria and consequently affect the development of the country negatively. The question here is what are these negative factors that inhibit effective policy implementation in Nigeria? It is necessary to identify these factors because their elimination will go a long way to help Nigeria attain huge developmental strides including achieving the MDGs which themselves are core developmental goals necessary for the progress of any society or nation, especially in this millennium of globalized economy and governance.
Eneanya (2010), states that there are two concepts in policy analysis such concepts as policy statements and policy outputs, especially in this clime where we often celebrate the statements of our governments. But the truth is that there is always a world of difference between intentions and actual outcomes . This statement points to the fact that there is a gap between policy statements and policy implementation in Nigeria. It takes a lot to transform policy statements into policy outputs and subsequent governments in Nigeria have failed to effectively move to the output level due to lack of political will of the leadership, corruption, ethnicity, political instability, slow public service structures etc. The argument here is that the inability or partial ability to translate policy statements into policy outputs is simply a failure in policy implementation and this is one of the major reasons for sluggish development in most developing nations, including Nigeria.
The recent call for implementation of Beijing Declaration by Lagos women clearly shows the level of non-implementation of policies in Nigeria. Adebayo (2010), observes that governments at all levels in the Federation have failed to implement the 15-year old document called the Beijing Declaration on women rights . Imagine this happening in a country that is pursuing the MDGs. This action directly undermines Nigeria s efforts towards attaining the third goal of the MDGs which aims at promoting gender equality and empowering women. The 1995 Declaration is aimed at ensuring that every country put in place legislation and policies that preserve the rights of women and children. Obi (2010), also highlights Nigeria s policy implementation problem in the following words, the recent declaration by the federal government to create a database of unemployed persons is a good idea. The trouble, however, is that Nigerians have heard it several times before, and it has never seemed to be able to transform itself into significant reduction in unemployment and underemployment . This contradicts Nigerian s efforts towards achieving the goal number
one of the MDGs which aims at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.
Any act or policy by a nation that does not help to reduce unemployment rate is equally not helping in poverty reduction, let alone poverty eradication. There can be no doubt that the establishment of a comprehensive database of the unemployed is one of the first concrete steps towards tackling the monster of joblessness and its associated problems such as youth restiveness, crime, violence, terrorism, poverty etc. As experience in other parts of the world such as United States of America, Germany, Britain, Canada and Japan has shown, such databases offer government an invaluable overview of the precise dimensions of unemployment: age ranges, qualifications, location etc, which help to make
other important demographics become apparent (Macleans, 2010).
A journey to Singapore may be instructive at this juncture. Singapore within ten years came out of doldrums to emerge as one of the fastest growing and solid economies of the world. The success story of Singapore came through because a visionary leader came with the policy of rule of law which the government implemented strictly in all its affairs. If Singapore that is not richly populated like Nigeria and has little natural resources, and not as large as Nigeria, could achieve this in a matter of a decade, then Nigeria, giving her endowments, can became a first world country within a space of five years if we all say no to corruption and our leaders ensure adherence to rule of law and prompt policy implementation at all levels of governance. This is imperative if the MDGs are to be met on time.
Some failed policies (Development Plans) in Nigeria
The failure of policy implementation is vivid when one considers some of the development plans of past governments in Nigeria. Past experiences at policy making in Nigeria were incorporated in a series of development plans. Although Nigeria made initial efforts at development planning during the colonial era in 1946 and between 1955 and 1960, the 1962 1968 plan is regarded as its first comprehensive plan for purposes of policy formulation. Subsequent Development Plans were 5-yearly plans for the periods 1970-74, 1975-79 and 1980-84 (Onyi, 1985). Most of these development plans which were expected to roll over the years were interrupted, manipulated or abandoned leading to non implementation or partial implementation. This contributed to the poor state of infrastructural development in Nigeria today.
With the inception of democratic rule in May, 1999, a number of policy documents such as National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) and the State equivalent, State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS), and the Seven Point Agenda etc, were initiated. Okongwo (2009), states that while NEEDS is struggling to position itself towards attaining certain goals through supporting small and medium scale enterprises across the country, some of its state counterparts (SEEDS) are merely existing on paper . Between 2009 and now, the Nigerian government s development agenda are basically encapsulated in the Vision 20:2020 (Usman, 2010). This document articulates policies and programmes for the development of the Nigerian economy with the hopeful view that Nigeria emerges as one of the twenty biggest world economies by 2020.
In a calculated appraisal of these documents, one will notice duplication of policies, programmes, and strategies resulting in limited success in effective implementation. Institutions such as Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), Nigerian Sports Commission (NSC) and Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) etc, were established to pursue certain government policies that will help to provide the enabling environment for speedy socio-economic development in Nigeria. However, many Nigerians believe that these commissions are not carrying out their functions appreciably and therefore contributing to policy failure because the purpose for which they were established are not being met. Njoku (2011), stresses that several institutions have been created to foster policy implementation but with limited achievements in terms of concrete results. These institutions have been working at across purposes with considerable duplication of efforts and attendant waste of resources.
Some Impediments to Effective Policy Implementation in Nigeria: The MDGs in Focus
1. Corruption/Criminality In Nigeria, corruption has been so institutionalized that many Nigerians have come to see corruption as a way of life (Iheriohanma, 2009). This is with the effect that corruption has grown deep into the fabric of our nation s socio-economic and political strata. The issue of policy implementation is not left out as corruption affects it negatively. Many Nigerians do things under the influence of greed and selfishness and not for the collective interest of all Nigerians. Njoku (2011), opines that Nigerians generally lack the necessary sense of patriotism and discipline required for effective and successful policy implementation . The MDGs cannot be actualized under this condition because it requires selfless commitment by individuals, groups and institutions (the government and private sector) etc, to be
realized.
2. Bad Leadership/Poor Governance Achebe (2001), states that the trouble with Nigerian is simply and squarely a failure of leadership . The Nigerian problem is the unwillingness or inability of its leaders to rise to the responsibility of the challenge of personal example which are the hallmark of true leadership . Any good government will ensure among other things, the implementation of its policies in order to succeed. Bad leadership in Nigeria, affects policy implementation negatively because of the lack of political will to implement policies according to plan for reasons that may be more political than social or economic. This in turn affects Nigeria s pursuit of the MDG s because its actualization requires firm commitment to the implementation of certain policies by people in government.
3. Political Instability Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has been under many governments, from Military to Civilian and this has not helped matters in the realm of policy implementation. The frequent change of government mitigates policy implementation because of apathy and distrust between governments. It is important to state here that the Nigerian military that was in power for more years than the civilians is not trained for governance and does not apply or conform to rule of law. They believe in the use of decrees, force and aggression and many of their policies were undemocratic. For the MDGs to be actualized in Nigeria, stable socio-political atmosphere must be sustained up to 2015 and afterwards, because it is in that condition that policies can be effectively implemented.
4. Ethnicity/Nepotism Nigeria is a country with many citizens that are ethnocentric in perception and behaviour. Nigeria is a creation of British government for its own selfish economic interest and the seed of ethnicity was planted as the colonial masters sought after this interest. The problem of tribalism and ethnic distrust has been a source of obstacle to effective implementation of policies in Nigeria. Public office holders block the implementation of policies they envisage as not beneficial to their people or part of the country. By so doing interfere with the purposes for which these policies were made in the first place. Projects are abandoned or relocated to places that are not viable for their purpose and sustenance. The MDGs are goals that should be pursued without interruptions or manipulations of projects aimed at their actualization.

Okoye Kingsley Chigozie
Economics
2017/249561
Okoyekingsley93@gmail.com

Below are major prescriptions of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability
To develop a global partnership for development.

In sum, using Nigeria as a case study.
Starting with poverty eradication, Nigeria is falling into the pit of abject poverty. The price of goods continue to skyrocket because of low productivity and supplies in the economy. The real wage continue to fall because of low norminal wage and high price level in the economy. People barely eat twice a day, so the area of eradication of poverty Nigeria have not achieve any progress rather the citizens continue to face economic quagmire of poverty in higher levels.

Secondly, in the side of achieving universal primary education. To an extent Nigeria has done Justice to that to an extent, government provide free education for Nigeria student in primary levels. And this has advance the educational level of citizens in the country to a high extent.

Thirdly, in the area of promoting gender equality, Nigeria has partially achieve success but not in totality. Both gender can contest for any political position, and there’s no segregation in social matter between the both gender.

Furthermore, speaking about child mortality reduction, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other disease: Nigeria has achieve low success in the sense that government builds hospitals to advance the health of citizens and with the hospital bill subsidized. But the problem lies in the fact that their hospital are not well facilitated and the environmental condition is not conducive for patience in the hospital.

Also, concerning environmental sustainability: We can’t even feed ourselves well talk more of looking into our environmental hazardous start.

Lastly, in the target of achieving a global partnership for development. Nigeria has achieve partial success in the sense that they maintains their relationship with international organizations with aim of promoting development and world Peace, especially in West Africa.

Therefore, my overall view remains that Nigeria has not achieve all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) likewise Nigeria is not a total failure in subject.

OKONKWO CHIDINMA ALISA
2017/243086
ECONOMICS
300 LEVEL

ANSWER
Ok. From my point of view, I feel that Nigeria has really gone a long way in trying to meet up with these goals but she still needs to do more. Now from the first goal which is to reduce extreme poverty and hunger, I’d say Nigeria has tried in that aspect because even in Lagos for example, the public schools there (using the one in my vicinity though) have started the free lunch for school children programme and it’s been going on well because some kids that didn’t have the access to this before can now at least have something to eat while they are in break in school. Asides that the issue of improving gender equality and empowering women, we can see that women are now being brought in the society for more participation in social, economic, political matters. Women are now being educated and some even help in the breadwinning of their families. There are also some other areas which she has tried as well like improving maternal health.
Ok that aside, we can now see that Nigeria has actually gone a long way in trying to achieve these goals. But (there’s actually an issue), Nigeria hasn’t improved on these areas though she has started, she still needs to improve. And my reason which is the most common and evident, for this issue is the factor of poor implementation of policies or targets as well as political instability. These two factors have impeded Nigeria from achieving these goals.
I feel that if we as a country are able to come together and one by one start something on these targets, we could also achieve these goals together with the government.

Below are major prescriptions of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):

1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To promote gender equality.
4. To reduce child mortality.
5. To improve maternal health.
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development.

In sum, using Nigeria as a case study.
Starting with poverty eradication, Nigeria is falling into the pit of abject poverty. The price of goods continue to skyrocket because of low productivity and supplies in the economy. The real wage continue to fall because of low norminal wage and high price level in the economy. People barely eat twice a day, so the area of eradication of poverty Nigeria have not achieve any progress rather the citizens continue to face economic quagmire of poverty in higher levels.

Secondly, in the side of achieving universal primary education. To an extent Nigeria has done Justice to that to an extent, government provide free education for Nigeria student in primary levels. And this has advance the educational level of citizens in the country to a high extent.

Thirdly, in the area of promoting gender equality, Nigeria has partially achieve success but not in totality. Both gender can contest for any political position, and there’s no segregation in social matter between the both gender.

Furthermore, speaking about child mortality reduction, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other disease: Nigeria has achieve low success in the sense that government builds hospitals to advance the health of citizens and with the hospital bill subsidized. But the problem lies in the fact that their hospital are not well facilitated and the environmental condition is not conducive for patience in the hospital.

Also, concerning environmental sustainability: We can’t even feed ourselves well talk more of looking into our environmental hazardous start.

Lastly, in the target of achieving a global partnership for development. Nigeria has achieve partial success in the sense that they maintains their relationship with international organizations with aim of promoting development and world Peace, especially in West Africa.

Therefore, my overall view remains that Nigeria has not achieve all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) likewise Nigeria is not a total failure in subject.

Name: Nnadi Chinwe Monica
Reg. No. : 2017/241532
Dept.: Education Economics
Email: chinwe.nnadi.241532@unn.edu.ng
Blogspot: chiebest.blogspot.com
Appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals:

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals with measurable targets and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the world’s poorest people by eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, To promote gender equality, To reduce child mortality. In Nigeria the MDGs has been partially realized when we talk about:

Universal Primary Education (UBA): This policy has has been implemented but not fully realized since there are still more children who are yet to be educated for instance the northerner still have high rate of uneducated children within the school going age.

Extreme poverty and hunger: It is easy for policies to be made in Nigeria but to implement policies is a whole different issue undermined by some factors such as unstable political system, poor policy implementation and many others and the effects of this is under-development which has caused poverty and hunger.

Gender Equality: In Nigeria, woman are allowed to participate in politics and decision making in the nation unlike before when women are just meant to be the cake-giver at home. A good example of women who are not just care-giver but also decision makers nationally and internationally is Dr Ngozi Okonjo Iweala and others.

Child Mortality: Many health centers has been established but not working perfectly as they’re not well equipped but it is functioning and has been able to go a long way to control child mortality as they most of them give free anti-nantal, vaccines for polio, yellow fever, chicken pox and also small pox and this has controlled child mortality.

Environmental Sustainability: There are no much good drinking water not because it can not be achieved but because the implementation of the policy concerning it has been scrapped off from the ruling government.

Name: NNANYELUGO CHIDERA MICHAEL
Reg no: 2017/245023
Dept: ECONOMICS
The millennium Development Goals (Nigeria as case study)
Introduction
On my own understanding, I think is partially realize with the following reasons:
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. These were based on the OECD DAC International Development Goals agreed by Development Ministers in the “Shaping the 21st Century Strategy”. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded the MDGs in 2016.
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least 22 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
To achieve universal primary education
To promote gender equality and empower women
To reduce child mortality
To improve maternal health
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
To ensure environmental sustainability[1]
To develop a global partnership for development.
Using Nigeria as a case study,
The successful negotiation of debt relief from the Paris Club in 2005 signalled the beginning of an era of concerted efforts aimed at achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. Since then the country has substantially invested the Debt Relief Gains (DRGs), as well as sectoral budgetary allocations, in MDGs-related interventions at both federal and state levels. Many good practices such as the Conditional Grants Scheme (CGS), and Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), mainstreaming the MDGs into Vision 2020, and preparing an MDG acceleration priority action plan for maternal health have since been institutionalized. A final stock take of the MDGs implementation reveals that although many challenges remain, Nigeria has made significant progress in reducing under-five mortality rate, getting more children immunized and is on the path to eradicating polio. It has also improved the proportion of births attended to by skilled health personnel and ante-natal coverage. The net enrolment rates in primary and secondary schools which had registered commendable progress in the past have however, been halted by the menace of insurgency in the North-east geo-political zone. Per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Nigeria has trended upwards over the years with sectoral allocation to key sectors, such as health, exhibiting an upward trend. In the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), evidence reveals that Nigeria has recorded tremendous success with cellular phone subscribers and internet users rising astronomically over the past decade. The country is however, still faced with critical challenges in tackling poverty, hunger and malnutrition; achieving gender parity in education, wage employment and political leadership; reducing maternal deaths; and improving access to sanitation and ensuring environmental sustainability. In nutshell, Nigeria has a mixed bag of performance records. Going forward, there will be need to consolidate the gains made and address the outstanding challenges in the areas where little progress has been made or the country is off track in reaching the goals targets. A renewed sense of commitment both from the Government and international development partners, is required if Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are to serve as the veritable platform for improving some of the worrisome aspects of Nigeria’s human development indicators. While committing to our renewed partnership, we present to you this Nigeria MDGs End-point Report trusting that it will spur all stakeholders into action in the post-2015 era.

UWAEZUOKE STEPHEN CHINONSO
2017/242432
ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT

MDG 1: Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
Nigeria made notable progress in this goal and particularly in the fight against hunger, but generally missed meeting the targets of most of the indicators.
The strong progress under this goal can be seen in the persistent reduction in poverty prevalence in recent years. Although poverty prevalence fluctuated, it declined from 65.6% in 1996 to 45.5% in 2010; short of target (21.4%) by 24.1%. However, the World Bank’s most recent estimates of poverty incidences in Nigeria indicate it at the lower of 33.1% in 2012/2013; a figure much closer to the target. One major challenge to effective poverty reduction in the country is the very limited reduction effect of economic growth. Thus, whereas the country recorded largely impressive growth rates in the 2000s decade and in more recent times, this was not entirely inclusive and neither did it reduce poverty or even generate employment.
In one particular area of strength, Nigeria was able to reduce hunger by 66% in 2012 (three years in advance) and this earned her international recognition in 2013 from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). However, while Nigeria is very close to meeting the hunger target owing to the transformative interventions in the nation’s agricultural sector, there are still high level disparities across the geo- political zones, states and between the urban and rural areas. Thus, the prevalence of hunger is much higher in the Northern states and more endemic in rural than in urban areas.
A number of key institutional and policy drivers can be said to have been responsible for the appreciable progress made on Goal 1; notably, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMARD), the office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President on Millennium Development Goals (OSSAP- MDGs), Development Partners, the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)-among others, but currently we can see that Nigeria is losing these achievements.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 1: Strong progress made but goal not met.

MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
The net enrolment in basic education (as domesticated in Nigeria to mean six years of primary schooling and three years of junior secondary education) has had a fluctuating history of an upward trend to the mid-point assessment year. This positive trend was however halted in later years as a result of the disruptions brought about by the Boko Haram insurgency. The insurgency led to the destruction of many schools with the school children constituting a large size of the internally displaced population. Consequently, the net enrolment of 60% in 1995 declined to the end-point net enrollment of 54% in 2013. There is, however, a good policy environment provided by the Federal Ministry of Education and its parastatals which will aid significant growth in net enrollment once the Boko Haram phenomenon is effectively checked.
With respect to primary six completion rate, the trend and end-point status show strong and significant progress. Nigeria remained largely on track towards achieving this indicator. The completion rate which stood at 73% in 1993 trended upwards in most of the subsequent years culminating in 82% at the end-point year. The policy environment is good and supportive of consolidation of the achievements. There are however variations across states which need to be addressed in efforts to consolidate the achievements.
The literacy rate trended marginally upwards in most of the years from 64% in 2000 to 66.7% in 2014. The significant rate of 80.0% achieved in 2008 could not be sustained. There were marked variations across states and between the north and the south. With respect to variations across geo-political zones, the North-east recorded the highest rate of illiteracy with the insurgency compounding the problem. However, the policy environment at both the national and sub- national levels is very supportive especially with active and growing collaboration between Nigeria and international development partners.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 2: Appreciable progress but goal not met.

MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women.
The pursuit of gender parity in basic education in Nigeria has witnessed strong progress when seen against the prevailing patriarchal culture and practices in most parts of the country. There has been a steady increase in the ratio of girls to boys in basic education in Nigeria with the end-point status of 94% in 2013 being a significant achievement compared to the 82% achieved in 1991. The statistics from both the World Bank and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) corroborate the high gender parity index recorded by Nigeria. The success at the basic education level has not been replicated at the tertiary level where there is weak progress even though the policy environment has been supportive at every level of the educational pipeline.
Similarly, Nigeria has not done well in the area of proportion of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector with an end-point status of 7.7% in 2010 (the most recent data). However, in terms of women’s contribution to the total labour force in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, the proportion has considerably increased to a record 37.7% in 2014. The ILO statistics corroborates this with a 48.1% increase in 2011.
As regards the proportion of seats held by women in the National Parliament, Nigeria has done badly, with an end-point status of 5.11% in 2015 against the expected target of 35%. The prevailing patriarchal culture and practices remain a major factor against women’s access to elective positions. This is however not the case with women in appointive positions as over 30.0% of women got appointed to higher level political decision making positions in recent years.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 3: Strong progress made in gender parity but weak progress in women empowerment. Goal not met.

MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
Nigeria’s efforts aimed at reducing avoidable child deaths have been met with gradual and sustained progress. The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has improved remarkably from 191 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 89 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 as the end-point status. Considering the end-point status of U5MR, Nigeria falls short of the 2015 target of 64 deaths per 1000 live births by 28 %.
In 1990 (as the baseline), the infant mortality rate (IMR) was estimated at 91 deaths per 1000 live births. This, however, decreased to 75 deaths per 1000 live births in 2008 and to 61 deaths per 1000 live births in 2012. Although the end-point figure which stood at 58 deaths per 1000 live births in 2014 reflects progress, it is still short of the 2015 target of 30 deaths per 1000 live births.
The immunization effort against measles has been relatively effective. It has resulted in significant reductions in case burden as a result of the scale up of the administration of measles vaccination to children 9 months and older through routine immunization services led by the National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHCDA). The proportion of one-year-old children immunised against measles increased from 46% in 1990 to 61.3% in 2012 and subsequently to 63.0% in 2014. Nigeria has also recorded strong progress in the effort to eradicate polio and recently celebrated one year without polio from July 2014 to July 2015.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 4: Strong progress but goal not met.

MDG 5: Improve maternal health
The drive to make progress on this goal has seen improvements in maternal health. With a baseline figure of 1000 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990, the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) consistently decreased over the years to 545 in 2008. The downward trend continued to 350 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 and subsequently to its end-point status of 243 per 100,000 live births in 2014.
Many policy drivers made the progress possible; one being the Midwives Service Scheme while the other was the collaborative efforts made between donors and the Federal Ministry of Health and its parastatals. In the meantime, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel improved appreciably from a baseline figure of 45% in 1990 to the end-point status of 58.6% in 2014 with the conviction that the national figure would have been better had it not been for the wide disparities across states with lower records. The success recorded is attributed to effective implementation of the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS).
In the case of antenatal coverage, significant progress was also recorded. Antenatal coverage of at least one visit recorded an end-point status of 68.9% in 2014, and for at least four visits, the end-point status was 60.6% in 2014. The successes imply the need for a scale-up of the policy interventions.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 5: Maternal mortality target met, and strong progress made on other indicators.

MDG 6: Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases
The prevalence of HIV among pregnant young women aged 15–24 years has steadily declined from 5.4% in 2000 to 4.1% in 2010 (end-point status). The decline resulted from the implementation of tested high impact interventions implying the need for consistent implementation of such high impact interventions in the sector.
With respect to the incidence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people, the efforts have not produced appreciable results. In the past 7 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 343.00 in 2005 and 339.00 in 2012. The end-point status of the incidence of tuberculosis in Nigeria was 338 as of 2013. This latest figure is still unacceptable and calls for renewed efforts, more resources and interventions in order to drastically reduce the prevalence of tuberculosis.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 6: Appreciable progress in combating HIV and AIDS, but weak progress in other diseases. Goal not met.

MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Nigeria has made appreciable progress in improving households’ access to safe drinking water with an end-point status in 2015 at 67.0% access. The country is also deemed to have done well on this indicator from the statistics of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) / United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) indicating the recorded end-point status of 69% in 2015. This compares well with the baseline figure of 40% in 1990. However, there are wide disparities in access to safe drinking water across states, with those in the south having higher access than those in the north.
Nevertheless, in Nigeria as a whole, there is a good policy environment for the provision of safe drinking water with the Conditional Grant Scheme (CGS) being a major policy driver of the intervention in all parts of the country and mostly in the rural areas. Again, the Federal Ministry of Water Resources and its parastatals, as well as the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, along with many donors have played prominent roles in the provision of safe drinking water to Nigerians. Given the existence of many policy drivers targeting both the urban and rural areas for improved access to safe drinking water, as well as the scaling up of interventions, it is only a matter of time for safe drinking water to be available to a large majority of Nigerians.
The success recorded in the provision of safe drinking water has, however, not been witnessed with respect to the proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities. The end- point status of only 41% using improved sanitation facilities in 2014 is not encouraging and in fact, suggests weak progress in this indicator. The JMP estimate is even worse here, as it recoded 29% for this indicator in 2015.
The percentage of the urban population living in slums has been on the decline since 1990. From a baseline figure of 77.3% in 1990, it declined to an end-point status of 50.2% in 2014. Although this implies strong progress, the number of persons living in slums is still very alarming and also considering that the number of slum dwellers has been on the rise owing to increasing housing deficits of 16-18 million units against the reality of growing number of cities with populations of one million and over.
Overall Conclusion on Goal 7: Strong progress in the provision of safe drinking water but weak progress in other indicators. Goal not met.

MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for Development
Nigeria has performed better on this goal as compared to the others. There has been a rising trend in per capita Official Development Assistance (ODA) with potential impact felt in infrastructure and human development. The appreciable decline in debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is attributed to the debt relief granted in 2005. The socio-economic benefits associated with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has seen to appreciable growth in the industry. The growth in the number of cellular phone subscribers and the tele-density per 100 people standing at 77.8 and 99.3, respectively, in 2014 signifies wide coverage. Conversely, the growth in the number of internet users per 100 people, standing at 42.68 in 2014 implies that there is need to step up interventions in this sector.
Overall conclusion on Goal 8: Goal met.

Using Nigeria as a case study, I think the millennium goals were partially realized.
This is due to the fact that poverty and hunger still strives predominantly in Nigeria, we have about 70 percent Nigerians who are poor and this exist even though the goal was to totally eradicate poverty and hunger.
Also, universal primary education though implemented, has not been totally achieved, this is due to the fact that the schools are half baked and do not provide a conducive environment of learning.
A good effort has been put to reduce child mortality but I won’t consider it an excellent effort.
Environmental sustainability has totally failed in Nigeria, a great number of people do not have access to safe drinking water even the safe drinking water are not totally safe for drinking.