Urban Economic Growth (ECN. 261: Question 2)—-Tues.22/8/2017

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THREE REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC
1. A framework for growth
Thriving cities have a vision and follow it through with a framework to develop in an orderly manner. A framework is not about centralized command and control but a way to anticipate needs, coordinate efforts, and draw a path to a horizon that is collectively held. Major efforts to enhance livability, prosperity and equity have taken place in a number of well known cities. Such transformational impact is not a product of spontaneity, instead of constructive planning.
2. A planned city is a well prepared city
Anticipating the future allows us to be better prepared today. By staying ahead of challenges, city leaders are ready to see opportunities and manage risks from a vantage point. With reliable information on the current situation, they will be able to make connections between the long-term vision and short term actions. On the other hand, cities that don’t actively plan for their future will likely be left behind.
3. Planning improves impact
Local leaders are elected and appointed to deliver improvement. Given the magnitude of the challenges cities face, it is unlikely that all desired improvements will happen at once. Successful cities build momentum by undertaking priority projects that are aligned with the vision. Planning identifies pressing issues and available resources and makes sure that initiatives are not redundant or going in different directions.
from:
Ugwu Nkechinyere Jamine
2016/SD/36669

NAME: NKWOCHA EBERE JOY
REEG NO: 2016/SD/36103

Characters and reason of urban economic growth are as follows:
1. Increase industrial productivity, made possible by
– Water, steam, and fossil fuel-powered industries
– Increased mechanization and industrialization
– Specialization of labor
– More recently, the broad development of infrastructure capable of supporting industrial production, including physical, electro/digital, and intellectual capital.
2. Transportation system development
– Water ways
– Railways
– Roadways
– Modern information systems
Water Ways has the emergence of coastal and inland ports as early major trade centers
Railways allows efficient and consistent exploitation of the nations’ interior resources
Road ways they are used to links some parts of the nations together so as to have easy access to different environments.
Modern information system helps in making the environment worthy of staying as information is spread across easily.
Some would argue that modern communications could be a logical, distinct aspect of urbanization. Indeed, they may be correct, but communication revolutions historically occurred simultaneously with transportation enhancements. The net effects of continuous declines in communications costs are the increased spatial separation of the functions of industries. What we often now characterize as a communications revolution is merely an incremental change in communications flow, cost, and timing relatively to a decade ago. It is a steady and non-linear progression.
3. Increased agricultural productivity
– Linked to industrial , transportation, behavior, and scientific advances
– Over the decades there has been a persistent decline in the number of farms and farms, a concomitant increase in average farm sizes, and incremental gains in yields.
– At the same time, overall food costs as fractions of household budgets have declined
–

THREE REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC
1. A planned city is a well prepared city: Anticipating the future allows us to be better prepared today. By staying ahead of challenges, city leaders are ready to see opportunities and manage risks from a vantage point. With reliable information on the current situation, they will be able to make connections between the long-term vision and short term actions. On the other hand, cities that don’t actively plan for their future will likely be left behind.
2. Human Capital: through urban economics, an increase in investment in human capital can improve the quality of the labour force. Urban areas are perceived as places where one could have a better life; because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services, and better lifestyles. As a result, there is a massive movement of people from rural to urban areas within the country.
3. Technology: An influential factor for urban economic growth is the improvement of technology. This could increase productivity with the same levels of labour, thus accelerating growth and development. It is generally assumed that the technological advancement is even more important than capital formation. But the capital formation alone can bring out economic development to a limited extent and the progress stops if there is no technological change. A country cannot remain dependent on the import of technology. A nation that spends more on science and technical research will tend to grow faster than another country accumulating more capital but spending less on technological.
Nechi Paulina Ebere
reg. No. 2016/SD/36090
Education/economics

THREE REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC
1. A framework for growth
Thriving cities have a vision and follow it through with a framework to develop in an orderly manner. A framework is not about centralized command and control but a way to anticipate needs, coordinate efforts, and draw a path to a horizon that is collectively held. Major efforts to enhance livability, prosperity and equity have taken place in a number of well known cities. Such transformational impact is not a product of spontaneity, instead of constructive planning.
2. A planned city is a well prepared city
Anticipating the future allows us to be better prepared today. By staying ahead of challenges, city leaders are ready to see opportunities and manage risks from a vantage point. With reliable information on the current situation, they will be able to make connections between the long-term vision and short term actions. On the other hand, cities that don’t actively plan for their future will likely be left behind.
3. Planning improves impact
Local leaders are elected and appointed to deliver improvement. Given the magnitude of the challenges cities face, it is unlikely that all desired improvements will happen at once. Successful cities build momentum by undertaking priority projects that are aligned with the vision. Planning identifies pressing issues and available resources and makes sure that initiatives are not redundant or going in different directions.
from:
Ugwu Nkechinyere Jamine
2016/SD/36669

NAME: EZE LYDIA OLUCHI
REG NO: 2015/SD/34588
THERE ARE MANY REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH ARE THE REASONS ARE FOLLOWS
• A lack of employment opportunities in the countryside. Overpopulation and poor crop yields are all push factors – why people leave the countryside.
• Better paid jobs in the cities, an expected higher standard of living, and more reliable food are all pull factors – why people are attracted to the city.
• People who migrate to towns and cities tend to be young and so have higher birth rates in that age range.
The characteristics of urban economic growth are
• Availability of government institutions: government institution makes people to come and settle in urban areas
• commercialized activities :many commercialized activities do bring people from rural areas to the urban area to enjoy this commercial activities
• sufficiency in some family needs: because of works in the urban area there is sufficiency in what people need especially in family: which is a vice versa case in the rural areas

UGWU ANGELA A

the reason for urban economic growth are as follows having the definition to be that economic growth is the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period a time.it can also be seen as the capacity of an economy to produced good and service compared from period to another. (i)For employment opportunity;
(i) population pressure.: the high number of people in the urban environment is a great reason for the urban economic soul.
( ii) Decrease of death rate and growing birth rate: good hospitals in the urban areas and good and healthy lifes makes it possible for people to live long and thus make more people to be in the urban area causing its growth
(iii) Social mobility and fortune: because of the social mobility and good fortunes, people migrate to urban areas adding to its growth.
(iv) For better standard of living : people seek for better standard of living and therefore moves to the urban area for what they seek and there fore adding to the economic growth
(v) For growing industries: there are many industries in urban areas and still are growing ones there too and this makes increases urban growth rapidly.
The characteristics of urban economy growth are as follows
(1) City planning focused only on legitimate area :there is the focusing of city planning in either a state capital or developing area.
(2) It occurred as a result of rural push: people migrate from rural to urban areas and this makes urban development growth possible
(3) Increase in unemployment, exploitation, degradation of equality of life: there is increase ion unemployment rate as almost every youth come from rural areas to urban areas in search of a greener pasture.
(4) High population growth rate : there is the high growth of population because of the way people migrate to the areas.

UGWU ANGELA A
2O16/SD/36905

Obijaka Uche Chidiogo
2014/sd/33749
Rationality – usually implies the substitution of modern methods of thinking, acting, production, distributing, and consuming for age-old, traditional practices. Policies must be logically rooted as deeply as possible in knowledge of relevant facts.
Economic planning – the search for coordinated ways of allocation of scarce resources to accelerate economic growth. This may include export promotion, directed credits or subsidies, and selective promotion (strategic trade theory by Thurow). However, other successful countries like Hong Kong has relatively little market intervention, thus intervention is not a necessary condition to growth.
Social and economic equality: The promotion of social and economic equality in status, opportunity, wealth, incomes and levels of living. This could be done through promoting universal primary education, paying special attention to the education of and access to health care for female children, promoting technocrats who are free from corruption, and guaranteeing equality of opportunity for all citizens. Note that promotion of education and access to health care especially for female children promote the accumulation of human capital. Children of educated mothers also stand a better chance of accumulating human capital and access better health care.

Akpa Ogbonnaya
2014/sd/34209
The following are reasons and some characteristics of urban economic growth While urbanisation per se is not causally related to economic growth, there is evidence that the form that urbanisation takes – the degree of urban concentration – has a strong causal effect on growth (Henderson 2000, Henderson 2003). Primacy, (the portion of the urban population living in the largest city), or urban concentration, (the proportion of urban dwellers living in large cities), have been found to have an important impact on economic growth. Very small and very large cities tend to have lower economic growth rates than average sized cities in the OECD (OECD 2009). A high degree of urban concentration is more important in the early stages of development, since this allows the economy to save on economic infrastructure and managerial resources, which may be in short supply (Henderson 2003).

NAME: ASADU UCHECHUKWU .M.
REG NO: 2014/SD/34013
YEAR: 4/5
Growth In Urban Economic Is the process whereby population move from rural to urban ares enabling cities and towns to grow. These include social and economic advantages such as better Education, Health care, Sanitation, housing and business opportunities.

REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH :
The reasons are as follows:
* Sea change has caused movement from suburbs and outer-city areas towards coastal areas. This has led to a boost in real estate price, high rise development, expansion in the investments into retirement villas
* Agriculture self-sufficiency the most primitive of organizations in modern society.
* Development of transportation and infrastructure like roads, bridges, school, public hospitals, and school links outer suburbs with the city, slowly expanding the urban areas.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
The characteristics are as follows:
* Transportation cause contribution of production and people in a specific location
* Agriculture and productivity. Like increase in mechanization and industrialization, water, labour etc
* Economic development like land, labour, and capital. Demand and therefore to a relocation of resources land, labour, and capital out of agriculture into manufacturing and services

NAME: GABRIEL MARTHA
REG NO: 2014/SD/33642
YEAR: 4/5
the reason for urban economic growth are as follows having the definition to be that economic growth is the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period a time.it can also be seen as the capacity of an economy to produced good and service compared from period to another. (i)For employment opportunity;
(i) population pressure.: the high number of people in the urban environment is a great reason for the urban economic soul.
( ii) Decrease of death rate and growing birth rate: good hospitals in the urban areas and good and healthy lifes makes it possible for people to live long and thus make more people to be in the urban area causing its growth
(iii) Social mobility and fortune: because of the social mobility and good fortunes, people migrate to urban areas adding to its growth.
(iv) For better standard of living : people seek for better standard of living and therefore moves to the urban area for what they seek and there fore adding to the economic growth
(v) For growing industries: there are many industries in urban areas and still are growing ones there too and this makes increases urban growth rapidly.
The characteristics of urban economy growth are as follows
(1) City planning focused only on legitimate area :there is the focusing of city planning in either a state capital or developing area.
(2) It occurred as a result of rural push: people migrate from rural to urban areas and this makes urban development growth possible
(3) Increase in unemployment, exploitation, degradation of equality of life: there is increase ion unemployment rate as almost every youth come from rural areas to urban areas in search of a greener pasture.
(4) High population growth rate : there is the high growth of population because of the way people migrate to the areas.

UGWUEZE JOSEPH IGWEBUIKE
2014>SD>33796
EDU/ECONOMICS
4>5

VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN GROWTH OR URBANIZATION:
A. Economic Development
• The level of urbanization is regarded as an index of economic development.
• Economic growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources –land, labour and capital- out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.
B. Industrialization and Density
• An urban settlement is not just characterized by relative importance of manufacturing and services but more importantly, by high density of population. Much of manufacturing is cheaper when produced on a large-scale because of the economies of scale.
• Also, there are ready availability of inputs like skilled labor, repair services etc. from which profit is earned by producer. People like to live near places of work.
• Economies of scale and cost of transportation cause concentration of production and people in a specific location.
• Industrialization leads to urbanization but not vice versa.
• The bigger cities have one advantage. Most businesses are subject to fluctuations. In big cities, one may switch from one employer to another in case of need or any other reason since there is a wide choice. In that way, a wage laborer is better off in migrating to a big city rather than a small city, where (big city) he is likely to be more fully employed. All these factors increase the density of population in the cities.

Obijaka Uche Chidiogo
2014/sd/33746
Rationality – usually implies the substitution of modern methods of thinking, acting, production, distributing, and consuming for age-old, traditional practices. Policies must be logically rooted as deeply as possible in knowledge of relevant facts.
Economic planning – the search for coordinated ways of allocation of scarce resources to accelerate economic growth. This may include export promotion, directed credits or subsidies, and selective promotion (strategic trade theory by Thurow). However, other successful countries like Hong Kong has relatively little market intervention, thus intervention is not a necessary condition to growth.
Social and economic equality: The promotion of social and economic equality in status, opportunity, wealth, incomes and levels of living. This could be done through promoting universal primary education, paying special attention to the education of and access to health care for female children, promoting technocrats who are free from corruption, and guaranteeing equality of opportunity for all citizens. Note that promotion of education and access to health care especially for female children promote the accumulation of human capital. Children of educated mothers also stand a better chance of accumulating human capital and access better health care.

NAME: UGWU, LOVINA NKEIRUKA
REG. NO: 2013/SD/32794
YEAR OF STUDY: 5/5
COURSE TITLE & CODE: URBAN AND REGIONAL ECONOMICS (ECO 261)
CLEAR DISCUSS THE BASIC REASONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
The basic reasons of urban economic growth are as follows:
First and foremost I have to start with the definition of economic growth before proceeding to the reasons and characteristics of urban economic growth.
Economic growth is defined as an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. It can be measured in nominal or real terms, the latter of which is adjusted for inflation.
Traditionally, aggregate economic growth is measured in terms of Gross National Product (GNP), although alternative metrics are sometime used. In the simplest term it is referred to as an increase in aggregate productivity.
The basic reasons of urban economic growth are as follows:
1. Higher per capital income: This is one of the basic reasons for urban economic growth because when income per capital is higher it encourages many developers for rapid construction of new houses. Rapid development of housing and other urban infrastructure often produces a variety of discontinuous uncorrelated developments.
2. Increase in number of working persons: This is because when there is increase in the number of working population or persons it will lead to growth in economy of part or nation because the worker gets money in how he will invest the on some economic activities that will about growth of economy.
3. Industrialization: The establishment increase of new industries in country side increases impervious surfaces rapidly. This is because industry requires providing housing facilities to its workers in a large area that generally becomes larger then industry itself. The transition process from agricultural to industrial employment demands more urban housing.
4. Credit and capital market: Credit and loan facility, low interest rate, etc are also responsible for rapid urban growth in advance. In this sense, people can buy homes before achieving the financial capability. Therefore, the growth will occur in advance then actually supposed to be.
5. Housing investment: Purchasing of second homes in the country side as future investments. The homes often left vacant but the government is force to maintain urban facilities and services in a low-density area. Low interest rate and high housing demand make the country side-housing investment more attractive.
6. High level of competitive enterprises: As there is competition(s) among enterprises all the owners of the businesses will be trying to invest more in his/her business to ensure continuity of the business and this will lead to the an increase in urban economic growth.
7. Technology: The level of technology in an area (urban) determines how the particular place will grow economically and otherwise. When the level of technology is high it will lead to increase in the urban economic growth and vice versa.
Characteristics of urban economic growth
1. Economic growth results in the shift in demand and there to the reallocation of resources-land, labour and capital out agriculture into manufacturing and services.
2. There is already availability of inputs like skilled labour repair services, etc. from which profit is earned by producer.
3. There is increase in the standard of living of the people.
4. Dense population; this means that since there is economic growth in such area, the attention of the people will be drawn and it bring about rapid increase in the population of the residence.
5. There is efficiency in production, this means efficiency in production process because of the availability of infrastructure materials and industries.
6. It brings about employment opportunities as a result of industries and other employable organizations. To mention but a few.

Nwoko Veronica – 2014/SD/33446
ASSIGNMENT 11
The reasons for Urban Economic Growth are;
Country-Living Desire
Residents of countryside are often former urbanites who desire the solitude and perceived amenities of country-living as rural retreats.
Government Developmental Policies
Restrictive land-use policies in one political jurisdiction may lead development to ‘jump’ to one that is favourably disposed toward development or is less able to prevent or control it (Barnes et al. 2001).
Nucleus Family
Commonly, percapita consumption of carpet area in nucleus family is higher than the joint family. For example, a common dining space is shared by all the family members in a joint family. Transition from joint family to nucleus family also creates demand of new housing for individuals.term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. In the recent time, the movement of people from rural to urban areas within the country (internal migration) is most significant.
Industrialisation
Establishment of new industries in countryside increases impervious surfaces rapidly. Industry requires providing housing facilities to its workers in a large area that generally becomes larger than the industry itself. The transition process from agricultural to industrial employment demands more urban housing. Single-storey, low-density industrial parks surrounded by large parking lots are one of the main reasons of sprawl.
Characteristics of urban Economic growth or urbanization
Housing Investment
Often urbanites purchase second homes in the countryside as future investments (Barnes et al. 2001). This encourages the developers for construction at the countryside in advance. These homes often left vacant but the government is forced to maintain urban facilities and services in a low-density area. Low interest rate and high housing demand make the countryside-housing investment more attractive.
Impacts on Wildlife and Ecosystem
In areas where sprawl is not controlled, the concentration of human presence in residential and industrial settings may lead to an alteration of ecosystems patterns and processes (Grimm et al. 2000). Development associated with sprawl not only decreases the amount of forest area (Macie and Moll 1989; MacDonald and Rudel 2005), farmland (Harvey and Clark 1965).
Impacts on Public and Social Health
One of the original motivations for migration to the suburbs was access to nature. People generally prefer to live with trees, birds, and flowers; and these are more accessible in the suburbs than in denser urban areas. Moreover, contact with nature may offer benefits beyond the purely aesthetic; it may benefit both mental and physical health. In addition, the sense of escaping from the turmoil of urban life to the suburbs, the feeling of peaceful refuge, may be soothing and restorative to some people. However, sprawl is generally blamed for its negative impacts on public health (refer Frumkin 2002; Savitch 2003; Yanos 2007; Sturm and Cohen 2004).
Development and Property Tax
Generally, the costs involved in development of community-infrastructure and public services are higher in the countryside rather than the core city The maintenance costs of public services are also higher in the countryside. Therefore, the development and property tax should be higher at the periphery of the city. However, generally these taxes are independent of location and even in many instances these taxes are lower in the periphery comparing the core city. The problem is that local tax systems usually require developers to pay only a fraction of the community-infrastructure and public-service costs associated with their projects, which makes development look artificially cheap and encourages urban expansion (Brueckner and Kim 2003).

ENEMADUKU ADUKU
2014/SD/33464
ASSIGNMENT 11
BASIC REASONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
The Reasons for urban Economic growth are quite similar with those of sprawl. In most of the instances they cannot be discriminated since urban growth and sprawl are highly interlinked. However, it is important to realize that urban growth may be observed without the occurrence of sprawl. The reasons are
The first and foremost reason of urban growth is increase in urban population. Rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two population growth factors: (1) natural increase in population, and (2) migration to urban areas. Natural population growth results from excess of births over deaths. Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. In the recent time, the movement of people from rural to urban areas within the country (internal migration) is most significant.
Industrialisation
Establishment of new industries in countryside increases impervious surfaces rapidly. Industry requires providing housing facilities to its workers in a large area that generally becomes larger than the industry itself.. Single-storey, low-density industrial parks surrounded by large parking lots are one of the main reasons of sprawl.
Development and Property Tax
Generally, the costs involved in development of community-infrastructure and public services are higher in the countryside rather than the core city .The maintenance costs of public services are also higher in the countryside.
Therefore, the development and property tax should be higher at the periphery of the city.
Living and Property Cost
Generally living cost and property cost is higher in the main city area than the countryside. This encourages countryside development. Harvey and Clark (1965) say ‘at the time of sprawl occurred, the cost was not prohibitive to the settler, (rather) it provided a housing opportunity economically satisfactory relative to other alternatives’.
Credit and Capital Market
Credit and loan facility, low interest rate, etc. are also responsible for rapid urban growth in advance. In this sense, people can buy homes before achieving the financial capability.
Various characteristics of urban growth or urbanization
Economic Development
The level of urbanization is regarded as an index of economic development. Economic growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources –land, labour and capital- out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.
Industrialization and Density
An urban settlement is not just characterized by relative importance of manufacturing and services but more importantly, by high density of population. Much of manufacturing is cheaper when produced on a large-scale because of the economies of scale.
Secondary activities and urban growth:
The most conspicuous examples of urbanization directly as a result of secondary activity are Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela. Jamshedpur also had its beginnings as an industrial township in 1912. There is no doubt that secondary urbanization has made a strong impression on the Indian landscape.
Primary production and urban growth:
Primary production has to do with agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining. It is well-known that, particularly since AD 1850, a large number of mining towns have emerged in India. The entire coal region of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa has a number of, mining towns; the chief among which are Jharia, Ranigani, Keonjhar and Asansol. Unlike mining, fishing and forestry have not generated many urban places in India.

Cities have been around for thousands of years. Have you thought about how cities were formed? After the Neolithic Revolution, people shifted from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a lifestyle of farming and settlement. Oftentimes, people gathered around water sources, such as rivers and lakes, and built non-nomadic or permanent settlements. Gradually, these settlements expanded, and small cities formed. Densely populated settlements emerged, along with the specialization and division of labor among people living in the city. Trade, bartering, or other forms of economic exchange also took place. Architecture, centralized administrations, and political structures also all became part of a city. A city is complex and encompasses all these different meanings. Two hundred years ago, the only city that had more than one million people was Beijing, China. But today, there are more than 500 cities with over a million people. This was due to the Industrial Revolution, which contributed to the development of faster means of transportation and communication methods. This ability for people, resources, and information to move around rapidly allows cities to exist.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
What constitutes growth may be considered a matter of degree and will always be somewhat subjective under many definitions of the term. Ewing has also argued that suburban development does not, per se constitute sprawl depending on the form it takes, although Gordon & Richardson have argued that the term is sometimes used synonymously with suburbanization in a pejorative way. The following characteristics are often associated with growth:
Job growth and spatial mismatch
Job sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and car-dependent communities. It is defined as low-density, geographically spread-out patterns of employment, where the majority of jobs in a given metropolitan area are located outside of the main city's central business district (CBD), and increasingly in the suburban periphery.
Housing subdivisions
Housing subdivisions are large tracts of land consisting entirely of newly built residences. New Urbanist architectural firm Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company claim that housing subdivisions "are sometimes called villages, towns, and neighbourhoods by their developers, which is misleading since those terms denote places that are not exclusively residential. They are also referred to as developments.
Lawn
Because the advent of sprawl meant more land for lower costs, home owners had more land at their disposal, and the development of the residential lawn after the Second World War became commonplace in suburbs, notably, but not exclusively in North America.
Conversion of agricultural land to urban use
Land for sprawl is often taken from fertile agricultural lands, which are often located immediately surrounding cities; the extent of modern sprawl has consumed a large amount of the most productive agricultural land, as well as forest, desert and other wilderness areas.

CONCEPT OF URBAN GROWTH
Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. Urban growth may lead to an increase in economic development of a country.

CONCEPT OF ECONOMICS
Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More narrowly, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms (Quigley 2008).
THE BASIC REASONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
1. Market forces in the development of cities
Market forces in the development of cities relates to how the location decision of firms and households causes the development of cities. The nature and behavior of markets depends somewhat on their locations therefore market performance partly depends on geography.(McCann 2001:1). If a firm locates in a geographically isolated region, their market performance will be different than a firm located in a concentrated region. The location decisions of both firms and households create cities that differ in size and economic structure. When industries cluster, like in the Silicon Valley in California, they create urban areas with dominant firms and distinct economies.
2. Land use
Looking at land use within metropolitan areas, the urban economist seeks to analyze the spatial organization of activities within cities. In attempts to explain observed patterns of land use, the urban economist examines the intra-city location choices of firms and households. Considering the spatial organization of activities within cities, urban economics addresses questions in terms of what determines the price of land and why those prices vary across space, the economic forces that caused the spread of employment from the central core of cities outward, identifying land-use controls, such as zoning, and interpreting how such controls affect the urban economy (O'Sullivan 2003:14).

3. Economic policy
Economic policy is often implemented at the urban level thus economic policy is often tied to urban policy (McCann 2001:3). Urban problems and public policy tie into urban economics as the theme relates urban problems, such as poverty or crime, to economics by seeking to answer questions with economic guidance. For example, does the tendency for the poor to live close to one another make them even poorer? (O'Sullivan 2003:15).

4. Transportation and economics
Urban transportation is a theme of urban economics because it affects land-use patterns as transportation affects the relative accessibility of different sites. Issues that tie urban transportation to urban economics include the deficit that most transit authorities have, and efficiency questions about proposed transportation developments such as light-rail (O'Sullivan 2003:14). Megaprojects such as this have been shown to be synonymous with unexpected costs and questionable benefits.[1]

5. Housing and public policy
Housing and public policy relate to urban economics as housing is a unique type of commodity. Because housing is immobile, when a household chooses a dwelling, it is also choosing a location. Urban economists analyze the location choices of households in conjunction with the market effects of housing policies (O'Sullivan 2003:15). In analyzing housing policies, we make use of market structures e.g., perfect market structure. There are however problems encountered in making this analysis such as funding, uncertainty, space, etc.

6. Government expenditures and taxes
The final theme of local government expenditures and taxes relates to urban economics as it analyzes the efficiency of the fragmented local governments presiding in metropolitan areas (O'Sullivan 2003:15).

EDUCATION/ECONOMICS

Rapid growth coming from increase of production, longs for further economic research for growth and change, which brings further growth. Shown underneath. 1. Growth Research + Development When the rate of production grows it raises the incomes, which then raises the demand for goods and services. <this makes markets grow and develop further. Seen below. 2. Growth Raises incomes Stimulates Markets Raises Demand When incomes rise, the growth for income-elastic industrial products grow faster. Therefore the demand for inelastic agricultural goods rise as well. This causes the production move from the farm to the factory. As people move from rural living to urban living, which brings up urbanisation. Causing breakdown of Traditional Values. 3. Growth Demand for Industrial Goods rather than Agricultural Breakdown of Traditional Values Industrialization & Urbanization All these characteristics are inter-dependant and self-reinforcing. Growth is an important target, since it enables development. Economic growth can create resources witch can reduce poverty. Economic growth raises the standard of living. All the facts above show us the characteristics of economic growth.

Fagbemi Tope Vincent
2014/sd/34196
Rapid growth coming from increase of production, longs for further economic research for growth and change, which brings further growth. Shown underneath. 1. Growth Research + Development When the rate of production grows it raises the incomes, which then raises the demand for goods and services. <this makes markets grow and develop further. Seen below. 2. Growth Raises incomes Stimulates Markets Raises Demand When incomes rise, the growth for income-elastic industrial products grow faster. Therefore the demand for inelastic agricultural goods rise as well. This causes the production move from the farm to the factory. As people move from rural living to urban living, which brings up urbanisation. Causing breakdown of Traditional Values. 3. Growth Demand for Industrial Goods rather than Agricultural Breakdown of Traditional Values Industrialization & Urbanization All these characteristics are inter-dependant and self-reinforcing. Growth is an important target, since it enables development. Economic growth can create resources witch can reduce poverty. Economic growth raises the standard of living. All the facts above show us the characteristics of economic growth.

NAME: CHUKWUEMEKA AMARACHI
DEPARTMENT: EDUCATION/ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2016/SD/35412

3. Clearly discuss the basic reasons and characteristics of urban economics ECO
The rate at which the population of urban area increases is known as urban growth. The reason for urban economic growth are as follows:
1. Migration: People in rural area migrate to urban area to search for jobs, trade, and adventure thereby causing urban economic growth.
2. Social amenities/facilities: Life in the urban areas are usually more attractive than in rural area. Urban area have some social amenities such as electricity, pipe-borne water, hospital, good means of transportation and communication which attract people to the urban area.
3. Educational facilities: People migrate to urban centres to study in educational institutions that are better equipped than the ones in rural areas.
4. Employment opportunities: People migrate to urban centres to look for better job opportunities that is attractive which will improve their standard of living.
5. Religious or political crises: People migrate to urban area in order to escape from religion or political crises or persecutions. This factors could be internal or external migration. To avoid areas of religious and political turbulence they migrate to relatively quite place.
6. Commerce: Urban areas are known to have a lot of commercial activities, this enables people to engage in trading or purchase a variety of their requirements, with ease.
Characteristics of urban economic growth are: ECO 261
1. Economic development: The level of urbanization is regarded as an index of economic development. Economic growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources land, labour and capital out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.
2. Industrialization and density: An urban settlement is characterized by manufacturing services and high density of population.
3. Presence of primary production: There is also the presence of raw materials i.e. from agriculture, fishing, forestry or mining which helps in further processing of goods.
4. Secondary activities: In the urban areas, there is many industries which helps in the production of goods and services.
5. High level of tertiary production: The urban areas are made of people with high manpower skills for efficiency and effective production.

NAME: CHUKWUEMEKA AMARACHI
DEPARTMENT: EDUCATION/ECONOMICS
REG NO: 2016/SD/35412
Are there Significant Relationship between Urban Economics and other Social Sciences?
The answer is yes,
1. Anthropology being the study of people past, and present with a focus of understanding human culture relates with urban economic in the sense that each discuss man as central viable tools which enhances development.
2. Demography focuses on population structure and characteristics i.e. migration and emigration. In demography, we learnt about rate of current and future population growth on a national, regional and local levels, which urban economics tries to emphasis.
3. Education: Urban economic borrowed some link in education in that through education, we learnt educational equipments services and resources which would enable us to assess our potentials for specific models of socio-economic growth.
4. Political science: In political science, the administrative system gain will go a far way to educate us on legislations affecting major functions of the humans settlement and pattern of administrative organization.
5. Psychology: The study of human behaviour, enable man to tolerate and accept human beings as asocial fellow who can adopt to change, resistance to induced change and environmental pressure as urban development can be achieved through a preferred mode of behaviour which is generally accepted.
6. Sociology: In sociology we learnt social organizational structure and the way of life of major population groups i.e. how they relate to the use of space and physical equipments – which urban economics manages to address.
7. Psychiatry: Finally psychiatry tends to emphasis on basic personality structure and human needs. These needs are the social amenities like water, electricity, industries, good roads etc which are the major characteristic of developmental area in urban economics.

The three reasons are as follows;
1:Increased industrial productivity:this has to a great extent contribute to the economic development of the urban areas.this include water and fuel powered industry, increased mechanization and industrialization, specialization of labour, the broad development of infrastructure capable of supporting industrial production including physical, electrodigital and intellectual capital.
2: Transportation system development: this involves water ways ,railways ,road network system, modern information system, brand band system ,and other digital conveyances.
3: increased agricultural productivity: this is linked to industrial transportation and other scientific advance.there has been persistent decline in the number of farm a concomitant increase in average farm sizes and incremental gains it yields.

NAME:CHUKWU CHRISTIAN OCHI
REG. NO:2016/SD/36139

Omeje Blessing Nkechinyere
Reg no:2016/SD/36356

Question: clearly discuss the basic reason and characteristics of urban economic growth.
Reasons are;
1 Hill change help expand a city it lures people towards the hills nearby the city for a more peacefully environment such as blue mounting.
2 sea change has caused movement from suburbs and outer city areas towards coastal areas.
3 Life style features such as location near water like a harbour, national park, golf course or upper class facilities are attraction for people to move towards urban area.
4 Development of transport and infrastructure, like roads, bridges schools public hospitals and schools links outer suburbs with the city.
Characteristics are;
1 Population growth: this means that the rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two population growth factors, natural and migration population.
2 Industrialization establishment of new industries in country side increase impervious surfaces rapidly.
3 lack of affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total housing cost are deemed "affordable" to those that have a media household income.
4 Transportation: it routes open the across of city to the country side and responsible for development.

Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance. More narrowly, it is a branch of microeconomics that studies urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms
Economic growth deals with increase in the level of output, but economic development is related to increase in output coupled with improvement in social and political welfare of people within a country. Therefore, economic development encompasses both growth and welfare values.
Dependency theorists argue that poor countries have sometimes experienced economic growth with little or no economic development initiatives; for instance, in cases where they have functioned mainly as resource-providers to wealthy industrialized countries. There is an opposing argument, however, that growth causes development because some of the increase in income gets spent on human development such as education and health.
According to Ranis et al., economic growth and development is a two-way relationship. According to them, the first chain consists of economic growth benefiting human development, since economic growth is likely to lead families and individuals to use their heightened incomes to increase expenditures, which in turn furthers human development. At the same time, with the increased consumption and spending, health, education, and infrastructure systems grow and contribute to economic growth.

NAME:ASOGWA VICTORIA NNEDINSO
2016/SD/36302
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

NAME: NWOKEDI UKAMAKA CHINEDU
REG: 2016/SD/36593
DEPT: SOCIAL SCIENCE{EDU/ECONS}
TOPIC: THREE REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH

ECONOMIC POLICY:
1. Economics policy was mainly implemented in urban area, many people may see urban area as the engine for urban area as economics success, 750 biggest cities born on planet account for 57% of today’s GDP. This policy is often tried to urban policy, urban problem and urban policy lies into urban economics. This amount the majority of the population migrating to cities where global urban growth is taking place. Because of
Agglomeration, many unemployed youth will like to migrate to urban area to be able to earn their living.
2. HOUSING AND PUBLIC POLICY:
Building is a unique type of commodity because housing is immobile, when household chooses a dwelling it is choosing a location the residential preferences of workers appear to be the dividing forces behind this move towards decentralization according to Glaeser and Kahn. That is firm have located in a suburb in large part because that where workers choose to live. In addition better access to truck routes from suburban location encourages manufacturing firm to locate in suburbs.
3. DECENTRALIZATION: decentralization appears to be some worthless pronounced among cites that are more than 200years old and some worth more pronounced among those less than 60years old, cities with younger suburbs are associated with more decentralization of employment. These are caused by in accelerating the communication of ideas. Idea –intensive or service based industries such as commercial banking are more likely to locate in the central cites, while manufacturing firms that are more physical infrastructure are more likely to locate in the suburb. It amount fall in housing prices in urban area and rise in city centre increases. The standard of living, increase in income or population has amounted the urban sprawl as the excessive spatial growth in urban area due increase in income.

NAME; ABUH DENNIS REG.NO; 2016/SD/36587 Clearly discuss the reasons and characteristic of urban economic growth
1. increase in industial productivity
2. transportation system development
3. increase in agricultural explanations
increase in the industrial productivity; this is made possible by water,fossil fuel,industry,increase industrial mechanisations and specialization of labour broad development of infrastructure capable of supporting industrial productions,including physical,electro-dgital and intellectual capital.
2.transportation system development; this involve water ways.this has led to the emergence of coastal and inland port.
3. increase in agricultural productivity; this link to industrial,transportatiion and other scientific advances.over the years this has been persistence decline in the numbers of concoittant increase in the average farm size and incremental gains in yields.ll of this gives rise to an intriguing simultaneous equation. That is urbanization equals to F( agricultural productivity, technology transfer,transportation e.t.c)

Economic growth is the increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. It can be measured in normal or real terms, the latter of while is adjusted for inflation. Economic growth is the increase in the inflation –adjusted market valve of the good and services produce by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product or real GDP. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting.
THE BASIC REASONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH.
(1) Rapid growth coming from increase of production, longs for further economic research for growth and change, which brings further growth
(2) Growth Research, development is when the rate of production grows; it raises the incomes, which then raises the demand for goods and services.
(3) Growth Raises incomes Stimulates Markets Raises Demand When incomes rise, the growth for income-elastic industrial products grow faster. This causes the production move from the farm to the factory.
(4) As people move from rural living to urban living, which brings up urbanization.
(5) Growth Demand for Industrial Goods rather than Agricultural Breakdown of Traditional Values Industrialization & Urbanization All these characteristics are inter-dependant and self-reinforcing. Growth is an important target, since it enables development. Economic growth can create resources which can reduce poverty. Economic growth raises the standard of living economic growth. .

NAME: OMEJE EUNICE NKECHI
REG NO;2016/SD/36200
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

NAME: IGBAULE EVELYN KADOON
REG NO: 2016/SD/36022
THE REASON ARE:
 In developing countries, effect is smaller after controlling for potential bias, but it remains much higher than the effective developed countries.
 Various cities function as small open economics and create urban system’s which also in different ways impact economic growth and development.
 large cities in developing countries act as centers of innovation but fail to relocate the production of mature product to secondary specialized cities in the case in advanced economics.

Characteristics are :
 There is high rate of structural transformation of the economy.
 There is the spread of modern economics growth which involves skills and technology.
 shift in economy of the area to some certain level etc.

NAME:OGARA RITA ONYEBUCHI
REG NO: 2016/SD/36303
THE REASON ARE:
•Various cities function as small open economics and create urban system’s which also in different ways impact economic growth and development.
•Enlarged cities in developing countries act as centers of innovation.
•Effect is smaller after controlling for potential bias, but it remains much higher than the effective for countries that are developed
Characteristics are :
•spread of modern economics growth which involves skills and technology in various ramifications.
•Various economic shift of the area to some certain level etc.
•structural transformation of the economy.

Reasons for urban economic growth are as follows:
1.There is high level of competitive enterprises in the urban areas. This is because people in the urban areas,who are into business try's to meet up to their business rival by so doing it leads to development and growth in the urban areas
2.People are attracted to urban areas because of the lifestyle in the city. Maybe because of the infrastructures located around such places,make them to move that that urban areas leading the growth of urban areas
3.There is good road networking and infrastructures like bridges,schools,puplic enterprise,hospitals other and other institution,by this it slowly expands urban areas.
characteristics of urban areas
1.urban society is thickly populate because of many people coming from rural area and settle down there for better life.
2.there is fast means of communication,that is They get aware of what is happening around the world rapidly.
3.There are different cultural groups in the city.
Name:Amadi Modestus Ifeanyi
Reg. No. 2016/SD/36447

NAME: NDUKWE KALU CHIOMA
REG NO:2016/SD/36609
DEFINITION URBAN GROWTH:
urban growth is generally defined as the process whereby population move from rural to urban ares enabling cities and towns to grow. These include social and economic advantages such as better Education, Health care, Sanitation, housing, and business opportunities

REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
(I) social mobility and fortune: there are enough social mobility and other fortunes in the urban areas.
(ii) Better standard of living: people seek for better standard of living in the urban areas.
(iii) Population pressure: people tend to be populating the urban areas; thus making it to grow.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
the characteristics are as follows:
* Different development in the economy: there is rapid increase in the economy of a particular area that economic growth occurs.
High productivity: There is high productivity in different areas like beverage manufacturing and manufacturing of other products in the in many areas of a place that economic growth occurs.
Transportation system: there are good road, railway, modern information system and other digital conveyance; it makes urban economic growth of a given area to grow. Because there are easy movement of goods and services through water, air, land and other means

Name: Nwite Juliet Mercy
Reg No: 2016/SD/36226
reason of urban economic growth?
1.Big cities in developing countries act as centres of innovation but fail to relocate the production of mature product to secondary specialized cities in the case in advanced economics.
2.Cities function as small open economics and create urban system’s which impact economic growth and development.
3.Taking into consideration: Two possible sources of bias that more productive cities attract more worker are self-selected into bigger cities; this effect shrinks.
4.For developing countries, the effect is also smaller after controlling for potential bias, but it remains much higher than the effective developed countries.
Characteristics
1.The rate of structural transformation of the economy is high.
2.Shifts in several others aspects of economics structure could be added (in the structure of consumption, in the relative share of domestic and foreign supplies etc.
3.The spread of modern economics growth, despite it’s worldwide partial effects is initiated in that the economics performance in countries accounting for three quarters of world population skill fails far short of the minimum levels feasible with the potential of modern technology.

Name: Awoke Blessing
Reg No: 2016/SD/36225
The basic reason of urban economics growth are;
1.Studies both in developed and developing countries find a positive, robust statistical association between productivity outcomes and the size of a city. The studies reviewed by the author suggest that “a city that is 10% larger in population offers wages that are 0.2701% higher.
2.Taking into consideration two possible sources of bias that more productive cities attract more workers are self selected into bigger cities, this effect shrinks .
3.For developing countries, the effect is also smaller after controlling for potential bias, but it remains much higher than the effect in developed countries.
The Characteristics are;
1.The rate of rise in productivity, i.e of out-put per unit of all inputs, is high, even when we include among input other factors in addition to labour, the major productivity factor and were to the rate is a large multiple of the rate in the past.
2.The rate of structural transformation of the economy is high.
3.The spread of modern economics growth, despite its worldwide partial effects, is limited in that the economics performance in countries accounting for t here-quarters of world population skill fails far of modern technology.

Urban economic growth doesn’t mean that every city’s fate is preordained. When cities do experience dramatic changes in their growth paths, the reason is almost always outside events or technological change. European postwar borders are an example of the way political conditions can shape growth. Technological change, too, can shift cities’ growth paths.
Transportation is my third principle: accessible, well-connected cities exhibit higher growth. Market access and connectivity may be even more crucial than human capital. The city that succeeds in positioning itself as the meeting place and market center for a wider region has won a tremendously important battle, since transportation and travel hubs have historically emerged as dominant finance and business centers, attracting talent, money, and brains.
Urban economics is that every industry leaves its imprint on a city—and it isn’t always a good one. Urban economics: though much remains unexplained, good and bad policies do matter. Despite the best efforts of scholars, econometric models rarely succeed in explaining more than half of cities’ variations in growth over time. Many factors are impossible to quantify, such as the ability of a dynamic individual, such as a mayor or an entrepreneur, to make a difference. Local business and political culture surely plays a part in a city’s growth, but we know little about how such cultures form.
Rapid growth coming from increase of production. an increased output of a nation of goods and services available to satisfy the material wants of the people. Economic growth raises the standard of living.

NAME; OGBUAGU OGECHI FELIX
REG NO 2016/SD/36588
COURSE; EDUCATION ECONOMICS

Urban Economic Growth
Is the process whereby population move from rural to urban ares enabling cities and towns to grow. These include social and economic advantages such as better Education, Health care, Sanitation, housing, business opportunities and transportation.

REASONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH
* Development of transportation and infrastructure like roads, bridges, school, public hospitals, and school links outer suburbs with the city, slowly expanding the urban areas.
* Sea change has caused movement from suburbs and outer-city areas towards coastal areas. This has led to a boost in real estate price, high rise development, expansion in the investments into retirement villas
* Agriculture self-sufficiency the most primitive of organizations in modern society.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
* Economic development like land, labour, and capital. Demand and therefore to a relocation of resources land, labour, and capital out of agriculture into manufacturing and services
* Transportation cause contribution of production and people in a specific location
* Agriculture and productivity. Like increase in mechanization and industrialization, water, labour etc

Name=Okoli Doris
Reg. No. 2016/SD/36221

NAME: AMADI GLORIA ADAEZE
REG NO:2016/SD/35589
Reason of urban economic growth are:
1. Seeking of better standard of living by people: people especially from rural areas do tend to seek for better life in the urban areas. This better life seeking includes the basic amenities that are in the urban areas.
2. Seeking for good Job: people from different rural areas do come to urban areas to look for job and at least to earn a better living. The seeking of job is due to the fact that many industries, companies and other job opportunities are located in the urban areas.
3. For education: people do come to rural areas because of schooling activities.
The characteristics of Urban Economic Growth are:
1.High standard of living : there is good standard of living in abundance over the urban areas. This is so because most people there do have money and would like to live in a more comfortable way.
2.Existence of industries: Many industries are located in urban areas and people tend to move their because of their works and therefore adding to the population In the urban areas.
3.Much population: There is enough number of people in the urban area and this is seen as the number one characteristics of urban areas. it’s population leads to much consumption in every utility.)
4.. Good infrastructures: there are good road connection and well built facilities. Because of these infrastructures. People tend to leave rural areas to urban