ECO. 391 Online Discussion/Quiz–15-12-2022 (Understanding the fundamentals of Research)

Name :UGWU CONFIDENCE CHIKA
Reg No: 2019/245041
DEP:T COMBINED SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS/POLITICAL SCIENCE)

QUESTION 1
Critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Research is conducted to…
Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework.
To assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate
manners.
To help generate questions for further inquiries.

QUESTION 2
It means the systematic inquiry for describing, explaining, predicting, as well as controlling an observable phenomenon. Research involves the use of both inductive as well as deductive methods.
Inductive research methods are used to analyse observable events. Deductive methods are used to verify the event that has been observed. Inductive research includes the use of qualitative research methods whereas deductive approach more commonly uses quantitative analysis.
QUESTION 3
Qualitative research:
•Focuses on understanding meaning
•Uses emerging questions
•Collects data in participant’s setting
•Uses the an inductive approach to analysis
•Has a written report that is flexible in structure
Quantitative research:
•Tests objective theories
•Examines relationships among measurable variables
•Uses survey instruments that produce numbered data
•Uses statistical analysis of data generated
•Tests theories deductively
•Uses a set structure for the final report
Mixed methods research:
.Collects both quantitative and qualitative data
•Integrates the two forms of data
•Uses distinct designs that may involve philosophy or theory

QUESTION 4
Specify ONE objective: If the research question is too broad, it will be hard to focus and develop a plan of action. Too narrow, and it may be impossible to solve. Striking a balance between the two extremes is the way to go for the best results. The objective could relate to an event, relationship, identity, or situation.
Name the individual: Be sure to state the full name, as well as any aliases, of the person who is the focus of the research. Stating something like, “my third great-grandfather” with no name, is of no help to you (or other researchers) since you have more than one third great-grandfather. In fact, your relationship to the subject doesn’t need to be mentioned at all.
Include distinguishable characteristics: Adding one or or two known facts about the individual to the question will help distinguish him/her from others of the same name. These characteristics could be a relationship (e.g., daughter of so-and-so), a place (e.g., resided in Fulton County, Illinois, from 1860 to 1900), an event date (e.g., born about 1772), an occupation, and so on. Don’t get so detailed here that is takes away from the question. You just need enough to put the person in his or her context to make them unique.

QUESTION 5
Yields additional insight to a research problems workforce is increasing, the funding in most countries has been on a decline over the past decade. The situation is particularly perilous for early career researchers who find it hard to compete for funds with senior researchers. This extreme competition is also impacting the way science is conducted. The respondents of the Vox survey pointed out that since most grants are allotted only for a couple of years, researchers tend to opt for short-term projects, which can sometimes be insufficient to study complex research questions. This means researchers make choices based on what would keep the funding bodies and their institutions happy. However, the consequences of these choices are an increasing number of published papers with sub-standard quality and low research impact.
Poor study design in published papers
Academia is gradually moving towards open science and open access by signing open data mandates and making data sharing mandatory. However, there are many big publishers that operate their journals on subscription-based models. Paying for paywalled research is becoming difficult for researchers as well as institutions, particularly in the developing countries, due to the ever-increasing subscription fees. Many of the Vox survey respondents were critical of this as it affects the way scientific research is disseminated. Moreover, subscription-based publishing model is probably the single most important factor responsible for the foundation of Sci-Hub, a website that provides unauthorized access to almost all paywalled research papers. The only way of avoiding such consequences is developing methods to make access to research easier for the science community.
Lack of adequate and accurate science communication
It is a well-known fact that a wide communication gap exists between the scientific and the non-scientific community. This has resulted in miscommunication of science, divided opinions about scientific matters, and lack of informed decision-making among the public. Researchers are partly responsible for this because they lack time or sometimes the inclination to engage with the public about their research work. Therefore, the public is largely dependent on the media, which is often blamed for misconstruing scientific facts. The competitive nature of academic research is also responsible for poor communication of research. In an attempt to grab attention, sometimes researchers, universities, and even journals mislead the public by hyping the results or promoting only positive results. However, the science community should take the responsibility of projecting an accurate picture of science to the public since so that they can become cognizant of scientific issues and have a say in the way their tax money is invested in research.
Stressful nature of academic/postdoc life
Unarguably, the life of a postdoctoral researcher is grueling. Although it is the postdocs who drive academic research in many labs and are the future of academic research, they face challenges due to fierce competition, low income, and low job security. While the number of postdoctoral researchers is increasing, the number of permanent positions in academia is not increasing at a similar rate. Moreover, PhD programs fail to train postdocs to find a non-academic job, which leaves them struggling to find a route to advance their career. For scientific research to make strides, these young researchers should be absorbed in mainstream science.
The Vox survey outlines some of the biggest concerns academia is grappling with at present. Apart from these, academics are also not unknown to other rampant problems such as gender inequality, research/academic misconduct, and excessive dependence on impact factor. Despite these problems, there is still hope for science. The science community is attempting to avoid the stagnation of scientific progress by taking steps toward bringing more transparency, spreading awareness about the importance of ethics, and making science more inclusive rather than exclusive. However, there are no quick fixes when it comes to science; thus, while bringing these changes will take time, each step would mean a leap toward scientific progression

QUESTION 6
Exploratory Research
What it is: Used to reveal facts and details around a topic with little to no research, exploratory research forms the foundation of the research process. It identifies a topic, be it an issue or a phenomenon with scant details and seeks to find its basic properties.
As such, it finds the correct variables the researcher needs in order to begin the study, understand its basic elements and form a hypothesis. The key issue at hand, its variables and its hypothesis are used for further research.
Essentially, this kind of research forms the premise of a research campaign, assuring that the variables and other components are indeed what the researcher needs to study in the next steps (other types of research).
Stage in the research process: The very first
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: Before a business can explore an issue in-depth, it needs to decide on a specific topic, the existing problem within the topic and its key variables. This ensures the business is equipped to enter the next research stage (type) and that it does not have any extraneous variables or concerns that do not contribute to solving the problem.
Descriptive Research
What it is: This type of research is premised on describing a phenomenon, behavior or problem discovered in an earlier stage of research, usually in exploratory research, although it can also be focused around that which was discovered in explanatory research.
Descriptive research describes the nuances of a population, a variable or occurrence that a researcher requires further study on. Its objective centers on finding previously unknown facts or extracting more details on facets with fewer details.
It focuses on the what, how, when and where of a study rather than on the why.
Stage in the research process: The early portion of the middle stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: It is crucial for a business to understand a phenomenon and its variables in a full or close-to-full context. This type of research helps a business do just that, as it finds all the key details about a phenomenon that a business may not have known about before conducting the research.
What’s more is that, as a primarily quantitative form of research, it is apt for creating statistics. Being statistically-oriented allows this form of research to be conclusive, although it is considered to be in the early mid-stages of an entire research project.
These statistics are not simply key for internal resource purposes, but they provide a differentiating ingredient for your content. A strong content marketing strategy relies on putting out original insights; the data you derive from descriptive research is as original as it gets. This can be accomplished when you opt for a primary method (such as survey research).
Explanatory Research
What it is: Explanatory research is based on research that explains the already established aspects in a research campaign. It fills in the gaps and connects the dots from exploratory and descriptive research.
This type of research is unique in that it can be conducted either prior to or after descriptive research. As such, it rests in the early to mid-stages of the overall research process.
Like descriptive research, it works to shine a light on the various details that make up a research subject of study. However, contrary to descriptive research, it does not simply seek to describe, but rather to explain.
Thus, this research category falls under qualitative research. It helps find the why of a problem or phenomenon. It is not conclusive.
Stage in the research process: Early to mid-stages (can be performed before or after descriptive research, depending on a business’s needs).
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: It benefits a business in that it seeks to go beyond describing a subject of study. Rather, it plunges into a subject in greater depth, finding the kinds of insights that descriptive research cannot.
Additionally, it is flexible. It can be conducted following exploratory research and either before or after descriptive research, the only research of its kind to offer this benefit.
This research involves studying an important aspect that is studied in the later stages of the entire process, that of cause and effect. Explanatory research studies cause and effect relationships so as to explain their scope and nature, a critical precursor for correlational and causal research.
Correlational Research
What it is: Correlational research is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way.
This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.
An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.
The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexistent).
Stage in the research process: Middle stage
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: Being able to determine if there is a positive, negative or zero correlation between two variables allows researchers to know how to move on to the next step: finding a cause and effect relationship between the variables.
A zero correlation informs a business that there’s no need to further study the relationship between two particular variables, saving the business money and time. A negative or positive correlation dictates that further research is needed to discover whether there is cause and effect relationship.
Either way, the results derived from this type of research are highly influential on the next steps a business decides to take in their research process: whether to end it, continue and how.
Above all, it reveals how two variables relate to one other, giving a business a clearer picture of the environment they operate within, whether the variables concern sales figures, impressions or something more abstract like customer loyalty.
Causal Research
What it is: Causal research is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research.
This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, causal research studies whether the variables with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variable(s) in the study.
Causal research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs.
Stage in the research process: Late-final stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: Often the final form of research, causal research is critical to complete the entire process. It involves conducting both secondary and primary research, the latter of which is experimental.
As such, this research type does not only observe, rather it investigates the variables themselves, manipulating them and controlling them as needed. This is crucial for a business in that it not only analyzes, but proves the existence of a causal relationship, along with how the effect manifests.
Thus, this research is not only conclusive, as it finds the most important result that a business or market researcher seeks: a proven answer to their hypothesis. This allows researchers to close off the research process, or conduct further experimental research if they so choose.
Experimental Research
What it is: Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research design. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution.
The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research.
Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.
Stage in the research process: Final stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: Experimental research proves or disproves a hypothesis; as such, it is the final stage in the research process. It is the most scientific kind, leaving little to no room for errors, intuition or bias.
It can be used to accommodate causal research, digging further into a discovered cause and effect relationship. This is especially important for a business, as while it is critical to know whether a causal relationship exists, understanding how to move forward with this knowledge is of the essence.
Experimental research allows brands to test discovered causal relationships further, finding much-needed solutions. For example, a brand may want to learn how to reduce an unwanted correlation or to increase a needed correlation. Moreover, conducting further experiments can show brands how to gain a desired causal relationship sooner.
Complementing Your Research
In summary, there are six major types of research. A market researcher must consider these carefully before setting up their market research campaign. In order to build a comprehensive and effective study, you need to be able to organize your research.
To begin this endeavor, you need to classify your research topic(s) under a particular campaign, such as advertising, for example. Following this, you need to create a smooth and educated process. Thus, you need to follow the research process by way of the 6 dominant forms of research that this guide explains.
Doing so will ensure you conduct a comprehensive research campaign, one that leaves little to discover, except for possible future events, In order to complement your research, you need to conduct effective surveys for research campaigns. These allow you to understand your target market or target population. Even in experimental research, conducting surveys helps fill in the cracks and find answers to the unknown. Understanding your respondents, i.e., customers is paramount for a business. The proper online survey tool does not solely compliment a business or research endeavor, it completes it.

QUESTION 7
Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials. The impact is obvious, viz., the research results, frequently, don’t reveal the reality. Therefore, an organized study of research methodology is definitely an immediate requirement. Prior to undertaking research projects, investigators must be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts need to be made to provide short term intensive courses for achieving this requirement.
Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.
Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.
Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.
Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)
Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.
Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.
Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

Name: Arinze,ebuka kelvin
Reg no: 2019/246530
Department: Economics department
course: Eco 391(Research method)

Question 1
Research is made to know the cause of a particular problem and how the solve it. It is a systematic way of finding solutions to problems or getting more information concerning issues that needs attention. (Encyclopedia) Research is the organized and systematic method of finding answers to questions.  It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is organized because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion.  Research is only successful if we find answers, whether we like these answers or not. Development research is focussed on relevant, useful and important questions. If there are no questions, there can be no research.
For example if we want to make a research on the causes of unemployment in a particular geographical entity, we must ask questions like why are few persons employed and many are unemployed. when such question gets an answer it will lead to another question which will draw us closer to a solution.

Question 2
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge and also a movement from the known to unknown (encyclopedia). Research is made by asking questions and through a close look into a cause of a problem.
Researchers are driven by a desire to solve personal, professional, and societal problems. These problems may be simple everyday problems like the best school in Nigeria or they may be major problems that require vast teams of researchers working in well funded labs.
Research is done by making inquries. For example, imagine you just wrote WAEC and you are preparing to write Jamb to study Economics in a particular university. As a researcher you begin to make inquries of the best university to study Economics, the cutoff mark, the price of school fees etc. Inquiry and research has somehow morphed into synonyms.

Question 3
Creswell states – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: 
1. Pose a question
2. collect data to answer the question and
3.present an answer to the question.
creswell in his words above is saying that, the first thing to do while making a research is to first of all ask questions. For example if you are making a research on the causes of COVID-19, you first of all ask or write down questions like who first got the disease, where is that person from (country), the occupation of that person, where he or she goes to every day etc. After that, you start collecting data to answer the question. After getting answers to the questions then you summarize by answering what is the actual cause of COVID-19.

Question 4)

I study developmental economics because development economics focuses on how people in a society can escape poverty and enjoy a better standard of living.
Development economic studies can be divided into economic and social aspects.
Development economic research can help policymakers to make better decisions and formulate the right plans.
Development economic research can help policymakers to make better decisions and formulate the right plans, even though we tend to find our self in a rigmarole country.

(Question 5)

Third World” is an outdated and derogatory phrase that has been used historically to describe a class of economically developing nations. It is part of a four-part segmentation that was used to describe the world’s economies by economic status. Third World falls behind First World and Second World but was ahead of Fourth World, though Fourth-World countries were hardly recognized at all. Today, the preferred terminology is a developing nation, an underdeveloped country, or a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).
There can be a few ways to divide up the world for purposes of economic segmentation. Classifying countries as First, Second, Third, and Fourth World was a concept created during and after the Cold War, which ran from approximately 1945 to the 1990s.

HEZEKIAH JOY CHIWONKE
2019/245662
ECONOMICS/PHILOSOPHY
Hezekiahjoy224@gmail.com
1.
Research basically is to find answers to questions. It is a way of innovative reasoning, innovative thinking so as to advance the current position of a discipline. Research has an end of instituting positive changes for more effectiveness when it comes to its application in various disciplines.
It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems.This implies that research involves methods that are systematically structured to bring about valid and reliable answers to problems. Research methods likeanalyzing historical records, documents, questionnaire, telephone survey as well asorganizing a small group study of random behavior to help in the collection of data, establishing relationships amongst data, and also to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.
Hence, there are methods that have been structured to ensures that research conducted provide an accurate and reliable information about a given problem.

2.
Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge.
As a careful inquiry to discover new information or relationships it has to follow a systematic process, such that such findings follows a methodical presentation. So that at every stage of its findings there is no vague understanding because its validity and accuracy may fits into other body of knowledge.
Research as a careful inquiry to verify an existing knowledge talks about logical consistency, logical coherence because there has to be an understanding of the very foundations that support any claim of knowledge, as well as an open air to critique such findings to solidify its validity and to clear any error that would have been made in previous generalizations like the case of Geocentrism held by the Church before the Corpenican System.
Conducting a research to expand an existing knowledge talks about correspondence. In other words, the newly discovered knowledge has to logically correspond with the previous to form a body of knowledge.
3.
Creswell argues that, ‘Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue and it consists of three steps, which are;
• Pose a question
In posing a question, a researcher has to be clear-minded on why the research is to be conducted and what answers are sought for, then he makes an hypothesis out of the defined problem. For instance, let’s say the defined problem is: What kind of strategies can a business implement to retain their customer base?
• Collect data to answer the question
Here, the researcher would have to identify what type of data he would need, what will constitute his survey and where the data would come from?. The data may come from primary sources or in this case from the Internal data the company has, such as CRM software, E-mail marketing tools and so on. The data may also be fetched from Secondary sources or External sources, such as data from Government portals, International Organizations’databases
• Present an answer to the question
This requires the researcher to give his unbiased and objective view on the research conducted to form a generalization. And so he exposes the research decision to evaluation before they are implemented.
4. There are three criteria that are sufficient to define the essence of a research study, and they are;
• The Research study is being conducted within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches)
This implies that one’s philosophical exposure gives structure to the research study to be conducted. In other words, one’s philosophical exposure conditions.
For instance, one’s academic discipline gives structure on the kind of research to be carried out.And so, to carry out a research on Agriculture in the Northern part of Nigeria, I will carry this out by reason of how I have studied a combination of Economics and Philosophy.
• The research study uses procedures,methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability.
Such procedures, methods and techniques to be employed have been deemed justified by several indicators on their efficacy and also it could be employed in other researches without reducing it efficacy.
And so, I could possibly employ the observation method, I would observe the farmers as they work and possibly engage them in a conversationwhile recording.
• The Research study is designed to be unbiased and objective
An unbiased research study has no personal prejudice of the researcher, that is there are no preconceived opinion in the generalizations made. He has no ulterior intention as heconducts the research, while objectivity implies that a researcher’s thoughts pattern being engaged in the process of the research study is not conditioned or affected by his personality, for instance, his Philosophy, experience, social background and so on.
While conducting this Research on the Northerners, I would not allow my experience with the Eastern farmers to affect my judgements. Knowing fully well that the climate is different, the soil texture, their culture are all different.
5.
The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Research basically, is to find answers to questions. There are various ends for which a research is conducted as determined by the scientific fields and discipline. Hence, they are;
• To solve problems, this is common in the medical field as they constantly undergo researches to combat strange phenomena that plague the survival of mankind.
• To obtain academic degrees, it is held that no matter how intelligent a student is, such would not be awarded an academic degree if he fails a course on Research. Hence Research could be conducted as a part of an academic course work. Hence, in this wise, Research is carried out as a partial fulfilment for the award of a doctorate degree for example.
• To contribute to the existing body of knowledge, this is for the Educationists. They carry out Research studies to update the syllabus of learning to bring students to terms with what prevails in the society.
• Research institutions,they serve as stewards of data and information. They contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
6.
The Purpose of Research for any discipline is generally categorized into 6, which are;
• Explanation, this is the most common reason for conducting research. Here, the purpose is to unveil a truth that underlies a phenomenon.In this wise, research is carried out as an art of scientific investigation to understand the world. In a bid to explain certain phenomena faced by the world, an exploratory research studies is carried out.
• Prediction, another reason for conducting research studies is to be able to manipulate the future to work to the advantage of the society. This is feasible after by making perhaps a diagnostic research studies on a particular phenomenon, so as to predict a future occurrence and hence know how to install preventive measures if measures to manipulate the negative occurrence will not be obtainable.
For instance Corpenicus’ celestial model helped to make accurate prediction of planetary positions.
• Monitoring, specifically Research studies are carried out to extend, correct or verify an existing body of knowledge. Hence, a particular body of knowledge is closely monitored for any update or extension. Also, research could also be carried to monitor the accuracy of a body of knowledge so as to discard any that is not accurate and aligns with reality.
For instance, Polish theologian Nicolaus Corpenicus after a long time research, through observation from his Observatory, that took almost his entire life, devised a theory that the planets revolved around the Sun as opposed to Ptolemy who claimed the Sun revolved around the Earth. Galileo Galilei went ahead to make further research on Corpenicus’ claim and was able to validate it. However he was charged with heresy for advocating the Corpenican System.
• Discovery or New Improved Situation, research is also conducted for this purpose. Almost similar to the above, where the difference is that, for the purpose of Monitoring, it is to sustain an existing body of knowledge and guard against any error that may have occurred in making generalizations. But for the purpose of Discovery, it could be an offshoot from exercising the instinct of inquisitiveness.
• Hypothesis Testing,researchers engage statistical tools to evaluate an hypothesis to test, such tools as Chi-square test, F- test. When conducting research ,the researcher formulates an hypothesis and then tests it to see if there is any causal relationship between the variables.
• Control, here research is applied to real world situations, to see how control measures could be applied so as to manipulate the environment to the society’s interests.
7.
The problems of conducting Research in Developing countries arises due to the following:
• Funding, which is the major problem of developing countries. In the process of carrying out researches, specific tools, equipment, technology may be required to bring about an objective and accurate truth that was sought for by reason ofengaging in the research. While carrying out an exploratory research in the sciences, a researcher might be faced with the need to obtain some materials, which could be used for experiments. And so for experiments, the researcher might be forced to purchase more of those materials, to avoid any form of biasness or error or material misstatements.
For instance, a program was shown on Discovery Family channel in the DStv dish, how two groups were given five thousand dollars each to carry out a research on how to stop a moving vehicle that refuses to stop at a toll gate without any of the passengers being hurt. That amount I fear cannot be comfortably provided for such a problem in Developing countries.
• Incorrect Sampling, this could be an outgrowth from the lack of trained personnel who could carry out researches with expertise making use of the sophisticated tools and techniques for research. For instance, a researcher not understanding who to survey and thus selects a sample that is not representative of the population.
• Non-compliance from Correspondents, this could be a spin-off from the lack of awareness or say the ignorance of the correspondents especially in rural areas. When they are not adequately educated on the essence of such researches by the authority within their jurisdiction if not the National authority, then non-compliance is inevitable. This could also be an offshoot from their cultural beliefs. In some locales, there might be certain cultural beliefs that are held in high esteem which would conflict with any form of research carried within that vicinity.
• Actions of the Government, with the present Nigerian government as a case study, the leadership is very poor to the point that it hardly sponsors innovative researches, as her primary focus is on corruption. Notwithstanding, she dreads fearfully, capital projects, as her culture is to discard previous administration’s projects and take up new irrelevant ones. Sotaking up projects that may span across administrations may not be feasible.
• Insecurity, as there are undeveloped institutions so are there places that are undeveloped such that there is no internet connection for smooth communication. Hence, obtaining primary data in a field survey may prove abortive as there may be loss of lives, distorted data.

1. Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss
ANSWER
Research is a systematic and methodical process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to provide trustworthy information about a particular topic or problem. It is an essential component of many fields of study, including science, social science, business, and healthcare, and it has numerous applications in many other areas of human endeavor.
The primary goal of research is to generate new knowledge and contribute to the existing body of knowledge in a particular field. The methods used in research depend on the type of study being conducted, the nature of the research question, and the available resources.
One of the most important aspects of research is that it must be systematic, meaning that it follows a structured and rigorous process that is designed to ensure that the results are reliable and valid. This process typically involves several stages, including defining the research question, selecting a sample or population to study, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings.
In addition to being systematic, research must also be methodical, meaning that it uses a variety of methods and techniques to gather and analyze data. These methods may include surveys, experiments, case studies, interviews, and observations, among others. Each of these methods has its own strengths and limitations, and the choice of method will depend on the specific research question being addressed.
The ultimate goal of research is to provide trustworthy information that can be used to make informed decisions or solve problems. This is particularly important in fields such as healthcare, where research can help to identify new treatments or interventions that can improve patient outcomes. In business, research can be used to identify new market opportunities, improve products or services, or optimize business processes.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details
ANSWER
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that involves the careful examination of a particular topic or problem in order to discover new information, relationships, and insights. It is an essential tool for expanding and verifying existing knowledge in a wide range of fields, including science, social science, and humanities.
At its core, research involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. This data can come from a variety of sources, including experiments, surveys, interviews, case studies, and observational studies. The data is then analyzed using a range of statistical and other quantitative or qualitative methods, depending on the nature of the research question and the available resources.
One of the key aims of research is to expand knowledge and understanding by discovering new information and relationships. This can involve exploring new areas of inquiry or examining existing knowledge in new ways. For example, a scientist may conduct research to explore the effects of a particular drug on a specific medical condition, while a sociologist may conduct research to examine the relationship between social class and educational attainment.
In addition to expanding knowledge, research also plays an important role in verifying existing knowledge. This involves testing hypotheses and theories in order to confirm or refute them, and to gain a better understanding of how they work. For example, a scientist may conduct research to test a hypothesis about the mechanism by which a particular drug works, while a historian may conduct research to verify the accuracy of a particular historical account.
Research also involves careful planning and execution in order to ensure that the data collected is valid and reliable. This involves using appropriate research methods and techniques, selecting appropriate samples or populations to study, ensuring that the data collected is accurate and representative, and analyzing the data using appropriate statistical methods.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.
ANSWER
Creswell’s definition of research as a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue involves three main steps:
1. Planning and designing the research study:
The first step in research involves planning and designing the study. This includes selecting a research question or topic, developing hypotheses or research objectives, deciding on the research design and methodology, and identifying the sample population or data sources to be used in the study. For instance, a researcher interested in investigating the impact of social media on student academic performance may design a study with a survey questionnaire as the data collection method, with the population being students from various schools.
2. Collecting and analyzing data:
The second step in research involves collecting and analyzing data. This involves using appropriate research tools or instruments, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments, to collect data that can answer the research question or test hypotheses. After data collection, the researcher will then analyze the data using statistical or other methods to identify patterns, relationships, or trends that can answer the research question or test hypotheses. For example, in a study examining the relationship between employee motivation and job performance, data may be collected through surveys, and then analyzed using statistical methods to identify any significant correlations.
3. Reporting and interpreting the findings:
The third step in research involves reporting and interpreting the findings. This involves presenting the results in a clear and understandable way, using tables, graphs, and other visual aids to support the findings. The researcher will then interpret the results by drawing conclusions, making recommendations, and discussing the implications of the findings for future research or practice. For example, a researcher investigating the effects of a new medication may report the findings in a scientific paper, interpreting the results by discussing the significance of the medication’s effects on the study population, as well as the potential implications for future medical practice.

4. Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
ANSWER
In order for a given process to be called ‘research’, it must adhere to three specific criteria. These criteria are:

1. Systematic: Research must be conducted using a systematic and organized approach. This means that the research process must be clearly defined and well-planned, with specific steps taken to ensure that the research is conducted in a consistent and objective manner. Systematic research also involves the use of appropriate research methods and techniques, as well as the careful selection of data sources or sample populations.
Example: A researcher studying the impact of nutrition on athletic performance may use a systematic approach by first identifying a research question, designing a study using appropriate methodology (such as a randomized controlled trial), and then systematically collecting and analyzing data to answer the research question.
2. Controlled: Research must be conducted using controls to ensure that any observed effects are actually due to the factors being studied, and not due to chance or other extraneous variables. This means that researchers must carefully design their studies to control for potential confounding variables and other factors that could affect the outcome of the study.
Example: A researcher studying the effects of a new medication on a particular condition may use a control group, in which participants are given a placebo instead of the medication, to control for potential placebo effects or other variables that could affect the outcome of the study.
3. Empirical: Research must be based on empirical evidence, which means that it is grounded in observable and measurable phenomena. This means that researchers must use objective and reliable measures to collect data, and must analyze this data using appropriate statistical or other quantitative methods.
Example: A researcher studying the relationship between social media use and mental health may collect data through surveys or other means, using objective and reliable measures to assess social media use and mental health outcomes. The researcher would then analyze this data using appropriate statistical methods to determine whether there is a significant relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss
ANSWER
The purpose of research can vary across different scientific fields and disciplines, and even within specific fields, the purpose of research can vary depending on the context and the research questions being addressed. However, there are several common goals of research that apply across different fields and disciplines.

1. Advancing knowledge: One of the primary purposes of research is to advance knowledge in a particular field or discipline. Research seeks to uncover new information, test theories and hypotheses, and build upon existing knowledge to generate new insights and understanding.
2. Solving problems: Research can also be conducted to solve practical problems or address real-world issues. Researchers may seek to identify the underlying causes of a particular problem or develop new solutions to address it.
3. Developing or improving products and services: Research can be used to develop or improve products and services. For example, research in the field of engineering can be used to develop new technologies, while research in marketing can be used to develop new products or improve existing ones.
4. Policy-making: Research can also inform policy-making by providing evidence-based recommendations and guidance for decision-makers. For example, research in public health can inform policy decisions related to disease prevention and control.
5. Academic and career advancement: Research can also serve as a means of academic and career advancement, particularly in academic fields where research is a key component of professional success.
It is important to note that the purpose of research can also be influenced by external factors, such as funding sources and political or social agendas. For example, research funded by private corporations may be geared towards developing new products or technologies that are profitable, while research funded by government agencies may be focused on solving societal problems or advancing public policy goals.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
ANSWER
Research can be broadly categorized into six different purposes, regardless of the scientific field or discipline. These categories are:

1. Exploration: This type of research is conducted to explore new topics or areas of study. It seeks to generate new ideas and theories, and can involve reviewing existing literature, conducting surveys, or collecting data through observations or interviews.
2. Description: Description research seeks to describe the characteristics or behavior of a particular group or phenomenon. It can involve collecting data through surveys, questionnaires, or other forms of data collection to provide a detailed description of a particular group or phenomenon.
3. Explanation: Explanation research is conducted to determine the underlying causes or factors that contribute to a particular phenomenon or behavior. It often involves developing hypotheses and testing them using statistical or other quantitative methods.
4. Prediction: Prediction research seeks to predict the future behavior or outcomes of a particular group or phenomenon. It can involve analyzing historical data and using statistical models to predict future trends or behaviors.
5. Intervention: Intervention research is conducted to test the effectiveness of a particular intervention or treatment. It often involves a randomized controlled trial, in which participants are randomly assigned to a treatment group or control group to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.
6. Evaluation: Evaluation research is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness or impact of a particular program or policy. It can involve collecting data through surveys, interviews, or other forms of data collection to determine the outcomes or impact of a particular program or policy.
It is important to note that these categories of research are not mutually exclusive and often overlap. For example, a study may involve both description and explanation research, as the researcher seeks to describe a particular phenomenon while also explaining the underlying causes or factors that contribute to it.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.
ANSWER
Conducting social science research in developing countries can be a complex and challenging process due to a variety of factors. Some of the main problems that researchers may encounter include:

1. Limited resources: Developing countries may have limited resources for research, including funding, equipment, and trained personnel. This can make it difficult to conduct research that meets the standards of academic rigor and quality.
2. Cultural and language barriers: Researchers may encounter cultural and language barriers when conducting research in developing countries. These barriers can impact the ability to communicate with research participants, collect accurate data, and interpret findings.
3. Political instability: Developing countries may experience political instability, which can impact the ability to conduct research. For example, researchers may face censorship, surveillance, or restrictions on their activities.
4. Ethical considerations: Researchers must navigate ethical considerations when conducting research in developing countries. This can include ensuring informed consent, protecting participant privacy, and avoiding exploitation.
5. Limited access to technology: Developing countries may have limited access to technology, such as the internet or electronic data storage, which can make it difficult to collect and analyze data.
6. Limited access to research participants: Researchers may encounter challenges in accessing research participants in developing countries. For example, participants may be located in remote areas with limited transportation infrastructure, or they may have limited access to healthcare facilities where research is conducted.
7. Different cultural norms and values: Researchers must be sensitive to different cultural norms and values when conducting research in developing countries. This can impact the way research questions are framed, the methods used to collect data, and the interpretation of findings.

Metu Sandra chiamaka
2017/249526
sandratouch21@gmail.com
Eco major

1.Research involves the use of organized processes based on so many accumulated understandings and explanations that when taken together leads to generalizations about problems and the development of theories. It is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of inquiry.
2.Research and examinations are carried out carefully and are organized with layouts and terminologies other even expand or delve vast into past samples so as to acquire appropriate data sets, link or verify the relationships between past and present events, analysis and knowledge.
3.-Pose a question: The sole reason for every reason is because questions were asked.
-Collect data to answer the question: The process of facts findings, of data and information in a manner that the knowledge acquired provides solutions to the problem posed or asked.
-Present an answer to the question: Here, presentation of facts and truths through various methods answer questions.
4.-The process is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies: processes are carried out within a body of approaches; that is, the discipline at which the research is carried out.
-The process uses procedures, methods and techniques that have being tested for their validity and reliability: Every method used in research processes have been tested and reliable to find answers to questions.
-The process is designed to be unbiased and objective: processes must be carried without personal interests to provide accurate data.
5.-to obtain academic progress
– to contribute to the existing world of knowledge
– to make sound decisions; it is very vital to our everyday decisions.
– to unveil the truth
– provides answers to unknown problems
– to solve problems
– provides for acceptance or rejection of hypothesis or tentative claims through deductive reasoning
– to find out casual or underlying relationships
6.-Explanation: It is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
-Predictions: Research is used to access situations and predicts what may happen in the future.
-Monitoring: Many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
-Discovery or New improves situation: Research is used in finding out new situations and facts.
-Hypothesis testing: Research helps theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate an hypothesis
-Control: Control represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus, helping us to shape our environment.
7.- insufficient data or lack of data due to inadequate past records or data shortage
– insufficient funds or lack of funds to finance research processes
– bias results by the researcher to satisfy his/her own interests

EZUGWU JOHNSON CHINECHEREM
2019/245390
ECONOMICS MAJOR
SOLUTIONS TO ECO 391
Answer to question one
It is no doubt that research has different definitions in different fields, and the understanding differs according to the different fields and their applications. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.” Research can also be seen as the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Now considering the following “Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems”. Looking at the following key points:Systematic applicationFamily of methodsTrustworthy informationSystematic application: Systematic application can be seen as a means of management aimed at reducing the number and severity of mistakes, errors and failures due to either human or technological functions involved. In application to research, it involves a systematic method used in carrying out research in order to get if not appropriate result, at least a close percentage of the true result. It does not make use of intuition, prophecy or any other means, but uses a particular method known as the scientific method. The word science according to professor Mrs. Madueme Stella is “a systematic and organized body of knowledge in any area of inquiry that is acquired using “the scientific method”. Other research such as intuition, prophecy and other are non scientific and cannot be clearly studied, understand or proven, thus, it give room for argument.Family of methods: Have seen that a quality and reliable research has to do with a scientific method, these scientific methods are made up of different stages or aspects that at the end of the result, it can be proven, referred and even re conducted to prove the result. The following are the scientific methods used in studying at phenomenon before getting the result. They are:Logical: Scientific inferences must be based on logical principles of reasoning. Confirmable: Inferences derived must match with observed evidence. Repeatable: Other scientists should be able to independently replicate or repeat a scientific study and obtain similar, if not identical, results.Scrutinizable: The procedures used and the inferences derived must withstand critical scrutiny (peer review) by other scientists. Still the more, due to the context of research, there is a quantitative AMD qualitative method employed. When we say it is made up of a family of methods, it means that it make use of different methods that makes the result authentic.Trustworthy information: When we say an information is trustworthy, we mean it is a reliable piece of information that is current, free from biases, accurate, and also from a reputable authority (author or organization). When research is said to be a trustworthy research, it means the research has undergone the different levels of scientific methods which makes it trustworthy in solving problems. This means that, the result from the research can be logically analized, can be confirmed for clearance of doubt, can re conducted repeatedly for confirmation and can also be critically scrutinized. With this, it can be trusted that results from research can be made clear for people to understand unlike the use of intuition, sooth saying, etc that has no prove.Answer to question twoFor a research to be reliable, there must be a careful inquiry and examination of samples, context and other things. For more understanding, let’s analyze the query part by part. The key points are as follows:Careful inquiry or examinationDiscovery of new information or relationshipsExpansion and verification of existing knowledgeCareful inquiry or examination: The word “careful” means close attention and the word “inquiry” means search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination of facts or principles. Then, the word “Examination” means to observe or inspect carefully or critically. With the use of scientific methods, the can able to carefully inquire or search for truth in the population. If a researcher wants to know the number of farmers in Ogoja local government, the researcher must sit down to plan his queries, how to contact farmers in Ogoja,etc. The researcher will meet both farmers and non farmers for effective information, after the inquiries, the researcher takes a critical analysis or examination of his research to ensure proper and referable information.Discovery of new information or relationships: When there is an argument or when there is need to carry out a new research over a particular one, most likely, there seem to be a new discovery or change from the previous research carried out. With the presence of a new carefully made research, it brings to mind the knowledge hidden before and also gives a clearer understanding of the new one. With the discovery of a new information, it makes null the old ones and brings to play the new one. Take for an instance, a researcher carried out a research and found out that, farmers get more yield from crops without applying fertilizer, and that has been the belief of farmers, as time goes on, a researcher argues this result and went on to re conduct his on research and found that the application of fertilizer to crops makes a high yeild and this becomes the new result from the old one. With this result, it brings to the minds of farmers that applying fertilizer to their crops gives a high yeild and makes the farmer understand that fertilizer is also important.Expansion and verification of existing knowledge: When we say research, the word is the combination of two words, “re” and “search”. Re means over and over again and search means an attempt to find something. This shows that research over a topic or an issue cannot just be done once, the continues attempt to find something (survey) leads to expansion and verification of existing knowledge. What do I mean by this? For instance, if a research shows that, cultivating supi ( a specie of rice) and harvesting twice a year is the best, this research shows that this is the fastest growing specie of rise for the moment. Now if another research is carried out and the result shows that another specie of rice known as iron rice can be cultivated and harvested in three months. With these researches made, we can deduce an expansion and verification of research. This shows also the benefit of research. With the help of research our world today has changed from the use of lamp to the use of electricity and not only light but so many other changes. Also, research brings development in different areas of studies.Answer to question threeCreswell methods of research consist of: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question Pose a question: The creation of questions by the researcher gives the bedrock of his research. If the researcher has no questions directed to towards his area of research, then he or she is not carrying out a research. For example, if a researcher is to research on the causes of infertility in women in Nsukka local government, he will direct his questions to those things that cause infertility in Nsukka local government, and not to reasons for poverty in Nsukka. Thus, he may ask questions like: What is the origin of fertility in Nsukka? How long has it lasted? Etc. To pose a question on what someone is to research on is as vital as using pen on a sheet of paper. There are many ways a researcher can pose questions on the masses, he may decide to print out questioners for people to fill so as to allow the express their views in writing, also, there can be face to face dialogue or interview to allow people explain in details their views over the research, this method is also good. In anywhere the researcher would use to pose a question, what matters is that questions directed to area of research is necessary.Collect data to answer the questions: In statistics, there is what is known as population and sample. Population is the total number of objects from which a sample is taken for survey, while sample is the number of objects taken from the population for survey. For a researcher to get answers to his questions, he must first locate the area of his survey and get some data ( number of persons) from the population to answer his questions. For example, if the researcher on infertility in women in Nsukka local government wants to get answers to his research, he must first go to Nsukka and ask some proportion of peoples in Nsukka the questions set by him on the topic of his research. It is possible that he cannot meet every member of Nsukka local government for answers. The number of persons he meet maybe 60% would be able to give him satisfying answers to the topic which would stand out for the whole population. With this step taken, he would be able to get answers to his queries.Present an answer to the question: The next thing a researcher does is to assemble all the different answers to his questions and analyze them, take out the best from the answers and formulate his result. How he does this is by comparing answers if like lines and of related views together, analyze them and come out with a result. This result may not be hundred percent correct, but may be close to the expected answer, that is why researchers carry out research over and over against a particular topic. So, in order for the researcher to get answers to questions, he assembles and analyzes the answers and come out with a result.Answer to question four For a given process to be called a research, the following must be adhered to, viz:KnowledgeConvictionSignificanceKnowledge: knowledge can be seen as facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education it is also the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. For a given research to be successful and meaningful, there must be a knowledge and understanding of the topic or what the researcher needs to carry out research on. Imagine a researcher who is to research on the importance and efficacy of the holy mass ( the Eucharistic celebration) celebrated by the Catholic church, if such a researcher is not a Catholic but rather a Muslim, the research would be had for him because he has no basic knowledge of the Catholic church and the worst is that he is not a Christian. For him to be able to carry out this research very well, he has to seek for basic and wide knowledge of the Catholic church. In doing this he gains information, skills and experience in order to carry out his research well.Conviction: Conviction can be seen as a strong opinion or belief. It can also be seen as a firmly held belief. Gaining knowledge of something shows that you believe that such thing exist. For a researcher to have looked for facts, information and skillful experience and education towards what he is researching on, then, there is the likeliness that the researcher is convinced that all he has studied, inquired and learnt are true. Conviction has do with the full assurance and hope of the researcher over the information gathered. When a researcher gathers facts and information, he do not believe all the information at once and as such, he verifies the the information and do away with the fake ones. Thus, with full conviction, he affirms what he has taken. This shows the conviction of the researcher.Significance: This means the extent to which something matters, it can also be seen as the importance of something, especially when it has to do with something of the future. The importance of a research matters a lot and it varies according to how useful the research is. Some research may be as a result of confirmation, some may be as research to replace old ones, etc. Also, significance of a research varies in different fields. For instance, in economics, the research on the total number of men and women in the nation who are productive is very important to economists than a research in religion on the number of religion in a nation. Like in economics, the total number of men and women that determines the work force of the nation is important because if there is less workforce in the nation, the nation will suffer so many loss. As such, the researcher would take it very serious in order to determine the number of workforce in the country, this would show the weakness of the nation and with this proffer solutions to it. The significance of a research spells out the goals and the benefits to be received in the research.PRACTICAL EXAMPLEMusa is to carryout a research on the topic ” The importance of mass and the significance of the items used to say mass”. First, for Musa who is a Muslim to get a good knowledge of the topic, he makes plan on how and where to get it. This may be paying a visit to a priest and also living with the priest for some length of days in order to acquire, observe and also know the facts on this topic, by doing this he will gain a full knowledge and understanding of what mass is all about and also the importance of mass. He.would learn about the Holy Eucharist which is the center of the Catholic faith and also things used for the celebration of Mass, etc. With this experience, observation, and information gotten, at this point, he is fully convinced about the mass and things used. Now, for the significance, Musa would through the knowledge gotten know that the holy Mass is important for all Catholics because they derive a lot of graces from it. He may also be able to explain to his fellow Muslims the reason and importance of the holy mass. This is not a good example but tells about what the three criteria for a good research looks like. From the knowledge of the importance of the Holy mass for Catholicsthrough observation, learning and experience he was convinced about the data and knowledge gotten and hence, he knew the significance of the Holy Mass for Catholics, with all these, he will be able to give a good result from the research he carried out.Answer to question fiveThere are many complicated issues in the research in different fields and disciplines in scientific research, this is due to the nature of the research to be carried out and some other factors. For instance, in social sciences like economics and sociology, it studies the nature of human behavior in relation to ends and scarce means which have alternative uses, sociology studies the behavior of human being and the society, ie human behavior in a group con text. Like other animals, human being is unpredictable, an analysis can be said of a human being in a moment to be extremely grieved while the next second, if that test is re conducted, there may be a different result or a little change from the former results gotten from the later. Thus, this is a complicated issue in one of the fields of science ( social science). Looking at another field in science like the natural science such as physics and chemistry which studies properties of matters and other bodies. These properties are not like humans that are not predictable, but still there are other matters that are complicating here other than prediction.Differences in the purpose of the research in different fields of studies in science is also another thing to look up to. In the social sciences, for instance like in economics, most of the researches carried out has to do with problems of human wants, consumption, scarcity, etc and a means of solving them. Researches here can be based on demand and supply of goods, price level in the economy, supply of money in the economy, etc. Another department of science in the social sciences like sociology looks at the science of building the society and it studies behavior that proffer unity and growth in the society. With the natural and social sciences, one can be able to depict the differences in scientific research and how the purpose of the research conducted in the subfields of science varies.Generally, some of the complicated issues in conducting scientific research are as follows:Financial crunch in academia.Poor study design in published papers.Lack of replication studies.Problems with peer review.Problem related to research accessibility.Lack of adequate and accurate science communication.Stressful nature of academic life.With the above mentioned problems, scientific research becomes complicated.Answer to question sixThe purposes of research can be generally categorized into the following:forming hypotheses, collecting data, analysing results, forming conclusions, implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new research questions.Forming Thesis: Thesis is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. In order to form a thesis, making use of the information gotten from preliminary research is necessary because with the idea gotten from the preliminary research on your topic, it will help you to understand the topic and have a clear idea of what the topic is all about. A thesis statement summarizes what your research paper would look like, usually, it is the first statement made in your paper which shows your introduction to the topic. With the thesis statement, you will be able to give answer to how you will start you research and this at time makes it easier for other researcher to know if your material can service as a solution to their research. A good thesis statement includes all the relevant points and information in the work in a summarized form. Sometimes, a thesis statement can come in form of a question and the answer to it shows how your research will go. There are four steps to write a thesis, there are:Ask a question about your topic.Write your initial answer.Develop your answer by including reasons.Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.Collecting Data: The collection of data for research can take different ways. Data collection can be seen as a process of methodological gathering of information on a particular subject. Data collection can be gotten from a primary and a secondary source. Data collection is a vital aspect of research which without there will be no research done. The collection of data can be done in different ways according to how the researcher has designed his research. There are so many methods of collecting data such as:Data from literature sources: TThese are already prepared data found in textbooks, journal, etc which can be sorted for use. This is a secondary method of data collection.Survey: This is another method of a of data collection which makes use of questionaire. This can be in a web-base form or a printed one. This will allow people to express their views in a written way to the researcher.Interview: This can be qualitative method of data collection whose results are based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study. Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the professionals being interviewed.Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured (informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewee or through telephone or using the mass media.Observation: This is another method of research, this has to do with observing a phenomenon or what you are researching on. Some of the observation is usually with natural things which can be controlled.Other methods of research are documents and records, and also experiments.Analyzing results: The process of data analysis or result analysis begins from your gathering of data and your preliminary understanding of your topic of research. This has to do with the different methods of data collection after which the data would be studied in order to know the ones that are not in relationship with others and to know those ones that are in line with others. Analyzing data gives more understanding and interpretation to the result gotten. forming conclusions: This is the summary of the result gotten after analysis. Here after studying and understanding the phenomenon the researcher can be able to tell clearly the true results of his research. Here a researcher can for instance say that, haven studied the whether condition of Nsukka, in November there is no rain or there would always be no rain fall in November due to the conditions found under the analysis level made. With this, a researcher states clearly in a summarized form the result from the research. Also, this where a theory can be made, like the law of motion, the law of thermodynamics and others.implementing findings into real-life applications and forming new research questions: This has to do with the application of the result you have gotten in real life situations. Example, when you theorize that in the month of November there will usually be no rain fall in Nsukka, if eventually there happen to be rainfall in that month, then there will be a problem in your research and this will give room for questions and also for a new research to be carried out.Answer to question sevenThe problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are complex. In the other pages above, we talked about social science research to be not easily predictable due to most of its research on humans who are quick to change unlike natural science research that has to do with laboratory. When a problem is multifaceted and multidimensional, what does it mean? The word multifaceted means having many different aspects or features while the word multidimensional means having so many dimensions, both words are synonymous. The problem in social science research are multidimensional thus leading from one problem to the other. Some of those problems are as follows:lack of planning: Lack of planning is one of the beaches of the multifaceted problems in carrying out research in a developing country. One of the main reasons for this is that the developing countries are not exposed to the modern ways of easy planning, thus the lack of organization and orderliness in the country can alter the social science researchers plans, also, on the part of the researchers, they being in a confined zone where there is no experience of a developed country, they also would wallow in the ocean of ignorance. lack of moral and financial incentives: This is also an iota of the trees of social science research problems in developing countries. In a developing country like Nigeria where there is no plan, there is degradation in morals and this leads to financial problem. Talking about the good morals, the government itself is corrupt because of bad leaders, if the citizens of the country lack good morals, it will also pose a problem in social science research since it has to do with people. In most developed countries, most citizens are given incentives which enables them forge ahead with their career and this allows them to learn more and develop. In a developing country, the reverse is the case because of instability in the government and ignorance, with all these, there is problem in research because researchers would be discouraged since there is no enlightenment in both morals and financial perspectives. shortage of time available for research: In a developing country, researchers face the problem of time in carryout research. A research that has to do with social science demands a lot of time and commitment, but due to the un steadiness of the developing countries and the lack of incentives and also the ignorance of the importance of social science research, there is always a problem in such aspect.underdeveloped health informatics structure: In a developing country, one of the multifaceted problems is lack of healthy information, When there is lack of healthy information in a country, researchers fail to find easily the solutions to their problems. An instance can be the case in Nigeria there is constantly false news and untrustworthy information in circulation. When there is poor information structure, researchers would find it hard to get a valid information to use in their research, it would seem to them that their research is untrustworthy, thus, crippling the agitated legs of the researchers.lack of available funding: One is a major issue in most developing countries. When there is no fund provided for researchers to be able to carryout their research, the researchers are discouraged from carryout their research. This can be seen in our country Nigeria where our leaders embezzle money for themselves rather than making good plans and assisting the researchers to do their research.We see that these problems connect from one source to the other, there can only be solutions to this if the researchers and the government make good plans and also learn good morals by copying and learning from developed countries. Also, the government should provide incentives for researchers to enable them learn and equip themselves more. Furthermore, good and healthy information structure should be set up in order for researchers to get quick information that would help them in their research.

Reading your article helped me a lot and I agree with you. But I still have some doubts, can you clarify for me? I’ll keep an eye out for your answers.

1. Research is a scientific approach to answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data to make research findings useful in decision-making, the systematic application of a family of methods that are employed to provide trustworthy information about problems are meant to answer questions about our observations and experiences in the world. It is a structured approach to gathering and interpreting information that will allow us to understand.

2. Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalize knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using
scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a
systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It
involves inductive and deductive methods.”

3.● Pose a question
● Collection of data
● Present the report writing.
Pose a question
Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of
study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I
can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors
surrounding this central phenomenon.
Collection of data
To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that
needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and
documentation, focus groups and so many others.
Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be
seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.
For example someone wants to know or he or she was asked to find the population of Aged
Men in Nigeria
Methods on collection of data such as survey, interviews with the students and so on.
Presents valid data of the population of Aged Men in Nigeria.

4. ● It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
● Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
● It is designed to be unbiased and objective.
For example, one can be asked to make research on the population of Nursing women in
Nigeria.
Firstly to begin with the research a serial research is undertaken within the framework of a set of
philosophers.
The procedure of the research or the technique used to carry out such research must be tested
to know if they can be reliable and produce valid results.
It should be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.
Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.
An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.
Pure Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.
For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.
Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.

6.● Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is
concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
● Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the
future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
● Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
● Discovery: finding a new situation
● Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical
analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
● Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and
situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship
between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. Social Science Research is not offered as an undergraduate major or supporting subject. Students who commenced a Social Science Research major in 2011 or prior should contact the School of Social Sciences for advice.

Social Science Research papers consider the principles of effective design of social science research projects with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. They contribute to a number of specialist subject areas within the School of Social Sciences.

A competent social researcher has a critical appreciation of contemporary society and social issues based on a sound foundation of social theory and research methodology. Researchers need a critical understanding of a range of social research methods and styles. Social research design encompasses not only theoretical and methodological but also ethical considerations relating to respect for the rights and welfare of all parties involved in the research.

7.Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research
department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research
institutions, on the other.
Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority
of the people (social workers and business executive)
Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and
inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This
discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the
contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer
adequate amounts for research of all types.
Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations
responsible for performing research.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems
concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of
resources.
Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a
researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a
researcher can take help.

Answer:
1. Research is a scientific approach to answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data to make research findings useful in decision-making, the systematic application of a family of methods that are employed to provide trustworthy information about problems are meant to answer questions about our observations and experiences in the world. It is a structured approach to gathering and interpreting information that will allow us to understand.

2. Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalize knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using
scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a
systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It
involves inductive and deductive methods.”

3.● Pose a question
● Collection of data
● Present the report writing.
Pose a question
Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of
study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I
can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors
surrounding this central phenomenon.
Collection of data
To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that
needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and
documentation, focus groups and so many others.
Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be
seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.
For example someone wants to know or he or she was asked to find the population of Aged
Men in Nigeria
Methods on collection of data such as survey, interviews with the students and so on.
Presents valid data of the population of Aged Men in Nigeria.

4. ● It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
● Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
● It is designed to be unbiased and objective.
For example, one can be asked to make research on the population of Nursing women in
Nigeria.
Firstly to begin with the research a serial research is undertaken within the framework of a set of
philosophers.
The procedure of the research or the technique used to carry out such research must be tested
to know if they can be reliable and produce valid results.
It should be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.
Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.
An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.
Pure Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.
Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity.
For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.
Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.

6.● Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is
concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
● Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the
future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
● Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
● Discovery: finding a new situation
● Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical
analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
● Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and
situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship
between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. * Social Science Research is not offered as an undergraduate major or supporting subject. Students who commenced a Social Science Research major in 2011 or prior should contact the School of Social Sciences for advice.

Social Science Research papers consider the principles of effective design of social science research projects with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. They contribute to a number of specialist subject areas within the School of Social Sciences.

A competent social researcher has a critical appreciation of contemporary society and social issues based on a sound foundation of social theory and research methodology. Researchers need a critical understanding of a range of social research methods and styles. Social research design encompasses not only theoretical and methodological but also ethical considerations relating to respect for the rights and welfare of all parties involved in the research.

7.Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research
department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research
institutions, on the other.
Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority
of the people (social workers and business executive)
Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and
inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This
discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the
contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer
adequate amounts for research of all types.
Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations
responsible for performing research.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems
concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of
resources.
Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a
researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a
researcher can take help.

NAME: OZONWU CHUKWUEBUKA SILAS
REG NO:2019/244686
DEPT: ECONOMICS
EMAIL: ozonwuchukwuebuka@gmail.com
1.
i. It is also an ongoing process based on many accumulated understanding and explanation that when taken together lead to generalization about problems and the development of theories.
ii. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information of knowledge of relationship and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge.
iii. Research is a systematic way of asking question a systematic.
2.Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge “. [1] It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence tov increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
Based on purpose or utility, a research approach can either be basic or applied. While basic research aims at expanding knowledge by creating new theories andvmodifying existing ones, applied research is focused on providing practical solutions to specific problems by analyzing empirical evidence. There are several meeting and departure points for these approaches, and it is pertinent for every researcher to understand them effectively. In this article, we will be detailing 15 key differences between basic and applied research methods, while also highlighting some similarities between these research methodologies.
BASIC RESEARCH:
Basic research is a research approach that is entirely theoretical and aimed at improving or expanding the knowledge-base of a particular field of study. It focuses on “knowledge for its own sake” and it is primarily driven by curiosity and the need to explore the unknown. It is also known as fundamental or pure research and it is a systematic investigation set to achieve a better and more detailed understanding of a research subject or phenomenon, not to solve a specific problem.
APPLIED RESEARCH:
Applied research is designed to focus on providing practical solutions to a specific problem. It is a form of investigation that entails solution-oriented inquiries into a phenomenon,a field of study or research subject generally employing empirical methodologies.
3. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as “studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, orbpractical application of such new or revised theories or laws.” Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language defines research as“studious inquiry or examination, especially critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts, and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or practical applications of new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws.” According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Research is a systematic inquiry into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, etc.
4.
1. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( research approaches);
2. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability ;
3. is designed to be unbiased and objective
i.Research philosophy is a vast topic and here we discussing this topic in great details. Research philosophies associated with assumption, knowledge and nature study. It deals with the specific way of developing This matter needs to be addressed because resear have different assumptions about the nature of knowledge and philosophy helps us to understand but assumptions.
ii.Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method , technique. or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. It’s important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research . Failing to do so can lead to several types of research bias and seriously affect your work.
iii. Sometimes, in the cause of carrying out a systematic investigation, the researcher may influence the process intentionally or unknowingly. When this happens, it is termed as research bias, and like every other type of bias , it can alter your findings. Research bias is one of the dominant reasons for the poor validity of research outcomes. There are no hard and fast rules when it comes to research bias and this simply means that it can happen at any time; if you do not pay adequate attention. The spontaneity of research bias means you must take care to understand what it is, be able to identify its feature, and ultimately avoid or reduce its occurrence to the barest minimum. In this article, we will show you how to handle bias in research and how to create unbiased research surveys with Formplus
5.
I. To solve problems (including practical problem of the society).
ii. To make a Sound . decision: It is very vital to our everyday decision making.
iii. To obtain academic degree.
iv. To unveil the truth.
v. To acquint with the facts data obtained through research enable us understand existing phenomenal.
vi. To fulfill an academic requirement for example as partial fulfillment for the award of a doctorate degree.
vii. For enjoyment; some people enjoy the indicated challenge of creative work.
viii. A researcher may be called upon to study a specified phenomenal by some higher authority: thus is enhances collaboration with higher authorities (even among peers)
ix. To generate new theories confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones.
x. To contribute to the existing body of knowledge.This is mainly triggered by curiosity about a subject.
xi. To find out casual relationship it enable researcher to establish the existence and extent of relationship between variable.
xii. Researches help to provide answer to unknown problem.
xiii. Research provides for acceptance or rejection of hypothesis or treatment claims through deductive reasoning .
6.
i. Explanation: Possibly the most cited for conducting research is use it explain why something is occurring,this is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
ii. Prediction: Research is use to help access a situation and predict what may happen in the future. We’re able to say that given certain conditions then this is likely to happen.
iii. Monitoring: many decisions made must be measured to ensure that goals are being obtained
iv. Discovering/new improved situation finding out new situation.
v. Hypothesis testing: research helps test theories about some issues . Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart of scientific research,relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
vi. Control: control represent the way in which research can be applied to real problem and situation,thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variable we are able to control our environment to suit our interests.
7.
1. Nonexistence of Scientific Training:
Due to the non-systemic nature of research methodology, numerous researchers, even their supervisors, carry out research without knowing the exact research methods. Before starting the research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.
2. Financial issues:
Funding can be insecure at times. A number of Ph.D. scholars depend on their parents or friends financially, which is tremendously worrying and traumatic to secure new funding. Preferably, the research supervisors should be available to support this. However, to overcome this problem it is advised that scholars should secure themselves financially in case of crisis.
3. Lack of communication with the guide:
Staying in contact with ideas and development is one of the problems for researchers in developing countries. It is essential for a researcher to have proper guidance on the research project. It is imperative to converse with the supervisor so as to clarify the doubts concerning the research topic and to learn more about your research topic.
4. Proper Time managemen:t
It is better to perform fewer things in a perfect manner than numerous things full of mistakes. A proper timetable should be prepared and followed strictly by the Ph.D. candidate to avoid half-finished tasks management. This will help the candidates to be more organized and professional in their work field.
5. Stress:
Pursuing a doctorate can be highly nerve-wracking. To overcome this stressful life, below are the points that should be followed:

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2019/249884
Economics Education
1. Research involves a systematic investigation including research development, testing and evaluation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Research is not purely defined and thus used in a similar way. This develops unfortunate results from a misconception about what is research. To understand properly what is research, it is good to start with common misconceptions about research. First, fact transferal is not research. Consider a typical high school research project. The teacher assigns a “research project” on some topic. The students went to the library, checked out several books, and might have copied several pertinent pages from the book. The typical student organized collected information and wrote up the “research report”. What these students did is information gathering and arranging it is nothing more or nothing less. No doubt the student went through some motions associated with research. But finding fact and fact transferal alone is not research. Transfer of information from one source, namely books and pertinent pages, to another source, namely the so-called research report, is nothing more than fact transferal, but not research. To my distress I find many college students repeat this same mistake by submitting a ‘research report’ which is nothing but fact transferal from one source to their report.
2.Research includes “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.” This is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion in past work on the field. Research projects can be used in developing further knowledge on a topic, or given an example of a school research project, they can be use to further a student’s research prowess to prepare them for future jobs.
3. Creswell states that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps:
1) Pose a question: posing a question or a problem is the single most important part of research. It brings attention to the a problem. Posing a question helps to determine the type of research and identify specific objectives.
2) collect data to answer the question: this is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
3) Present an answer to the question: This answers these questions on one’s research findings. The methods you use or the experiments that you conduct are all directed at finding the answers to your research questions. Thus, we can say that the Results and Discussion sections include the answers to your research question

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
1) Explanation: possibly the most clted reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occurring. This is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge establishing facts and developing new methods. When things that are happening in the environment people tend to find out reasons why such things happens in order to understand or acquire knowledge on such matter.
2) Prediction: research is used to help assess a situation and predict what may happen in the future. We are able to say that given certain conditions then this is likely to happen. When information are gathered it makes prediction easy, one can easily say what may happen based on the information already gotten which may likely be true.
3) Monitoring: many decisions made must be monitored to insure that goals are being attained.
4) Discovery/ New improved situation: finding out situations
5) Hypothesis testing: finally research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
6) Control: control represent the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situation, thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. Problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are multifaceted and multidimensional
1) lack of training: this is one of the biggest problems developing countries face, scarcity of qualified research workers. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound.
2) lack of code of conduct: there is absence of code of conduct for researchers in most developing countries.
3) lack of available funding: sufficient funds for researchers to perform a quality research are not provided. This discourage research of all type.
4) illiteracy: performing research in developing countries can be hindered because of lack of knowledge and understanding of what research is all about.
5) repetition: overlapping of research studies on one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.

UCHEOMA DANIELLA CHIMDINDU
2019/241763
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
danympompo123@gmail.com

Answer 1:
The general idea of research is to get information about a subject in a particular field. The difference however is reflected in their various definitions and methodologies. Research definitions and methods in the social science fields are different from those in the medical and science fields.
It also depends on the reason for seeking information and how it will be applied. For academic purpose, it is said to be an academic activity. The term is then used in a technical sense. It is also sometimes done as a leisure activity; that way it can be simply defined as a devoted attempt to find out truth.
Many scholars in their different fields have tried to bring forward their own contributions to the meaning of this term. Clifford Woody states that it comprises of defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions. Drew Hardman and Hard in 1996 define it as a systematic way of asking question.
The various applications of research have led to development. The outcome of scientific research was what lead to the invention of technology and various laws and even theories we now use to explain life phenomena. Results from research has led to the invention of various forms of treatments in the medical field which are safer and more ethnical than earlier methods; There are also new drugs and the discovery of cure for various diseases we would have never thought could be eradicated. These among many more are the various applications of research.
Research being a systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems explains that it is a process and not just one action. Involves various methods (some repeated) to get to the root of a problem or to find answers. It involves systematic investigations, research development, testing and evaluation and many more. In order for research to be carried out, it should be well mapped out to follow the appropriate steps.
Creswell defines research as a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
Answer 2:
This is from the definition of research given by Roger Bennette and was used by Anthony Veal, in his 2005 book, Business Research Methods. In full definition, the two words to be taken note of in this definition is “systematic” and “careful”. Systematic in this definition means that research is done according to a fixed plan or system depending on the method being used and the purpose of the research. It is also a careful inquiry because the researcher must try as much as possible to avoid errors when making investigations. It should be done in a reasonable speed; it should not be rushed or delayed. An appropriate amount of time should be allocated to each step taking to get to the final result.
As an inquiry, it means that it involves asking questions from various sources of different forms (digital, or paper) and making detailed investigations. A researcher set on getting an answer to his or her questions or a solution to a problem would visit every part or section of different sources to get the desired result. Often time. A researcher comes across many sources to get the what he or she want of which some may not be of help. With the invention and improvement of technology, making inquires have become a lot easier.
It also defines research as an examination meaning there is a detailed inspection of the subject being studied. The research careful examines the object and observes its properties and characteristics and writes down his observation usually for further research or to draw a conclusion. Also, examinations are done to prove an existing knowledge or to disprove it.
Finally, there must be a result either verifying or expanding on an existing knowledge.
Answer 3:
Creswell’s three step method of research shows how information is gotten and presented from the point of inquiry to the point of display. These steps are;
1. Pose a question
2. Collect data to answer the question
3. Present an answer to the question.
These steps may differ depending on the kind of data being collected or the kinds of research to be carried out. These kinds of research are quantitative, qualitative and mixed research.
The Quantitative research tests objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables are being measured on the appropriate instrument. With this kind of research, the three steps will differ.
The first step being to pose a question would demand an answer based on quantitative analysis. The main aim of asking the question is to get an answer in relation to a standard figure.
The second step (collecting data) will involve taking measurements from the instrument. One must take note of errors while doing so to avoid total inaccuracy.
The third step is the presentation of answers. These answers are usually in graphical forms and charts, sometimes in tabular form.
The qualitative Research involves studying and trying to understand usually social phenomena. It also involves the three step research methods which are asking questions which can be done in various forms (questionnaires), collecting data usually from observation and from answers gotten from questions and presenting your answers in form of statements, laws and theories.
The mixed research method is a combination of both the quantitative and qualitative research method. It also includes the three step methods which are done by a mix of the quantitative and qualitative method of research.
Answer 4:
The three criteria of research explain what a research question to be or look like. It was introduced by Fisher in 1993. It a problem will qualify as a potential research problem when the following three conditions exist.
1. There should be a perceived discrepancy between “what it is” and “what it should have been.” This implies that there should be a difference between “what exists” and the “ideal or planned situation”;
2. A question about “why” the discrepancy exists. This implies that the reason(s) for this discrepancy is unclear to the researcher (so that it makes sense to develop a research question); and
3. There should be at least two possible answers or solutions to the questions or problems.

Answer 5:
As stated earlier, the main idea of research is to get information about a particular objective. However, this information varies with the different purpose of carrying out research.
One major purpose of carrying out research is for academic purpose. This may also vary depending on who is carrying out the research (undergraduate or post graduate student or lecturer) and on what field the research is being carried out on. For a student, the main purpose for carrying out academic research if not for anything is to be graded according to his performance which is affected by how much effort he or she has put. For a lecturer, the main purpose is to move up to a higher cadre.
Research is carried out by people from various backgrounds to discover the truth. A detective will do a lot of research to uncover a crime. Also, ordinary people do research to find out the truth about things they are curious about. They are also carried out for enjoyment.
Research is important for generating new theories and inventions. Information is gotten to help build new knowledge and unlearn wrong ones. Society has only evolved with the help of research.
In all, the seeking of knowledge and truth is what characterizes research no matter the purpose. And the general purpose of carrying out research is to make a change.

REFERENCES:
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approach (3rd ed.). Sage.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publications.

Ogbaga Stella chinwedu
Economics major
2019/2417333
Assignment eco 361(developmental economics)

(Question 1)

Michael Todaro (1977), on the other hand, stressed that development must be
regarded as “multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social
structures, popular attitudes, institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic
growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of absolute poverty.” He
further explained that development must represent the whole gamut of change by which
the entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and desires of individuals and
social groups within that system, moves away from a condition greatly perceived to be
unsatisfactory toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially and spiritually
“better”. Todaro emphasized the “good life” that individuals and societies ought to
pursue as based on three (3) core values : 1)life sustenance, 2) self esteem, and 3)
freedom from servitude. Todaro here, thus provide a normative philosophical and
humanistic dimension to development but taking on a much holistic integrative
perspective by emphasizing the need for accelerated economic growth along with social
and institutional component. By this, he points out that the problem of
underdevelopment and inequality is largely structural in nature and proliferated by
existing institutions in society the promotes rather than prevents inequality, inadequate
redistribution of wealth, blocks access to basic services, and are the very cause of
deprivation thereby impeding attainment of development objectives on top of efforts and
interventions being done.

(Question 2)

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by the United Nations since 1990 to measure various countries’ levels of social and economic development. It is composed of four principal areas of interest: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income (GNI) per capita.

This index is a tool used to follow changes in development levels over time and compare the development levels of different countries.

(Question 3)

Development economics is a branch of economics whose goal is to better the fiscal, economic, and social conditions of developing countries.
Areas that development economics focuses on include health, education, working conditions, and market conditions.
Development economics seeks to understand and shape macro and microeconomic policies in order to lift poor countries out of poverty, especially third world countries.

(Question 4)

I study developmental economics because development economics focuses on how people in a society can escape poverty and enjoy a better standard of living.
Development economic studies can be divided into economic and social aspects.
Development economic research can help policymakers to make better decisions and formulate the right plans.
Development economic research can help policymakers to make better decisions and formulate the right plans, even though we tend to find our self in a rigmarole country.

(Question 5)

Third World” is an outdated and derogatory phrase that has been used historically to describe a class of economically developing nations. It is part of a four-part segmentation that was used to describe the world’s economies by economic status. Third World falls behind First World and Second World but was ahead of Fourth World, though Fourth-World countries were hardly recognized at all. Today, the preferred terminology is a developing nation, an underdeveloped country, or a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).
There can be a few ways to divide up the world for purposes of economic segmentation. Classifying countries as First, Second, Third, and Fourth World was a concept created during and after the Cold War, which ran from approximately 1945 to the 1990s.

Ogbaga Stella chinwedu
Economics department
2019/241733
Assignment 391(Research method)

Question 1

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

A research approach is the procedure selected by the researcher to collect, analyze, and interpret data. There are three approaches to research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.

Different research techniques are used to collect data depending upon the researcher’s choice to conduct quantitative research or qualitative research.

When conducting quantitative research, surveys can be conducted. Survey research is a quantitative research methodology technique that involves collecting numerical data to test hypotheses or answer questions about the status of the subject in the study.

Question 2

Research process consists of a series of steps or actions required for effectively conducting research while formulating the research problem, extensive literature survey, developing hypothesis, preparing the research design, determining sample design, collecting data, execution of the project, analysis of data, hypothesis testing, generalization and interpretation, and preparation of the report or presentation of the results. Research encourages scientific and inductive thinking, besides promoting the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation. According to Clifford woody, research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions; to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

Question 3

The three common approaches to conducting research are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The
researcher anticipates the type of data needed to respond to the research question. For instance, is numerical, textural,
or both numerical and textural data needed? Based on this assessment, the researcher selects one of the three
aforementioned approaches to conduct research. Researchers typically select the quantitative approach to respond to
research questions requiring numerical data, the qualitative approach for research questions requiring textural data,
and the mixed methods approach for research questions requiring both numerical and textural data.

This various notions could be stated as criteria, also there are 3 basic steps to follow when considering a research program.

Three Purposes of Research

Social research can serve a variety of purposes. Three of the most influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description and explanation.

Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher’s curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.

Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population.

Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same. Given these statistics, you could start to develop an explanation for attitudes toward marijuana legalization. In addition, further study of gender and political orientation could lead to a deeper explanation of this issue.

Question 4

Research is at times mistaken for gathering information, documenting facts, and rummaging for information
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2001). Research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand
a phenomenon (Leedy & Ormrod). The research process is systematic in that defining the objective, managing the
data, and communicating the findings occur within established frameworks and in accordance with existing
guidelines. The frameworks and guidelines provide researchers with an indication of what to include in the research,
how to perform the research, and what types of inferences are probable based on the data collected.
Research originates with at least one question about one phenomenon of interest.

Quantitative research has dominated the western cultural as the research method to create meaning
and new knowledge. What constitutes a quantitative research method involves a numeric or statistical approach to
research design. Leedy and Ormrod (2001) alleged that quantitative research is specific in its surveying and
experimentation, as it builds upon existing theories. The methodology of a quantitative research maintains the
assumption of an empiricist paradigm (Creswell, 2003). The research itself is independent of the researcher. As a
result, data is used to objectively measure reality. Quantitative research creates meaning through objectivity
uncovered in the collected data.
Quantitative research can be used in response to relational questions of variables within the research.
“Quantitative researchers seek explanations and predictions that will generate to other persons and places. The intent
is to establish, confirm, or validate relationships and to develop generalizations that contribute to theory” (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001, p. 102). Quantitative research begins with a problem statement and involves the formation of a
hypothesis, a literature review, and a quantitative data analysis. Creswell (2003) states, quantitative research “employ
strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield
statistical data” (p. 18). The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming. The
next section focuses on quantitative research methodology.

Qualitative research is a holistic approach that involves discovery. Qualitative research is also
described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail
from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994). One identifier of a qualitative research is the social
phenomenon being investigated from the participant‟s viewpoint. There are different types of research designs that use
qualitative research techniques to frame the research approach. As a result, the different techniques have a dramatic
effect on the research strategies explored.
What constitutes qualitative research involves purposeful use for describing, explaining, and
interpreting collected data. Leedy and Ormrod (2001) alleged that qualitative research is less structured in description
because it formulates and builds new theories. Qualitative research can also be described as an effective model that
occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from being highly involved in the
actual experiences (Creswell, 2003).
Qualitative research is conducted within a poststructuralist paradigm. There are five areas of
qualitative research: case study, ethnography study, phenomenological study, grounded theory study, and content
analysis. These five areas are representative of research that is built upon inductive reasoning and associated
methodologies.
Qualitative research builds its premises on inductive, rather than deductive reasoning. It is from the
observational elements that pose questions that the researcher attempts to explain. The strong correlation between the
observer and the data is a marked difference from quantitative research, where the researcher is strictly outside of the
phenomena being investigated. There is no beginning point of truth or any established assumptions from which the researcher can begin (Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).

There are several different methods for conducting a qualitative research; however, Leedy and Ormrod
(2001) recommend the following five: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and
phenomenological. Creswell (2003) describes how these methods meet different needs. For instance, case studies and
the grounded theory research explore processes, activities, and events while ethnographic research analyses broad
cultural-sharing behaviors of individuals or groups. Case studies as well as phenomenology can be used to study
individuals.

Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) discussed the mixed methods approach to research, which emerged in the
mid-to-late 1900s (Tashakkori & Teddlie). Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) hoped that the mixed methods approach
to research provided researchers with an alternative to believing that the quantitative and qualitative research
approaches are incompatible and, in turn, their associated methods “cannot and should not be mixed” (p. 14)

The mixed methods approach to research is an extension of rather than a replacement for the quantitative and
qualitative approaches to research, as the latter two research approaches will continue to be useful and important
(Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004). The goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw
from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches (Johnson &
Onwuegbuzie). Of course, the strengths and weaknesses associated with the various research approaches are not
absolute but rather relative to the context and the manner in which researchers aspire to address the phenomenon
under study. For example, if the researcher purports to provide in-depth insight into a phenomenon, the researcher
might view selecting a small but informative sample, which is typical of qualitative research. The researcher might use
inferential statistics to quantify the results, which is typical of quantitative research, as strengths worthy of combining
into a single research study.
By having the ability to design research studies that combine data collection or data analysis methods from
the quantitative and qualitative research approaches, researchers are now able to test and build theories. Researchers
are also able to employ deductive and inductive analysis in the same research study. The mixed methods approach to
research provides researchers with the ability to design a single research study that answers questions about both the
complex nature of phenomenon from the participants‟ point of view and the relationship between measurable
variables. Proponents of the mixed methods approach to research advocate doing „what works‟ within the precepts of
research to investigate, to predict, to explore, to describe, to understand the phenomenon (Carr, 1994; Creswell, 2003;
Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004; Mingers, 2001; Sale, Lohfeld, & Brazil, 2002; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). That is,
in relation to the mixed methods approach to research, pragmatic assumptions govern claims about what is knowledge
(Creswell; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998). The fact that the quantitative and the qualitative
research approaches are not only compatible but also complimentary underpins calls for additional research studies
that use the mixed methods research approach (Carr; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie; Mingers; Sale, Lohfeld, & Brazil;
Tashakkori & Teddlie).

Question 5

Some researcher find it hard to begin research and formulate a research topic. A good research topic is a big step towards a successful research. But sometimes it is not that easy because you need a research topic that is workable for you, narrowed down to the best possible, and clear and precise. But, of course not everyone encounters similar problems in formulating a topic for their research. Some people find the best topic as a result of some discussion with the research supervisor, friends, research partners etc. Sometimes brainstorming helps or a topic suddenly comes into your mind that is most suitable for your situation.

Another difficulty arises when you have to find the sources of information for your research. You need plenty of sources directly and indirectly related to your research topic. Sometimes the topic is one that is less researched in the past. Otherwise, most of the information s lost and you need to find sources but they are few. Similarly, sometimes the books and journals you need are not available in your library database. All or any of these situations bring a new difficulty in the research writing. But there is always a solution the librarian in your institute or public library can help you find the best possible sources. You can request your librarian to get the required material from another library.

Question 6

~Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.

~Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.

~Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.

~Correlational research is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way.

This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.

An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.

The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexisten)

~Causal research is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research.

This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, causal research studies whether the variables with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variable(s) in the study.

Causal research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs.

~Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research design. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution.

The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research.

Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.

Question 7

The establishment of social science research in developing countries has not been an easy process because problems and challenges related with social science research continues even till date. One of the main reasons for the variable research quality is the lack of proper institutional support.
Although a number of third world social scientists have achieved eminence in the international social science community, a majority of the institutions are yet to make a mark in the international academic community. Research organisations recruit university graduates, but do not invest in
further research capacity building and training. Applied research organisations and consulting firms are increasingly becoming attractive career options but there is a preference in these organisations to
produce policy papers or briefs with no incentives to publish academic articles in refereed journals.
While the bulk of social science research is undertaken in universities and public-funded research organizations, the university administration is not research friendly and there are no incentive structures – either financial or professional – to encourage teachers to undertake research. Some
NGOs and policy research initiatives such as think tanks have also produced specific development focused research products but generally do not have longer term interest in research and the quality of their research is not yet established. Thus, the future of Social Science Research depends on how
we overcome these challenges.

ritical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Research is conducted to…
Evaluate the validity of a hypothesis or an interpretive framework.
To assemble a body of substantive knowledge and findings for sharing them in appropriate
manners.
To help generate questions for further inquiries.

2.it means the systematic inquiry for describing, explaining, predicting, as well as controlling an observable phenomenon. Research involves the use of both inductive as well as deductive methods.
Inductive research methods are used to analyse observable events. Deductive methods are used to verify the event that has been observed. Inductive research includes the use of qualitative research methods whereas deductive approach more commonly uses quantitative analysis.

3.Qualitative research:
•Focuses on understanding meaning
•Uses emerging questions
•Collects data in participant’s setting
•Uses the an inductive approach to analysis
•Has a written report that is flexible in structure
Quantitative research:
•Tests objective theories
•Examines relationships among measurable variables
•Uses survey instruments that produce numbered data
•Uses statistical analysis of data generated
•Tests theories deductively
•Uses a set structure for the final report
Mixed methods research:
.Collects both quantitative and qualitative data
•Integrates the two forms of data
•Uses distinct designs that may involve philosophy or theory
4. Specify ONE objective: If the research question is too broad, it will be hard to focus and develop a plan of action. Too narrow, and it may be impossible to solve. Striking a balance between the two extremes is the way to go for the best results. The objective could relate to an event, relationship, identity, or situation.
Name the individual: Be sure to state the full name, as well as any aliases, of the person who is the focus of the research. Stating something like, “my third great-grandfather” with no name, is of no help to you (or other researchers) since you have more than one third great-grandfather. In fact, your relationship to the subject doesn’t need to be mentioned at all.
Include distinguishable characteristics: Adding one or or two known facts about the individual to the question will help distinguish him/her from others of the same name. These characteristics could be a relationship (e.g., daughter of so-and-so), a place (e.g., resided in Fulton County, Illinois, from 1860 to 1900), an event date (e.g., born about 1772), an occupation, and so on. Don’t get so detailed here that is takes away from the question. You just need enough to put the person in his or her context to make them unique

•Yields additional insight to a research problem5.workforce is increasing, the funding in most countries has been on a decline over the past decade. The situation is particularly perilous for early career researchers who find it hard to compete for funds with senior researchers. This extreme competition is also impacting the way science is conducted. The respondents of the Vox survey pointed out that since most grants are allotted only for a couple of years, researchers tend to opt for short-term projects, which can sometimes be insufficient to study complex research questions. This means researchers make choices based on what would keep the funding bodies and their institutions happy. However, the consequences of these choices are an increasing number of published papers with sub-standard quality and low research impact.
2. Poor study design in published papers

Poorly designed studies have become a m
Academia is gradually moving towards open science and open access by signing open data mandates and making data sharing mandatory. However, there are many big publishers that operate their journals on subscription-based models. Paying for paywalled research is becoming difficult for researchers as well as institutions, particularly in the developing countries, due to the ever-increasing subscription fees. Many of the Vox survey respondents were critical of this as it affects the way scientific research is disseminated. Moreover, subscription-based publishing model is probably the single most important factor responsible for the foundation of Sci-Hub, a website that provides unauthorized access to almost all paywalled research papers. The only way of avoiding such consequences is developing methods to make access to research easier for the science community.
6. Lack of adequate and accurate science communication
It is a well-known fact that a wide communication gap exists between the scientific and the non-scientific community. This has resulted in miscommunication of science, divided opinions about scientific matters, and lack of informed decision-making among the public. Researchers are partly responsible for this because they lack time or sometimes the inclination to engage with the public about their research work. Therefore, the public is largely dependent on the media, which is often blamed for misconstruing scientific facts. The competitive nature of academic research is also responsible for poor communication of research. In an attempt to grab attention, sometimes researchers, universities, and even journals mislead the public by hyping the results or promoting only positive results. However, the science community should take the responsibility of projecting an accurate picture of science to the public since so that they can become cognizant of scientific issues and have a say in the way their tax money is invested in research.
Bonus takeaway exclusively for community members
7. Stressful nature of academic/postdoc life
Unarguably, the life of a postdoctoral researcher is grueling. Although it is the postdocs who drive academic research in many labs and are the future of academic research, they face challenges due to fierce competition, low income, and low job security. While the number of postdoctoral researchers is increasing, the number of permanent positions in academia is not increasing at a similar rate. Moreover, PhD programs fail to train postdocs to find a non-academic job, which leaves them struggling to find a route to advance their career. For scientific research to make strides, these young researchers should be absorbed in mainstream science.
The Vox survey outlines some of the biggest concerns academia is grappling with at present. Apart from these, academics are also not unknown to other rampant problems such as gender inequality, research/academic misconduct, and excessive dependence on impact factor. Despite these problems, there is still hope for science. The science community is attempting to avoid the stagnation of scientific progress by taking steps toward bringing more transparency, spreading awareness about the importance of ethics, and making science more inclusive rather than exclusive. However, there are no quick fixes when it comes to science; thus, while bringing these changes will take time, each step would mean a leap toward scientific progression
6. Exploratory Research
What it is: Used to reveal facts and details around a topic with little to no research, exploratory research forms the foundation of the research process. It identifies a topic, be it an issue or a phenomenon with scant details and seeks to find its basic properties.
As such, it finds the correct variables the researcher needs in order to begin the study, understand its basic elements and form a hypothesis. The key issue at hand, its variables and its hypothesis are used for further research.
Essentially, this kind of research forms the premise of a research campaign, assuring that the variables and other components are indeed what the researcher needs to study in the next steps (other types of research).
Stage in the research process: The very first
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: Before a business can explore an issue in-depth, it needs to decide on a specific topic, the existing problem within the topic and its key variables. This ensures the business is equipped to enter the next research stage (type) and that it does not have any extraneous variables or concerns that do not contribute to solving the problem.
Descriptive Research
What it is: This type of research is premised on describing a phenomenon, behavior or problem discovered in an earlier stage of research, usually in exploratory research, although it can also be focused around that which was discovered in explanatory research.
Descriptive research describes the nuances of a population, a variable or occurrence that a researcher requires further study on. Its objective centers on finding previously unknown facts or extracting more details on facets with fewer details.
It focuses on the what, how, when and where of a study rather than on the why.
Stage in the research process: The early portion of the middle stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: It is crucial for a business to understand a phenomenon and its variables in a full or close-to-full context. This type of research helps a business do just that, as it finds all the key details about a phenomenon that a business may not have known about before conducting the research.
What’s more is that, as a primarily quantitative form of research, it is apt for creating statistics. Being statistically-oriented allows this form of research to be conclusive, although it is considered to be in the early mid-stages of an entire research project.
These statistics are not simply key for internal resource purposes, but they provide a differentiating ingredient for your content. A strong content marketing strategy relies on putting out original insights; the data you derive from descriptive research is as original as it gets. This can be accomplished when you opt for a primary method (such as survey research).
Explanatory Research

What it is: Explanatory research is based on research that explains the already established aspects in a research campaign. It fills in the gaps and connects the dots from exploratory and descriptive research.
This type of research is unique in that it can be conducted either prior to or after descriptive research. As such, it rests in the early to mid-stages of the overall research process.
Like descriptive research, it works to shine a light on the various details that make up a research subject of study. However, contrary to descriptive research, it does not simply seek to describe, but rather to explain.
Thus, this research category falls under qualitative research. It helps find the why of a problem or phenomenon. It is not conclusive.
Stage in the research process: Early to mid-stages (can be performed before or after descriptive research, depending on a business’s needs).
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: It benefits a business in that it seeks to go beyond describing a subject of study. Rather, it plunges into a subject in greater depth, finding the kinds of insights that descriptive research cannot.
Additionally, it is flexible. It can be conducted following exploratory research and either before or after descriptive research, the only research of its kind to offer this benefit.
This research involves studying an important aspect that is studied in the later stages of the entire process, that of cause and effect. Explanatory research studies cause and effect relationships so as to explain their scope and nature, a critical precursor for correlational and causal research.
Correlational Research
What it is: Correlational research is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way.
This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.
An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.
The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexistent).
Stage in the research process: Middle stage
Conclusive? No
How it benefits a business: Being able to determine if there is a positive, negative or zero correlation between two variables allows researchers to know how to move on to the next step: finding a cause and effect relationship between the variables.
A zero correlation informs a business that there’s no need to further study the relationship between two particular variables, saving the business money and time. A negative or positive correlation dictates that further research is needed to discover whether there is cause and effect relationship.
Either way, the results derived from this type of research are highly influential on the next steps a business decides to take in their research process: whether to end it, continue and how.
Above all, it reveals how two variables relate to one other, giving a business a clearer picture of the environment they operate within, whether the variables concern sales figures, impressions or something more abstract like customer loyalty.
Causal Research
What it is: Causal research is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research.
This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, causal research studies whether the variables with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variable(s) in the study.
Causal research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs.
Stage in the research process: Late-final stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: Often the final form of research, causal research is critical to complete the entire process. It involves conducting both secondary and primary research, the latter of which is experimental.
As such, this research type does not only observe, rather it investigates the variables themselves, manipulating them and controlling them as needed. This is crucial for a business in that it not only analyzes, but proves the existence of a causal relationship, along with how the effect manifests.
Thus, this research is not only conclusive, as it finds the most important result that a business or market researcher seeks: a proven answer to their hypothesis. This allows researchers to close off the research process, or conduct further experimental research if they so choose.
Experimental Research

What it is: Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research design. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution.
The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research.
Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.
Stage in the research process: Final stage
Conclusive? Yes
How it benefits a business: Experimental research proves or disproves a hypothesis; as such, it is the final stage in the research process. It is the most scientific kind, leaving little to no room for errors, intuition or bias.
It can be used to accommodate causal research, digging further into a discovered cause and effect relationship. This is especially important for a business, as while it is critical to know whether a causal relationship exists, understanding how to move forward with this knowledge is of the essence.
Experimental research allows brands to test discovered causal relationships further, finding much-needed solutions. For example, a brand may want to learn how to reduce an unwanted correlation or to increase a needed correlation. Moreover, conducting further experiments can show brands how to gain a desired causal relationship sooner.
Complementing Your Research
In summary, there are six major types of research. A market researcher must consider these carefully before setting up their market research campaign. In order to build a comprehensive and effective study, you need to be able to organize your research.
To begin this endeavor, you need to classify your research topic(s) under a particular campaign, such as advertising, for example. Following this, you need to create a smooth and educated process. Thus, you need to follow the research process by way of the 6 dominant forms of research that this guide explains.
Doing so will ensure you conduct a comprehensive research campaign, one that leaves little to discover, except for possible future events, In order to complement your research, you need to conduct effective surveys for research campaigns. These allow you to understand your target market or target population. Even in experimental research, conducting surveys helps fill in the cracks and find answers to the unknown. Understanding your respondents, i.e., customers is paramount for a business. The proper online survey tool does not solely compliment a business or research endeavor, it completes it.
7. Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials. The impact is obvious, viz., the research results, frequently, don’t reveal the reality. Therefore, an organized study of research methodology is definitely an immediate requirement. Prior to undertaking research projects, investigators must be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts need to be made to provide short term intensive courses for achieving this requirement.
Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.
Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.
Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.
Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)
Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.
Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.
Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

Name: Okoh Rachel Ifunanya
Registration Number: 2019/242735
Department: Economics
Eco 391

1) Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss. Research is a process of investigation. An examination of a subject from different points of view. It’s not just a trip to the library to pick up a stack of materials, or picking the first five hits from a computer search. Research is a hunt for the truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading up on it, reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following up on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.
2) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in detail. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.
3) Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples. 1) Pose a question 2) Collect data to answer questions 3) Present answer to the question
4) Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. Validity: means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Philosophies: this means approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.
5) The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind. It’s a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning. It’s a means to understand issues and increase public awareness. It helps us succeed in business.
6) For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6. Clearly discuss these 6 categories. Discovery – finding out new situations. Hypothesis testing – research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis. Monitoring – many decisions made must be monitored to insure that goals are being attained. Explanation – possibly the most cited reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occurring. This is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Prediction – research is used to help assess a situation and predict what may happen in the future. We are able to say that given certain conditions then this is likely to happen. Control – control represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit our interests.
7) The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly. Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars. Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets in the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic. Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible. A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources. Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read. Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

It is no doubt that research has different definitions in different fields, and the understanding differs according to the different fields and their applications. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.” Research can also be seen as the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Now considering the following “Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems”. Looking at the following key points:
Systematic application
Family of methods
Trustworthy information
Systematic application: Systematic application can be seen as a means of management aimed at reducing the number and severity of mistakes, errors and failures due to either human or technological functions involved. In application to research, it involves a systematic method used in carrying out research in order to get if not appropriate result, at least a close percentage of the true result. It does not make use of intuition, prophecy or any other means, but uses a particular method known as the scientific method. The word science according to professor Mrs. Madueme Stella is “a systematic and organized body of knowledge in any area of inquiry that is acquired using “the scientific method”. Other research such as intuition, prophecy and other are non scientific and cannot be clearly studied, understand or proven, thus, it give room for argument.
Family of methods: Have seen that a quality and reliable research has to do with a scientific method, these scientific methods are made up of different stages or aspects that at the end of the result, it can be proven, referred and even re conducted to prove the result. The following are the scientific methods used in studying at phenomenon before getting the result. They are:
Logical: Scientific inferences must be based on logical principles of reasoning.
Confirmable: Inferences derived must match with observed evidence. Repeatable: Other scientists should be able to independently replicate or repeat a scientific study and obtain similar, if not identical, results.
Scrutinizable: The procedures used and the inferences derived must withstand critical scrutiny (peer review) by other scientists.
Still the more, due to the context of research, there is a quantitative AMD qualitative method employed. When we say it is made up of a family of methods, it means that it make use of different methods that makes the result authentic.
Trustworthy information: When we say an information is trustworthy, we mean it is a reliable piece of information that is current, free from biases, accurate, and also from a reputable authority (author or organization). When research is said to be a trustworthy research, it means the research has undergone the different levels of scientific methods which makes it trustworthy in solving problems. This means that, the result from the research can be logically analized, can be confirmed for clearance of doubt, can re conducted repeatedly for confirmation and can also be critically scrutinized. With this, it can be trusted that results from research can be made clear for people to understand unlike the use of intuition, sooth saying, etc that has no prove.
Answer to question two
For a research to be reliable, there must be a careful inquiry and examination of samples, context and other things. For more understanding, let’s analyze the query part by part. The key points are as follows:
Careful inquiry or examination
Discovery of new information or relationships
Expansion and verification of existing knowledge
Careful inquiry or examination: The word “careful” means close attention and the word “inquiry” means search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination of facts or principles. Then, the word “Examination” means to observe or inspect carefully or critically. With the use of scientific methods, the can able to carefully inquire or search for truth in the population. If a researcher wants to know the number of farmers in Ogoja local government, the researcher must sit down to plan his queries, how to contact farmers in Ogoja,etc. The researcher will meet both farmers and non farmers for effective information, after the inquiries, the researcher takes a critical analysis or examination of his research to ensure proper and referable information.
Discovery of new information or relationships: When there is an argument or when there is need to carry out a new research over a particular one, most likely, there seem to be a new discovery or change from the previous research carried out. With the presence of a new carefully made research, it brings to mind the knowledge hidden before and also gives a clearer understanding of the new one. With the discovery of a new information, it makes null the old ones and brings to play the new one. Take for an instance, a researcher carried out a research and found out that, farmers get more yield from crops without applying fertilizer, and that has been the belief of farmers, as time goes on, a researcher argues this result and went on to re conduct his on research and found that the application of fertilizer to crops makes a high yeild and this becomes the new result from the old one. With this result, it brings to the minds of farmers that applying fertilizer to their crops gives a high yeild and makes the farmer understand that fertilizer is also important.
Expansion and verification of existing knowledge: When we say research, the word is the combination of two words, “re” and “search”. Re means over and over again and search means an attempt to find something. This shows that research over a topic or an issue cannot just be done once, the continues attempt to find something (survey) leads to expansion and verification of existing knowledge. What do I mean by this? For instance, if a research shows that, cultivating supi ( a specie of rice) and harvesting twice a year is the best, this research shows that this is the fastest growing specie of rise for the moment. Now if another research is carried out and the result shows that another specie of rice known as iron rice can be cultivated and harvested in three months. With these researches made, we can deduce an expansion and verification of research.
This shows also the benefit of research. With the help of research our world today has changed from the use of lamp to the use of electricity and not only light but so many other changes. Also, research brings development in different areas of studies.
Answer to question three
Creswell methods of research consist of:
Pose a question,
collect data to answer the question,
and present an answer to the question
Pose a question: The creation of questions by the researcher gives the bedrock of his research. If the researcher has no questions directed to towards his area of research, then he or she is not carrying out a research. For example, if a researcher is to research on the causes of infertility in women in Nsukka local government, he will direct his questions to those things that cause infertility in Nsukka local government, and not to reasons for poverty in Nsukka. Thus, he may ask questions like: What is the origin of fertility in Nsukka? How long has it lasted? Etc. To pose a question on what someone is to research on is as vital as using pen on a sheet of paper.
There are many ways a researcher can pose questions on the masses, he may decide to print out questioners for people to fill so as to allow the express their views in writing, also, there can be face to face dialogue or interview to allow people explain in details their views over the research, this method is also good. In anywhere the researcher would use to pose a question, what matters is that questions directed to area of research is necessary.
Collect data to answer the questions: In statistics, there is what is known as population and sample. Population is the total number of objects from which a sample is taken for survey, while sample is the number of objects taken from the population for survey. For a researcher to get answers to his questions, he must first locate the area of his survey and get some data ( number of persons) from the population to answer his questions. For example, if the researcher on infertility in women in Nsukka local government wants to get answers to his research, he must first go to Nsukka and ask some proportion of peoples in Nsukka the questions set by him on the topic of his research. It is possible that he cannot meet every member of Nsukka local government for answers. The number of persons he meet maybe 60% would be able to give him satisfying answers to the topic which would stand out for the whole population. With this step taken, he would be able to get answers to his queries.
Present an answer to the question: The next thing a researcher does is to assemble all the different answers to his questions and analyze them, take out the best from the answers and formulate his result. How he does this is by comparing answers if like lines and of related views together, analyze them and come out with a result. This result may not be hundred percent correct, but may be close to the expected answer, that is why researchers carry out research over and over against a particular topic. So, in order for the researcher to get answers to questions, he assembles and analyzes the answers and come out with a result.
Answer to question four
For a given process to be called a research, the following must be adhered to, viz:
Knowledge
Conviction
Significance
Knowledge: knowledge can be seen as facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education it is also the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. For a given research to be successful and meaningful, there must be a knowledge and understanding of the topic or what the researcher needs to carry out research on. Imagine a researcher who is to research on the importance and efficacy of the holy mass ( the Eucharistic celebration) celebrated by the Catholic church, if such a researcher is not a Catholic but rather a Muslim, the research would be had for him because he has no basic knowledge of the Catholic church and the worst is that he is not a Christian. For him to be able to carry out this research very well, he has to seek for basic and wide knowledge of the Catholic church. In doing this he gains information, skills and experience in order to carry out his research well.
Conviction: Conviction can be seen as a strong opinion or belief. It can also be seen as a firmly held belief. Gaining knowledge of something shows that you believe that such thing exist. For a researcher to have looked for facts, information and skillful experience and education towards what he is researching on, then, there is the likeliness that the researcher is convinced that all he has studied, inquired and learnt are true. Conviction has do with the full assurance and hope of the researcher over the information gathered. When a researcher gathers facts and information, he do not believe all the information at once and as such, he verifies the the information and do away with the fake ones. Thus, with full conviction, he affirms what he has taken. This shows the conviction of the researcher.
Significance: This means the extent to which something matters, it can also be seen as the importance of something, especially when it has to do with something of the future. The importance of a research matters a lot and it varies according to how useful the research is. Some research may be as a result of confirmation, some may be as research to replace old ones, etc. Also, significance of a research varies in different fields. For instance, in economics, the research on the total number of men and women in the nation who are productive is very important to economists than a research in religion on the number of religion in a nation. Like in economics, the total number of men and women that determines the work force of the nation is important because if there is less workforce in the nation, the nation will suffer so many loss. As such, the researcher would take it very serious in order to determine the number of workforce in the country, this would show the weakness of the nation and with this proffer solutions to it. The significance of a research spells out the goals and the benefits to be received in the research.
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
Musa is to carryout a research on the topic ” The importance of mass and the significance of the items used to say mass”. First, for Musa who is a Muslim to get a good knowledge of the topic, he makes plan on how and where to get it. This may be paying a visit to a priest and also living with the priest for some length of days in order to acquire, observe and also know the facts on this topic, by doing this he will gain a full knowledge and understanding of what mass is all about and also the importance of mass. He.would learn about the Holy Eucharist which is the center of the Catholic faith and also things used for the celebration of Mass, etc. With this experience, observation, and information gotten, at this point, he is fully convinced about the mass and things used. Now, for the significance, Musa would through the knowledge gotten know that the holy Mass is important for all Catholics because they derive a lot of graces from it. He may also be able to explain to his fellow Muslims the reason and importance of the holy mass. This is not a good example but tells about what the three criteria for a good research looks like. From the knowledge of the importance of the Holy mass for Catholicsthrough observation, learning and experience he was convinced about the data and knowledge gotten and hence, he knew the significance of the Holy Mass for Catholics, with all these, he will be able to give a good result from the research he carried out.
Answer to question five
There are many complicated issues in the research in different fields and disciplines in scientific research, this is due to the nature of the research to be carried out and some other factors. For instance, in social sciences like economics and sociology, it studies the nature of human behavior in relation to ends and scarce means which have alternative uses, sociology studies the behavior of human being and the society, ie human behavior in a group con text. Like other animals, human being is unpredictable, an analysis can be said of a human being in a moment to be extremely grieved while the next second, if that test is re conducted, there may be a different result or a little change from the former results gotten from the later. Thus, this is a complicated issue in one of the fields of science ( social science). Looking at another field in science like the natural science such as physics and chemistry which studies properties of matters and other bodies. These properties are not like humans that are not predictable, but still there are other matters that are complicating here other than prediction.
Differences in the purpose of the research in different fields of studies in science is also another thing to look up to. In the social sciences, for instance like in economics, most of the researches carried out has to do with problems of human wants, consumption, scarcity, etc and a means of solving them. Researches here can be based on demand and supply of goods, price level in the economy, supply of money in the economy, etc. Another department of science in the social sciences like sociology looks at the science of building the society and it studies behavior that proffer unity and growth in the society. With the natural and social sciences, one can be able to depict the differences in scientific research and how the purpose of the research conducted in the subfields of science varies.
Generally, some of the complicated issues in conducting scientific research are as follows:
Financial crunch in academia.
Poor study design in published papers.
Lack of replication studies.
Problems with peer review.
Problem related to research accessibility.
Lack of adequate and accurate science communication.
Stressful nature of academic life.
With the above mentioned problems, scientific research becomes complicated.
Answer to question six
The purposes of research can be generally categorized into the following:
forming hypotheses,
collecting data,
analysing results,
forming conclusions,
implementing findings into real-life applications and
forming new research questions.
Forming Thesis: Thesis is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. In order to form a thesis, making use of the information gotten from preliminary research is necessary because with the idea gotten from the preliminary research on your topic, it will help you to understand the topic and have a clear idea of what the topic is all about. A thesis statement summarizes what your research paper would look like, usually, it is the first statement made in your paper which shows your introduction to the topic. With the thesis statement, you will be able to give answer to how you will start you research and this at time makes it easier for other researcher to know if your material can service as a solution to their research. A good thesis statement includes all the relevant points and information in the work in a summarized form. Sometimes, a thesis statement can come in form of a question and the answer to it shows how your research will go. There are four steps to write a thesis, there are:
Ask a question about your topic.
Write your initial answer.
Develop your answer by including reasons.
Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.
Collecting Data: The collection of data for research can take different ways. Data collection can be seen as a process of methodological gathering of information on a particular subject. Data collection can be gotten from a primary and a secondary source. Data collection is a vital aspect of research which without there will be no research done. The collection of data can be done in different ways according to how the researcher has designed his research. There are so many methods of collecting data such as:
Data from literature sources: TThese are already prepared data found in textbooks, journal, etc which can be sorted for use. This is a secondary method of data collection.
Survey: This is another method of a of data collection which makes use of questionaire. This can be in a web-base form or a printed one. This will allow people to express their views in a written way to the researcher.
Interview: This can be qualitative method of data collection whose results are based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study. Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the professionals being interviewed.

Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured (informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewee or through telephone or using the mass media.
Observation: This is another method of research, this has to do with observing a phenomenon or what you are researching on. Some of the observation is usually with natural things which can be controlled.
Other methods of research are documents and records, and also experiments.
Analyzing results: The process of data analysis or result analysis begins from your gathering of data and your preliminary understanding of your topic of research. This has to do with the different methods of data collection after which the data would be studied in order to know the ones that are not in relationship with others and to know those ones that are in line with others. Analyzing data gives more understanding and interpretation to the result gotten.
forming conclusions: This is the summary of the result gotten after analysis. Here after studying and understanding the phenomenon the researcher can be able to tell clearly the true results of his research. Here a researcher can for instance say that, haven studied the whether condition of Nsukka, in November there is no rain or there would always be no rain fall in November due to the conditions found under the analysis level made. With this, a researcher states clearly in a summarized form the result from the research. Also, this where a theory can be made, like the law of motion, the law of thermodynamics and others.
implementing findings into real-life applications and
forming new research questions: This has to do with the application of the result you have gotten in real life situations. Example, when you theorize that in the month of November there will usually be no rain fall in Nsukka, if eventually there happen to be rainfall in that month, then there will be a problem in your research and this will give room for questions and also for a new research to be carried out.
Answer to question seven
The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are complex. In the other pages above, we talked about social science research to be not easily predictable due to most of its research on humans who are quick to change unlike natural science research that has to do with laboratory. When a problem is multifaceted and multidimensional, what does it mean? The word multifaceted means having many different aspects or features while the word multidimensional means having so many dimensions, both words are synonymous. The problem in social science research are multidimensional thus leading from one problem to the other. Some of those problems are as follows:
lack of planning: Lack of planning is one of the beaches of the multifaceted problems in carrying out research in a developing country. One of the main reasons for this is that the developing countries are not exposed to the modern ways of easy planning, thus the lack of organization and orderliness in the country can alter the social science researchers plans, also, on the part of the researchers, they being in a confined zone where there is no experience of a developed country, they also would wallow in the ocean of ignorance.
lack of moral and financial incentives: This is also an iota of the trees of social science research problems in developing countries. In a developing country like Nigeria where there is no plan, there is degradation in morals and this leads to financial problem. Talking about the good morals, the government itself is corrupt because of bad leaders, if the citizens of the country lack good morals, it will also pose a problem in social science research since it has to do with people. In most developed countries, most citizens are given incentives which enables them forge ahead with their career and this allows them to learn more and develop. In a developing country, the reverse is the case because of instability in the government and ignorance, with all these, there is problem in research because researchers would be discouraged since there is no enlightenment in both morals and financial perspectives.
shortage of time available for research: In a developing country, researchers face the problem of time in carryout research. A research that has to do with social science demands a lot of time and commitment, but due to the un steadiness of the developing countries and the lack of incentives and also the ignorance of the importance of social science research, there is always a problem in such aspect.
underdeveloped health informatics structure: In a developing country, one of the multifaceted problems is lack of healthy information, When there is lack of healthy information in a country, researchers fail to find easily the solutions to their problems. An instance can be the case in Nigeria there is constantly false news and untrustworthy information in circulation. When there is poor information structure, researchers would find it hard to get a valid information to use in their research, it would seem to them that their research is untrustworthy, thus, crippling the agitated legs of the researchers.
lack of available funding: One is a major issue in most developing countries. When there is no fund provided for researchers to be able to carryout their research, the researchers are discouraged from carryout their research. This can be seen in our country Nigeria where our leaders embezzle money for themselves rather than making good plans and assisting the researchers to do their research.
We see that these problems connect from one source to the other, there can only be solutions to this if the researchers and the government make good plans and also learn good morals by copying and learning from developed countries. Also, the government should provide incentives for researchers to enable them learn and equip themselves more. Furthermore, good and healthy information structure should be set up in order for researchers to get quick information that would help them in their research.

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

AN ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILOMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE: UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT (ECO 391)

BY
UCHEAMA CALISTA NGOZI
2019/243039

TOPICS:
NO. 1 – RESEARCH HAS DIFFERENT MEANINGS AND VARIOUS APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF STUDY AND HUM AN ENDEAVOR. IT IS THE SYSTEMATIC APPLICATION OF A FAMILY OF METHODS EMPLOYED TO PROVIDE TRUSTWORTHY INFORMATION ABOUT PROBLEMS. DISCUSS.

NO. 2 – RESEARCH IS A CAREFUL INQUIRY OR EXAMINATION TO DISCOVER NEW INFORMATION OR RELATIONSHIPS AND TO EXPAND AND TO VERIFY THE EXISTING K KNOWLEDGE. DISCUSS THIS IN DETAILS.

NO. 3 – CRESWELL ARGUES THAT “RESEARCH IS A PROCESS OF STEPS USED TO COLLECT AND ANALYZE INFORMATION TO INCREASE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC OR ISSUE”. IT CONSISTS OF THREE STEPS: CLEARLY DISCUSS THESE THREE STEPS WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES.

NO. 4 – ADHERENCE TO THREE CRITERIA ENABLES A GIVEN PROCESS TO BE CALLED “RESEARCH”. DISCUSS THESE THREE CRITERIA WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES.

NO. 5 – THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH CAN BE A COMPLICATED ISSUE AND VARIES ACROSS DIFFERENT SCIENTIFIC FIELDS AND DISCIPLINES. DISCUSS.

NO. 6 – FOR ANY DISCIPLINE, THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH MAY BE GENERALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 6. CLEARLY DISCUSS THESE SIX CATEGORIES.

NO. 7 – THE PROBLEMS OF CONDUCTING SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE MULTIFACETED AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL. DISCUSS THIS CLEARLY AND LUCIDLY.

JANUARY, 2023.
NO. 1

Research as the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems and harnessing curiosity. Research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher which may include:
• Observations and formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of one’s interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.
• Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables.
• Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts.
• Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
• Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
• Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it.
• Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures, and pictures, and then described in words.
• Test, revising of hypothesis
• Conclusion, reiteration if necessary

NO. 2
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.” Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis. Research is conducted with a purpose to:
• Identify potential and new customers
• Understand existing customers
• Set pragmatic goals
• Develop productive market strategies
• Address business challenges
• Put together a business expansion plan
• Identify new business opportunities

Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

NO. 3
Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
• Pose a question (Exploratory Research): Researchers conducting research are typically at the early stages of examining their topics which are usually conducted when a researcher wants to test the feasibility of conducting a more extensive study; he or she wants to figure out the lay of the land with respect to the particular topic. Perhaps very little prior research has been conducted on this subject. If this is the case, a researcher may wish to do some work to learn what method to use in collecting data, how best to approach research participants, or even what sorts of questions are reasonable to ask. A researcher wanting to simply satisfy his or her own curiosity about a topic could also just pose a question. Posing a question on a topic is often a necessary first step, both to satisfy researcher curiosity about the subject and to better understand the phenomenon and the research participants in order to design a larger, subsequent study.
• Collection of data to answer the question (Descriptive Research): Sometimes the goal of research is to describe or define a particular phenomenon. In this case, descriptive research would be an appropriate strategy. A descriptive may, for example, aim to describe a pattern. For example, researchers often collect information to describe something for the benefit of the general public. Market researchers rely on descriptive research to tell them what consumers think of their products. In fact, collecting data to answer the question of the researchers curiosity has many useful applications, and he/she probably rely on findings without even being aware that that is what you are doing.
• Present an answer to the question (Explanatory Research): This is the third step of research, explanatory research, seeks to answer “why” questions. In this case, the researcher is trying to identify the causes and effects of whatever phenomenon is being studied. An explanatory study of college students’ addictions to their electronic gadgets, for example, might aim to understand why students become addicted. Does it have anything to do with their family histories? Does it have anything to do with their other extracurricular hobbies and activities? Does it have anything to do with the people with whom they spend their time? An explanatory study could present an answer to these kinds of questions.
NO. 4

Below is a tabulated chart that clearly states the three criteria that enables a given process to be called research:

Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Explanatory Research
Degree of Problem
Definition Key variables not define Key variables not define Key variables not define
Researchable issue example “The quality of service is declining and we don’t know why.” “What have been the trends in organizational downsizing over the past ten years?” “Which of two training programs is more effective for reducing labour turnover?
Researchable issue example “Would people be interested in our new product idea? “Did last year’s product recall have an impact on our company’s share price?” “Can I predict the value of energy stocks if I know the current dividends and growth rates of dividends?”
Researchable issue example “How important is business process reengineering as a strategy? “Has the average merger rate for financial institutions increased in the past decade?” “Do buyers prefer our product in a new package?”

NO. 5

Research is a professional training process through which we can learn to think and work systematically. The advantage of systematic thinking is that it contributes to accuracy and a more orderly approach and is reliable in handling research. Research is a process of planning, executing and investigating in order to find answers to our specific questions in a systematic manner to understand logic and believe in our report. This paper is a practical guideline for students so that they can efficiently handle their research projects and write good dissertations and project reports. In other words they must learn how to formulate a problem, how to choose a particular method and how to argue and motivate. They must also learn how to write a valid and reliable report, which is useful for the purpose of research which include.

• Qualitative research: is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data. The final written report has a flexible structure. Those who engage in this form of inquiry support a way of looking at research that honors an inductive style, a focus on individual meaning, and the importance of rendering the complexity of a situation (adapted from Creswell, 2007).

• Quantitative research: is a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion (Creswell, 2008). Like qualitative researchers, those who engage in this form of inquiry have assumptions about testing theories deductively, building in protections against bias, controlling for alternative explanations, and being able to generalize and replicate the findings.

• Mixed methods research: is an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. It involves philosophical assumptions, the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the mixing of both approaches in a study. Thus, it is more than simply collecting and analyzing both kinds of data; it also involves the use of both approaches in tandem so that the overall strength of a study is greater than either qualitative or quantitative research (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007).

It begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings or observations to draw reasonable conclusions. When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. To make sense of your study and get insights faster, it helps to use a research repository as a single source of truth in your organization and manage your research data in one centralized repository.

NO. 6
The search for knowledge is closely linked to the object of study; that is, to the reconstruction of the facts that will provide an explanation to an observed event and that at first sight can be considered as a problem. It is very human to seek answers and satisfy our curiosity. Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.” Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis. Research is conducted with a purpose to:
• Identify and understand potential and new customers
• Set pragmatic goals
• Develop productive market strategies
• Address business challenges
• Put together a business expansion plan
• Identify new business opportunities

Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment’s final result.

NO. 7
Research is a scientific and systematic search for applicable evidence on a specific subject. It comprises crucial problems, framing hypothesis or recommended explanations; assembling, establishing and estimating data; making assumptions and reaching conclusions; and at last, wisely testing the conclusions to regulate whether they fit the formulating assumption. In developing nations, research is in its incessant stage. Performing scientific study in emerging countries has numerous obstructions comprising deficiency of planning, moral and financial motivations, and lack of time available for research.

Below certain major and the most general challenges that a researcher in the developing country encounters are discussed:
• Nonexistence of Scientific Training: Due to the non-systemic nature of research methodology, numerous researchers, even their supervisors, carry out research without knowing the exact research methods. Before starting the research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.
• Financial issues: Funding can be insecure at times. A number of Ph.D. scholars depend on their parents or friends financially, which is tremendously worrying and traumatic to secure new funding. Preferably, the research supervisors should be available to support this. However, to overcome this problem it is advised that scholars should secure themselves financially in case of crisis.
• Lack of communication with the guide: Staying in contact with ideas and development is one of the problems for researchers in developing countries. It is essential for a researcher to have proper guidance on the research project. It is imperative to converse with the supervisor so as to clarify the doubts concerning the research topic and to learn more about your research topic.
• Proper Time management: It is better to perform fewer things in a perfect manner than numerous things full of mistakes.
• Stress: Pursuing a doctorate can be highly nerve-wracking. To overcome this stressful life, below are the points that should be followed:
– Seeking positive feedback
– Acknowledging your achievements so far
– Taking stock of your competencies
– Trying out new things

• Lack of confidence: The absence of confidence is one of the most common problems among scientists in developing countries. Scientists with low self-confidence feel less stirred thus affecting the quality of the work.
• Problems associated with importation: In most developing countries the complications and cost of importing scientific equipment, instruments, and spare parts is a major limiting factor to scientific research.
• Library management: The proper management and functioning of the library are not adequate in numerous Universities in developing countries. To get appropriate books, journals, reports, etc., an ample amount of time and energy is spent.

In summary, scientific research is provided with a very low priority in the case of developing countries.

1. Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss
Research is used in various fields of study.
i. Research is widely used in the medical industry and various pharmaceuticals in order to conduct testing and find new medicines to cure different diseases. It is because of research that pharmaceuticals are able to synthesize new molecules and adequate diseases like Mumps, Measles, Polio, etc.
ii. Business Research: Business is the domain which has found enormous applications for research in the last few decades. Different streams of businesses have found a wide variety of applications of research in order to attract customers to build better brands and make better products.
iii. Product Research: Developing a new product requires a huge amount of research on the market. The companies should study the existing products and their market along with the customer demands and needs.
The company should also study what is missing in the market and what is it that customers require in order to formulate a better product and deliver excellent results in the market.
iv. Advertising Research: It is a form of marketing research which is very specialized and narrow in nature which is conducted in order to improve the advertising efficiency and to reach customers in a better way. In advertising research there is a concept called pre-testing in which the advertisement is analyzed by the selected audience and their feedback is taken into consideration and the ads are edited or changed accordingly.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

The English Dictionary meaning of Research is “a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” information about a subject can be collected by deliberate effort and it is presented in a new form after analyzing thoroughly in research work. Research is an academic activity.

Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

i. Identify a research problem: Getting to know your problem is the first stage of research. It directs the researcher. An example is research on the relationship between personal income and GDP of a nation.
ii. Review the literature
iii. specify a purpose for research,
iv. collect data,
v. analyze and interpret the data, and
vi finally report and evaluate research

4. Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.

When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find answers to a question,
you are implying that the process.
i. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches)
ii. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their
validity and reliability.
iii. is designed to be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

Research for comparison also called as comparative research is used to identify similarities and differences between two or more than two nations, cultures, societies or institutions. This type of research is particularly used in social sciences to compare different countries or cultures. In science, comparative analysis is used to compare one or two data sets to determine consistency with one another.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

i. In most topics dealing with research, the word research is mostly accompanied by another word; development, which is the reason companies have teams/units/departments named Research and Development. The interconnectivity between research and development almost literally translates to knowledge and growth. Thus, apart from the fundamental purposes of research which are exploration, description and explanation, here are some other purposes of research to prompt you into carrying out one yourself:

ii. Research brings to light knowledge previously unknown or uncharted: Terry Freedman noted in his book “The Importance of Research for ICT Teachers” that “Research can shed light on issues we did not even know existed and can raise questions we hadn’t realised even needed asking”.

iii. Researches in the social sciences have provided insights to crevices of human lives such as providing explanations for people’s political inclinations, exploring the nuances of social ethics in different societies, describing the impact of familial bonding on the psychological wellbeing of a person, among other previously unfamiliar issues.

iv. Fact-check: In the age where the internet has made information accessible to everyone with a few clicks, news travel faster than was believed to be possible some decades ago. The speed at which information spread has birthed the need to fact-check news and information that find their ways to the public domain. Researching is the way some journalists go about fact-checking information before they release them to the public. Organisations and websites now exist with their mission being to check the factuality of news and information.

v. Research pushes the boundaries of knowledge: Research provides new perspectives to old issues and brings to light various new problems with a view to providing explanations or solutions to them. Man’s insatiable thirst for knowledge will continue to lead to more understanding of human existence including areas supposedly above the intelligence of man. Research has helped philosophers question almost everything related to human existence and knowledge while psychologists continue to provide explanations for every variation of human behaviour.

vi. To test the reliability of their claims and that of others: One of the most essential features of research is the ability to recreate the result by following the same processes. It is through this means that researchers test the stability as well as the reliability of their findings as well as that of other researchers. It follows the logic that if a research can be recreated, it must be transparent enough to ensure its reliability.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials.

Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.

Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.

Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.

Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

1. Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss
Research is used in various fields of study.
i. Research is widely used in the medical industry and various pharmaceuticals in order to conduct testing and find new medicines to cure different diseases. It is because of research that pharmaceuticals are able to synthesize new molecules and adequate diseases like Mumps, Measles, Polio, etc.
ii. Business Research: Business is the domain which has found enormous applications for research in the last few decades. Different streams of businesses have found a wide variety of applications of research in order to attract customers to build better brands and make better products.
iii. Product Research: Developing a new product requires a huge amount of research on the market. The companies should study the existing products and their market along with the customer demands and needs.
The company should also study what is missing in the market and what is it that customers require in order to formulate a better product and deliver excellent results in the market.
iv. Advertising Research: It is a form of marketing research which is very specialized and narrow in nature which is conducted in order to improve the advertising efficiency and to reach customers in a better way. In advertising research there is a concept called pre-testing in which the advertisement is analyzed by the selected audience and their feedback is taken into consideration and the ads are edited or changed accordingly.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

The English Dictionary meaning of Research is “a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” information about a subject can be collected by deliberate effort and it is presented in a new form after analyzing thoroughly in research work. Research is an academic activity.

Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

i. Identify a research problem: Getting to know your problem is the first stage of research. It directs the researcher. An example is research on the relationship between personal income and GDP of a nation.
ii. Review the literature
iii. specify a purpose for research,
iv. collect data,
v. analyze and interpret the data, and
vi finally report and evaluate research

4. Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.

When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find answers to a question,
you are implying that the process.
i. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches)
ii. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their
validity and reliability.
iii. is designed to be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

Research for comparison also called as comparative research is used to identify similarities and differences between two or more than two nations, cultures, societies or institutions. This type of research is particularly used in social sciences to compare different countries or cultures. In science, comparative analysis is used to compare one or two data sets to determine consistency with one another.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

i. In most topics dealing with research, the word research is mostly accompanied by another word; development, which is the reason companies have teams/units/departments named Research and Development. The interconnectivity between research and development almost literally translates to knowledge and growth. Thus, apart from the fundamental purposes of research which are exploration, description and explanation, here are some other purposes of research to prompt you into carrying out one yourself:

ii. Research brings to light knowledge previously unknown or uncharted: Terry Freedman noted in his book “The Importance of Research for ICT Teachers” that “Research can shed light on issues we did not even know existed and can raise questions we hadn’t realised even needed asking”.

iii. Researches in the social sciences have provided insights to crevices of human lives such as providing explanations for people’s political inclinations, exploring the nuances of social ethics in different societies, describing the impact of familial bonding on the psychological wellbeing of a person, among other previously unfamiliar issues.

iv. Fact-check: In the age where the internet has made information accessible to everyone with a few clicks, news travel faster than was believed to be possible some decades ago. The speed at which information spread has birthed the need to fact-check news and information that find their ways to the public domain. Researching is the way some journalists go about fact-checking information before they release them to the public. Organisations and websites now exist with their mission being to check the factuality of news and information.

v. Research pushes the boundaries of knowledge: Research provides new perspectives to old issues and brings to light various new problems with a view to providing explanations or solutions to them. Man’s insatiable thirst for knowledge will continue to lead to more understanding of human existence including areas supposedly above the intelligence of man. Research has helped philosophers question almost everything related to human existence and knowledge while psychologists continue to provide explanations for every variation of human behaviour.

vi. To test the reliability of their claims and that of others: One of the most essential features of research is the ability to recreate the result by following the same processes. It is through this means that researchers test the stability as well as the reliability of their findings as well as that of other researchers. It follows the logic that if a research can be recreated, it must be transparent enough to ensure its reliability.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials.

Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.

Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.

Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.

Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

RER NO:2019/243547
Department: economics
Ugwuoke Kosisochuwu precious
1:Some people consider research as a voyage of discovery of new knowledge.

It comprises the creation of ideas and the generation of new knowledge that leads to new and improved insights and the development of new materials, devices, products, and processes. It should have the potential to produce sufficiently relevant results to increase and synthesize existing knowledge or correct and integrate previous knowledge. Good reflective research produces theories and hypotheses and benefits any intellectual attempt to analyze facts and phenomena.

The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” which meant to ‘search again.’ It implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete; hence, a repeated search is called for.
2: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

The Scientific Method consists of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated prediction or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you.
3:John Creswell three steps of research :
(A)Data collection refers to observing, measuring, and recording data or information.
(B)Data analysis, on the other hand, refers to arranging and organizing the collected data so that we may be able to find out what their significance is and generalize about them.
(C)Report writing is the ultimate step of the study. Its purpose is to convey the information contained in it to the readers or audience.
4: (A)Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of research. More specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results.
For example, how did the researcher go about deciding: what data to collect and who to collect it from
(B) What are qualitative, quantitative and
mixed-method methodologies?
Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods are different types of methodologies, distinguished by whether they focus on words, numbers or both. This is a bit of an oversimplification, but its a good starting point for understandings.
(C)sampling design approaches
As we mentioned earlier, sampling design is about deciding who you’re going to collect your data from (i.e. your sample). There are many sample options, but the two main categories of sampling design are probability sampling and non-probability sampling.
5: Research findings are predicted by many factors. The research package (questions, methodology, analytical procedures) may be the same but factors such as the time of the research, the depth of the research probings, and the level of dedication to unearth the truth regarding the research questions may vary the findings in most cases. However, that is the richness associated with research- finding different perspectives of the same problem while finding different pragmatic solutions that can improve the quality of life. That is the beauty of research.
6: (A) forming hypotheses: Once you come up with a possible explanation, ask yourself if it could be proven wrong by an experiment. If it could be proven wrong, then you have formed a hypothesis. If there is no way to prove it wrong, .
(B)Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. Whether you are performing research for business, governmental or academic purposes, data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research problem.
(C)analysis result the act of studying or examining something in detail, in order to discover or understand more about it
(D)Research questions often begin as more general research ideas—usually focusing on some behaviour or psychological characteristic: talkativeness, learning, depression, bungee jumping, and so on. Before looking at how to turn such ideas into empirically testable research questions, it is worth looking at where such ideas come from in the first place
(E)forming conclusions: The conclusion paragraph should begin by restating your thesis, and then you should broaden back out to a general topic. End with a closing statement. This paragraph looks like the reverse of your introduction paragraph, going from specific to general.
(F)Implementation research is the systematic study of methods that support the application of research findings and other evidence-based knowledge into policy and practice
7: Performing clinical research in the developing countries has multiple barriers including: lack of planning, lack of moral and financial incentives, and shortage of time available for research; underdeveloped health informatics structure; and lack of available funding which brings limitation to an effective research.

NAME: MACHEBE CHIOMA STEPHANIE
REG NO: 2019/248922
DEPARTMENT: SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION (ECONOMICS EDUCATION)
ASSIGNMENT
1. Different methods can be used to conduct the research depending on the nature of the research and the approach that has been taken to address the research. The different types of research such as humanities, scientific, social, Marketing, artistic, practitioner, business, technological etc.
Because research has wide application in every domain it finds application in almost every industry. Let’s explain applications of research with two examples
i.Medicine industry: Research is widely used in the medical industry and various pharmaceutical in order to conduct testing and find new medicine to cure different diseases. It is because of research that pharmaceuticals are able to synthesize new molecules and adequate diseases like mumps, measles, polio etc. Research is conducted on animals and after successful research on animals, it is moved to human trials. Medicinal industry has wide applications of research and it would not be an exaggeration if it is said that the entire medical industry runs on research only.
ii. Business research: Business is the domain which has found enormous applications for research in the last few decades. Different streams of businesses have found a wide variety of applications of research in order to attract customers to build better brands and make better product. The following are few of the applications in business research:
a. Product research
b. Advertising research
c. Case studies
d. Surveys
e. Focus groups
f. Competition assessment
2. Research is a logical and systemic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. A research can lead to a new contributions to an existing knowledge. Only through research it is possible to make origin a field. Research is done with the help of study, experiments, observations, analysis, comparison and reasoning. Research is in fact ubiquitous. More precisely, research seeks prediction of events and explanation relationship and theories for them.

3. Creswell states that research is a process of steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or issues. This consist of three steps, which are:-
i. Pose a question: Once you have narrowed your topic, you need to come up with a research question. A specific question that you will then work to answer through your research. A good research question should:
a. Be clear and provide specific information so readers can easily understand the purpose.
b. Be focused in its scope and narrow enough to be addressed in the space allowed by your paper.
c. Be relevant and concise and express your main ideas in as few words as possible, like hypothesis.
ii. Collect data to answer the question: Data collection is the process of collecting and analysing information on relevant variables in a predetermined methodological way so that one can respond to specific research questions, test hypothesis and assess results.
There are many methods that a researcher can use to collect the information they need in order to answer their research question and to achieve their aims and objectives. These methods are:
a.Interviews
b. Questionnaire and surveys
c. Observations
d. Focus group discussion
e. Delpi method
f. Case study
g. User- generated data
iii. Present an answer to the questions: The answers to these questions are your research findings. The methods you use or the experiments that you conduct are all directed at finding the answers to your research questions. Thus, we can say that the results and discussion sections include the answers to your research questions.

4.The three criteria that enables a given process to be called a research is as follows:-
i. Validity: This refers to how well the results among the study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. For example, a valid driver’s test should include a practical driving components and not just a theoretical test of rules of driving.
ii. Reliability: This shows how consistently a method measures something. Reliability also measures the stability or consistency of test scores. For example, a medical thermometer is a reliable tool that would measure a correct temperature each time it is used.
iii. Unbiased and objective: This implies not only freedom from bias in the method of selection, eg random sampling, but freedom from any bias of procedures eg wrong definition, non-response, design of questions, interviewer bias etc. To be unbiased, you have to be 100% fair. You can’t have a favourite or opinions that would colour your judgement. For example, to make things as unbiased as possible, judges of an art contest did not see the artist’s name or the name of their school and hometown.
5. The process of research across different scientific fields and discipline are as follows
i. Make an observation or ask a question: The first step is to observe something that you would like to learn about or ask questions that you would like to answer.
ii. Gather background information: This involves doing research into what is already known about the topic. This can also involve finding if anyone has already asked same question.
iii. Create a hypothesis: A hypothesis is an explanation for the observation or question. If proven later it become a fact.
iv. Create a prediction and perform a test: Create a testable prediction based on the hypothesis. The test should establish a noticeable change that can be measured or observed using empirical analysis. It is also important to control for other variables during the test.
v. Analyse the results and draw a conclusion: Use the metrics established before the test to see if the results match the prediction.
vi. Share the conclusion or decide what question to ask next: Document the results of your experiment. By sharing the results with others, you also increase the total body of knowledge available.
6. Purpose of research maybe generally categoried into six and they are as follows:-
i. Explanation: This answers “why” and “how” questions, lending to an improved understanding of a previously unresolved problem or providing clarity for related future research initiatives.
ii. Prediction: This is a statement of the expected result of the experiments based on the hypothesis. The prediction is often an “if/then statement”.
iii. Monitoring: Is an essential element of research conduct, designed to ensure ethical conduct, proper collection and documentation of study results, appropriate records of study procedures and subject interaction and compliance with the approved protocol.
iv. Discovery: This involves investigating the problem space in order to gain a deep understanding of the people who might be using a product or service.
v. Hypothesis: This states your prediction about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not been tested.
vi. Control: In research, researchers manipulate independent variables to test their effects on dependent variable. In a controlled research, all variables other than the independent variables are controlled or held constant so that they don’t influence the dependent variable.
7. Problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are as follows:
i. Lack of scientific training: Many researcher undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies.
ii. Lack of communication with the supervisor: Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic.
iii.Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes alot of time. In such situation, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.
iv. Insufficient data: insufficiency of data is a potential problem. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data maybe of most importance.
v. Lack of confidence: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

Name: Okeke Michael Obinna
Dept: Combined social science(Eco/pol)
Reg no: 2019/250019
Course: Eco 361

1..The three objectives of development proposed by Professor Michael Todaro are:
1. Producing more life sustaining necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare, and broadening their distribution: This objective focuses on meeting the basic needs of the population, including access to clean water, nutritious food, adequate housing, and healthcare. It also involves ensuring that these necessities are distributed fairly and reach all members of the population, rather than just a select few.
2. Improving standards of living and individual self-esteem: This objective aims to improve the quality of life for individuals, including their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. It involves efforts to increase access to education, employment opportunities, and social services, as well as efforts to reduce poverty and inequality.
3. Expanding economic and social choice and reducing fear: This objective focuses on increasing opportunities for individuals to make choices about their own lives and pursue their own goals. It involves efforts to create a more inclusive and equitable society, where individuals are able to participate fully in the economic, social, and political life of their community. This can involve initiatives to reduce discrimination and violence, and to create a more stable and secure environment for all members of the population.

2. There are several indices that have been developed by the United Nations (UN) and other global agencies to measure development. These indices are typically based on a variety of economic, social, and environmental indicators, and are used to assess the progress of countries towards meeting development goals.
3. One of the most well-known indices is the Human Development Index (HDI), which is published by the UN Development Programme (UNDP). The HDI is a composite measure that takes into account three dimensions of human development: health, education, and standard of living. It is calculated using indicators such as life expectancy at birth, years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.
4. Another widely used index is the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which measures poverty in terms of multiple dimensions, including health, education, and living standards. The MPI is based on the concept of “deprivations,” which are indicators of a lack of access to basic needs such as education, healthcare, and sanitation.
5. Other indices that have been developed to measure development include the Gender Development Index (GDI), which measures gender-based inequalities in the same three dimensions as the HDI; the Gender Equality Index (GEI), which measures gender-based inequalities in six dimensions: work, money, knowledge, time, power, and health; and the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which adjusts the HDI for inequality within countries.
6. In addition to these indices, there are also numerous other indicators that are used to measure development, including measures of economic growth, social welfare, and environmental sustainability.

3. Yes, that’s correct. Development economics is a branch of economics that focuses on improving the economic and social well-being of people in developing countries. It emerged in the post-World War II period, when many economists became concerned about the low levels of income and widespread poverty that existed in many countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. These economists recognized that the traditional tools of economics were not sufficient to address the complex issues facing developing countries, and that a new approach was needed. As a result, development economics emerged as a distinct field of study, with a focus on understanding the economic and social factors that influence development and finding ways to promote economic growth and reduce poverty in developing countries.

4. There are many reasons why people might study development economics. Some people are drawn to this field because they are interested in understanding the economic and social issues that affect developing countries and want to work towards improving the well-being of people in these countries. Others may be motivated by a desire to help reduce poverty and inequality, and see development economics as a way to contribute to these efforts. Still others may be interested in the policy challenges that developing countries face, and want to use their skills and knowledge to help address these challenges. Some people may also be interested in development economics because they are passionate about social justice and want to work towards creating a more equitable and fair global economy. Whatever the reason, studying development economics can be a rewarding and meaningful way to make a positive difference in the world.

5. Alfred Sauvy, the French demographer who coined the term “Third World,” used the expression to refer to the countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were not aligned with either the capitalist countries of the First World or the communist countries of the Second World during the Cold War. In using the analogy of the “third estate,” Sauvy was pointing out that these countries were not considered to be part of the global political and economic power structures, but rather were on the periphery, and often marginalized and exploited. Sauvy’s assertion that the Third World is “nothing” and “wants to be something” suggests that these countries were not seen as having any agency or power in the global system. They were considered to be dependent on the First World for economic aid and support, and were often subject to interference and manipulation by the major powers. However, Sauvy’s use of the word “wants” suggests that the Third World was not passive, but rather had a desire and a will to assert itself and to develop its own voice and identity on the global stage. Overall, Sauvy’s characterization of the Third World highlights the inequalities and power imbalances that have long existed in the global system, and the ways in which these have disadvantaged many countries and peoples around the world. While significant progress has been made in reducing poverty and promoting development in many parts of the world, the legacy of colonialism and the ongoing effects of globalization continue to pose challenges for many developing countries.

Ugwu Somto Emmanuel
Combined social science
Economics/philosophy
2019/245096

1. Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. Research has also been defined by many authors like Saunders et al. (2007) who defined research as something that people undertake to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge.
Research is the process of gathering information and data to better understand a particular topic or phenomenon. It involves using various methods and techniques to collect, analyze and interpret data to draw meaningful conclusions.
It can be used to answer questions and solve problems, as well as identify trends and opportunities. It is an essential tool for businesses and organizations, as it allows them to make more informed decisions and stay competitive in their respective market And so many other definitions.
The application of research in different fields of study has helped in eradicating some major problems some of these fields may encounter, provide detailed and quality information and probably confirm some already known facts to remove doubts. If government, business, institutions, labour, organisations and society in general are to function efficiently and effectively, it is important that the decisions they make are based on valid and reliable information and thorough analysis.For instance, in the medical industry, It is because of research that pharmaceuticals are able to synthesize new molecules and adequate diseases like Mumps, Measles, Polio, etc. in the business sector, application of research is imperative and important especially in the area of producing a product, advertising a product, development of a new product, surveys, etc.

2. Research is a scientific or systematic search for various information about a specific topic, subject, project etc. research is the organized and systematic method of finding answers to questions. You can simply say it’s just like a search for truth or knowledge. It is like a movement from the known to the unknown in which new ideas and information discovered about a particular topic or subject.
Research does noty just produce information but properly scrutinize them to make sure that they are not just any ordinary information but original and facts. It produces hard facts that could support your arguments and beliefs. Often people have firm beliefs about particular issues, but when they have to argue their case they lack reliable information to back up their beliefs. Research helps to clarify and strengthen beliefs especially in the face of opposition and doubt from others.

3. According to Creswell – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps:

Pose a question,
collect data to answer the question,
present an answer to the question.

4. Three Criteria Are:

1. Knowledge: Do people know enough about this question and do they give meaningful and reliable answers.

2. Conviction: Do people have enough conviction about the subject so that there is real stability to their answers.

3. Significance: Assuming answers can be obtained with a satisfactory degree of reliability, are the questions important

5. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’. Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.
Pure scientific research is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence. Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity.
While in applied scientific research, applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer. The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.
Generally, they all involve generating a theory to explain why something is happening and using the full battery of scientific tools and methods to test it rigorously. This process opens up new areas for further study and a continued refinement of the hypotheses.

However, the purpose of research is an ongoing process of correcting and refining hypotheses, which should lead to the acceptance of certain scientific truths.

6. The six purpose of research are as follows;
i. Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.
ii. Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.
iii. Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.
iv. Prediction: Prediction seeks to answer when and in what situations the event will occur, if it can be provided plausible explanation for the event in question. In addition to being able to explain an event after it has occurred, it will be able to predict when the event will occur.
V. MONITORING : Monitoring is considered an essential tool for effective research. It ensures that relevant progressu and performance information is collected processed and analyzed on a regular basis to aid an evidence based decision making and also help to insure that decisions made achieve their required goals.
Vi. DISCOVERY : This is the observation of new phenomenon, action or event which explains knowledge gathered through research discovery also give researchers the opportunity to take risks needed to tackle the unknown

7. Insufficient data due to inadequate past records: This is a pervasive concern amongst the entire research community. It refers to a situation where of observation or information for a perimeter of interest in an experimental data set is not recorded. Nearly all researchers encounter this problem at some point in their career. This can happen especially from secondary data sources like; NBS, and other outlets. The impact of this can be serious as it may result in a biased estimation of crucial study parameters and Poor generalizability findings.
Lack of cooperation from the public : This occurs when the correspondent / public fails to cooperate via providing necessary information for the sake of the research. This might be because of illiteracy, ignorance or belief.
Staying motivated and working your plan : sometimes, in the course of a large research project the biggest challenge can be internal-maintaining the motivation to keep going despite obstacles in your research and the pressure of work and personal commitment.
An availability of permission to do research in specific centres : hospital and business establishments usually don’t allow third-parties inside to conduct research. this may be due to security reasons or due to lack of confidence in keeping the confidentiality of the data.

Name: Okeke Michael Obinna
Dept: Combined social science(Eco/pol)
Reg no: 2019/250019
Course: Eco 391

1) Research is a systematic and intensive investigation or study of a particular subject or problem in order to discover new knowledge or to clarify and revise existing knowledge. It is a process of inquiry that involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data in order to answer a question or solve a problem. Research can be applied in a variety of fields, including science, medicine, engineering, social sciences, and humanities. It is an important tool for advancing knowledge and understanding in a particular field, and it is often used to inform decision-making and problem-solving in both academic and practical settings.
There are various methods and approaches that can be used in research, depending on the specific goals and questions being addressed. Some common types of research include experiments, observations, surveys, and case studies. Researchers may also use a variety of data collection techniques, such as interviews, focus groups, and online surveys, to gather information. It is important for research to be conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner in order to ensure that the results are reliable and trustworthy.

2) Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

The Scientific Method consists of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated prediction or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map through the research study. It tells the researcher which factors are important to study and how they might be related to each other or caused by a manipulation that the researcher introduces (e.g. a program, treatment or change in the environment). With this map, the researcher can interpret the information he/she collects and can make sound conclusions about the results.

3) Creswell’s three steps of research are:
1. Planning and designing the study: This step involves developing a clear research question or hypothesis, identifying the variables of interest, and selecting the appropriate research method and design. For example, a researcher studying the effects of a new teaching method on student performance might develop a hypothesis that the new method will lead to improved test scores, and then design an experiment to test this hypothesis by randomly assigning students to either a control group or a treatment group.
2. Collecting and analyzing data: This step involves gathering data from various sources, such as experiments, surveys, or observations. The researcher must then analyze the data using appropriate statistical techniques or qualitative methods to draw conclusions and answer the research question. For example, if the researcher in the previous example found that students in the treatment group had significantly higher test scores than those in the control group, they might conclude that the new teaching method was effective.
3. Reporting the findings: This step involves presenting the results of the study in a clear and concise manner, either through a written report or a presentation. The researcher should also discuss the implications of the findings and any limitations of the study. For example, the researcher in the previous example might write a paper discussing the results of the study and the potential implications of the new teaching method for educational practice.

4. There are several criteria that are generally recognized as necessary for a process to be considered “research.” The process must be systematic: This means that the research must be carefully planned and executed in a logical and organized manner. For example, a scientist studying the effects of a new drug on a particular disease would need to carefully design and implement a study that controls for various variables, such as the age and health of the participants, to ensure that any observed effects can be confidently attributed to the drug being tested. The process must be empirical: This means that the research must be based on observations and data, rather than just theory or speculation. For example, a sociologist studying the impact of poverty on education outcomes might collect data on income levels and test scores from a large number of schools, and use statistical analysis to look for patterns and correlations. The process must be replicable: This means that other researchers should be able to follow the same procedures and obtain similar results. This is important because it helps to ensure the reliability and validity of the research. For example, if a psychologist conducts a study showing that a certain therapy is effective for treating depression, other researchers should be able to replicate the study and get similar results in order to confirm the validity of the original findings. This means that the research must be carefully planned and executed in a logical and organized manner. For example, a scientist studying the effects of a new drug on a particular disease would need to carefully design and implement a study that controls for various variables, such as the age and health of the participants, to ensure that any observed effects can be confidently attributed to the drug being tested.

5). Yes, the purpose of research can be complex and multifaceted. In general, the purpose of research is to increase our understanding of the world around us and to find solutions to problems that we face. However, the specific goals and objectives of research can vary widely depending on the discipline and area of study.
For example, research in the natural sciences (such as biology, physics, and chemistry) is often focused on understanding how the natural world works and discovering new laws and principles that govern the behavior of the universe. This type of research may be driven by a desire to understand the fundamental nature of the world and to explain phenomena that have been observed.
In the social sciences (such as psychology, sociology, and economics), research is often focused on understanding human behavior and the social, cultural, and economic systems that shape our world. This type of research may be driven by a desire to improve social policies, to understand the root causes of social problems, or to identify ways to promote social change.
In the humanities (such as literature, history, and philosophy), research is often focused on understanding the human experience and the cultural and historical context in which it occurs. This type of research may be driven by a desire to understand the past and to learn from it, or to analyze and interpret cultural artifacts and ideas.
Overall, the purpose of research is to gain new knowledge and insights that can help us to better understand and address the challenges and problems that we face in the world

6). The purpose of research is the following-
A. Exploration
B. Description
C. Causal Explanation
D. Prediction.
Exploration is finding out about some previously unexamined phenomenon. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the course of the study. Through exploration, researchers – Develop concepts more clearly – Establish priorities – Develop operational definitions – Formulate research hypotheses, and – Improve the final research design. Explorative studies tend toward loose structures with the objective of discovering future research tasks. One might think, for example, of initiating an exploratory research in the following situations – Crime is increasing in the city at an alarming rate, the reasons for which remain unknown. The problem is ambiguous and what is actually happening is to be cleared. A new product is to be marketed, the manufacturer remains in worry if the product will be accepted by the people or not.

Description: Description refers to the data based information-gathering activities. The situations and events which are described through studies are referred to as descriptive studies. Descriptive studies try to discover answers to the questions who, what, when, where and sometimes how. A descriptive study may be feasible in the following cases – What are the characteristics of the people who are involved in city crime? Are they young? Middle aged? Poor?
Who are the potential buyers of the new product? Men or women? Urban people or rural people?

Causal Exploration: An explanatory study goes beyond description and attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It explains the reason for the phenomenon that describes study observed. Thus, if a researcher finds that communities having higher family size have higher child death, s/he is performing a descriptive study. If researcher is explaining why it is so and tries to establish cause-and-effect relationship, s/he is performing an explanatory study. Such studies are also called causal studies.

Prediction: Prediction seeks to answer when and in what situations the event will occur, if it can be provided plausible explanation for the vent in question. In addition to being able to explain an event after it has occurred, it will be able to predict when the event will occur.

7). There are several challenges that researchers may face when conducting social science research in developing countries. Some of these challenges include:
1. Cultural differences: Researchers may encounter cultural differences that can impact the way they conduct their research and interpret their findings. For example, certain cultural practices or beliefs may be unfamiliar to the researcher, leading to misunderstandings or inaccurate conclusions.
2. Limited resources: Developing countries often have limited resources, which can make it difficult for researchers to access the necessary materials and equipment for their studies. This can also make it challenging to recruit participants and gather data.
3. Political instability: Political instability and conflict can make it difficult for researchers to access certain areas or obtain permission to conduct their research. This can also lead to safety concerns for researchers and participants.
4. Language barriers: Researchers may encounter language barriers that make it difficult to communicate with participants and understand their experiences.
5. Ethical concerns: Researchers may face ethical concerns when conducting research in developing countries, such as obtaining informed consent from participants or protecting their privacy.
Overall, conducting social science research in developing countries requires careful consideration of these and other challenges in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the research findings.

CHIDIEBERE JAMES CHIWENDU
COMBINED SOCIAL SCIENCES (ECONOMICS/SOCIOLOGY)
REG NO: 2019/249120
1) Research is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is organised because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion. Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Nevertheless, it is only successful if we find answers, whether we like these answers or not. Development research is focussed on relevant, useful and important questions. If there are no questions, there can be no research.
If government, business, institutions, labour, organisations and society in general are to function efficiently and effectively, it is important that the decisions they make are based on genuine and reliable information and thorough analysis. The search for this information is referred to as the research process. There maybe an already existing body of evidence (prior research, studies etc) you can make use of. If there is not, there is a need for research.

2) Research is a process to discover or find new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

The Scientific Method consists of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated prediction or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map through the research study. It tells the researcher which factors are important to study and how they might be related to each other or caused by a manipulation that the researcher introduces (e.g. a program, treatment or change in the environment). With this map, the researcher can interpret the information he/she collects and can make sound conclusions about the results.

3) The definition of research as provided by John W. Creswell is “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue” This definition states that a research is a systematic way to find a solution of a problem and that solution helps in adding to the available knowledge.
This step-by-step approach requires the following steps:
*Formulation of a problem
* Collecting data to solve that problem
*Analyzing that data to reach the conclusion about that problem

4) The three criteria to be adhered to so as to enable a process to be called research include:

Currency:
Is the information up-to-date enough for my topic?

Rapid advancements in science necessitate looking for very current information when researching in this area. In other areas of study, older information may still be valued. Consult multiple sources to ascertain if there have been recent substantial developments in the field.

Relevance:
Does the information pertain to my topic and cover it in enough depth to meet my needs?

Identifying a work’s intended audience can help in determining its depth of coverage. Information for the general public will vary in depth. Information for children will be simple, while information aimed at professionals may require advanced training to understand.

Authority:
Who is responsible for the content and what are their qualifications?

The following reflect positively on an author’s authority to write about a subject;
author of multiple books and articles about the topic;
professor of a subject related to the topic
affiliated with a recognized corporation, institution, or group in the field
employed in a capacity related to the subject matter;
Publication by a scholarly press or being subject to the peer review process before publication also reflect positively on a work’s authority.

5). The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines.
Conflicting results are often the consequence of doing research with inadequate sample sizes. As the sample size increases, the confidence interval tends to become smaller, meaning that the researcher can have greater confidence in the reliability of the findings.
Conflicting results also result from significant differences in the population of interest. There is no obvious reason, for example, that a rural, white, American sample would produce the same findings as an urban, black American sample.
Other apparently conflicting results can result from differences in the way variables are measured. Different instrumentation, even varying in tiny ways, can significantly effect the findings.

Research findings are predicted by many factors. The research package (questions, methodology, analytical procedures) may be the same but factors such as the time of the research, the depth of the research probings, and the level of dedication to unearth the truth regarding the research questions may vary the findings in most cases. However, that is the richness associated with research- finding different perspectives of the same problem while finding different pragmatic solutions that can improve the quality of life.

6). The purpose of research is the following-
I. Exploration
II. Description
III. Causal Explanation
IV. Prediction.
Exploration is finding out about some previously unexamined phenomenon. It is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the course of the study. Through exploration, researchers – Develop concepts more clearly – Establish priorities – Develop operational definitions – Formulate research hypotheses, and – Improve the final research design. Explorative studies tend toward loose structures with the objective of discovering future research tasks. One might think, for example, of initiating an exploratory research in the following situations – Crime is increasing in the city at an alarming rate, the reasons for which remain unknown. The problem is ambiguous and what is actually happening is to be cleared. A new product is to be marketed, the manufacturer remains in worry if the product will be accepted by the people or not.

Description: Description refers to the data based information-gathering activities. The situations and events which are described through studies are referred to as descriptive studies. Descriptive studies try to discover answers to the questions who, what, when, where and sometimes how. A descriptive study may be feasible in the following cases – What are the characteristics of the people who are involved in city crime? Are they young? Middle aged? Poor?
Who are the potential buyers of the new product? Men or women? Urban people or rural people?

Causal Exploration: An explanatory study goes beyond description and attempts to establish cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It explains the reason for the phenomenon that describes study observed. Thus, if a researcher finds that communities having higher family size have higher child death, s/he is performing a descriptive study. If researcher is explaining why it is so and tries to establish cause-and-effect relationship, s/he is performing an explanatory study. Such studies are also called causal studies.

Prediction: Prediction seeks to answer when and in what situations the event will occur, if it can be provided plausible explanation for the vent in question. In addition to being able to explain an event after it has occurred, it will be able to predict when the event will occur.

7). The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. The following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries:

Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials. The impact is obvious, viz., the research results, frequently, don’t reveal the reality. Therefore, an organized study of research methodology is definitely an immediate requirement. Prior to undertaking research projects, investigators must be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts need to be made to provide short term intensive courses for achieving this requirement.

Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.

Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

1.
Research is as defined by Oxford dictionary is a “diligent inquiry or examination to seek or revise facts, principles, theories, applications, etc.; laborious or continued search after truth.” This goes to show that research as a concept can be carried out in various fields of study and human endeavors, this is because every human endeavor requires constant research to test and approve new fact and provide better ways in carrying out process/line of thinking. Research is systemic also, this means it follows a procedure, this procedure varies as applied in various fields of study. For example in sciences research procedure entails the basic steps of : Define a Question to Investigate – Make Predictions – Gather Data – Analyze the Data – Draw Conclusions. While it includes the following in social sciences; research question – form a hypothesis -test the hypothesis through empirical research – draw conclusions. This difference exist due to the difference in what is experimented on.
However the differences, all research leads to providing a trustworthy information about the problem.
2.
As previously established, research is an inquiry to seek new facts or revise/review previous accepted fact. By extension research also expands the scope of study by asking new questions that address new problems. Particular to our course of study; Economics research, studies are carried out per-time to discover new methods to address new needs of man given that Man’s nature is not static, therefore, research is continuous.
3.
The three steps prescribed by Creswell are: Pose a question; Collect data to answer the question; Present an answer to the question.

(A.) Pose a question: Every research begins with curiosity. Curiosity births questions, question of like what if the theory is tried in a different claim would it remain the same? How can the human mind be conditioned to demand for a particular product? Is poverty correlated to +tive in GDP? And other questions are the first step to research. Curiosity therefore doesn’t kill the cat, it makes it seek knowledge.

(B)Collect data to answer the question: given the questions asked, researchers therefore go in search for answers by collecting data. Data are collected by: Questionnaires; Observation; Interviews etc.

(C) Present an answer to the question: this step involve the analysis of the answers gotten from the collected data. The presented answer can be descriptive or predictive.
4.
In research, there are various criteria, however three are more important and if not included a research may be seen as invalid.
The following are the criteria to a research process to possess inorder to qualify as a research – Carried out without a frame work of set philosophies; Validity and Reliability; Unbiased and Objectivity.
5.
Research is complicated process because of the rigorous process it entails. Research also differs in process across different fields because of the perculiarities involved and the agent studied. Like social sciences deal with humans and their character, while sciences deal with other animals and chemical reactions.
6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
Purpose of research.
1.Explanation. 2 Prediction. 3.Monitoring. 4.Discovering 5.Hypothesis Testing. 6 Control.

1.Explanation: Entails the explicit written down reason why a research is carried out.
2. Prediction: research is used to make predictions about future events. It tells what is likely to happen given the previous study undertaking.
3.Monitoring: Research makes suggestions and gives solution to problems, when these solutions are implemented a research makes sure to monitor the effects of the process.
4.Discovering: This is about finding out new solution.
5.Hypothesis Testing: this is at the heart of research, because research relies on statistical proven facts.
6. Control: it’s the the way the researcher control the environment to suit the interest of vast majority. It entails testing research results in a specific audience first before others
7. The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are – insufficient data
– illiteracy of the correspondence
– insecurity
– inaccessibility and poor road connection.
– hidden sensitive information by government.
– technical know how in handling some required packages

Name: Onyia Ugochukwu Sullivan
Reg no: 2019/249490
Department: Economics

1. “Research” has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss

Answer: Research is typically an ongoing process based on accumulated understandings and explanations that, when combined, lead to generalizations about educational issues and practice and, eventually, the development of theories.
We humans approach understanding in a variety of ways. We sometimes rely on tradition. Why should I change the way I’ve always done things? At times, we rely on the opinions of people regarded as experts. According to a leading expert in the field, this is what we should do.
Much of our understanding comes from our personal experiences and our ability to generalize and predict based on those experiences. We frequently use inductive and deductive reasoning to help us understand something.
2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

Answer:
“Research is that, “research is a creative process which initiates with hypothesis and includes an inquiry or investigation, discovery or invention or experimentation, during which substantial evidence is gathered to prove its final product. The chief aim of research is to know the truth. “
We can say that the research is a critical and extensive investigation or test which is aimed at reconsidering the accepted conclusions in the light of its newly discovered information.
In simply, research is any investigation or discovery of fact or truth.
Every kind of investigation that is based on the original sources of knowledge can be said to be research.
Research is possible through the observation of new facts and through the formation of new ideas and thoughts.
Research broadens our understanding. The word ‘knowledge’ has two meanings: knowing what you have and knowing where you have it. The river of knowledge analogy improves wisdom through experience and sound judgment.
The beginning of any research may appear small, but it adds dimension to the journey and progress.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

Answer: Research is a systematic, exhaustive, and intensive investigation and study of a topic, often employing hypothesis and experimentation, to discover new knowledge, facts, theories, principles, and laws.

Research comprises “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.” It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.
A research project could also be a continuation of prior work in the field. Research projects can be used to learn more about a subject or, in the case of a school research project, to hone a student’s research skills in preparation for future jobs or reports. Researchers may replicate elements of previous projects or the entire project to validate instruments, procedures, or experiments. The primary goals of basic research are the documentation, discovery, interpretation, or research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge (as opposed to applied research). Epistemologies underpin research approaches, which vary greatly within and between the humanities and sciences.
4. Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.

Answer:
A good study is repeatable, reproducible, and transparent.
Some of the most important characteristics of research are replication, reproducibility, and transparency. A research study’s replicability is important because it allows other researchers to test the study’s findings. Replicability can also increase reader trust in the findings of a study (Understanding Health Research, 2020).

Good research is also reproducible. Though replicability and reproducibility are often used interchangeably, research is reproducible if researchers achieve consistent results using the same data and analysis methods (Miceli, 2019). The reproducibility and replicability of a research study and its findings can confirm the study’s overall validity and credibility.
For research to be replicable or reproducible, it must also be transparent or available to other researchers. Research must be written or presented in such a way that it provides comprehensive details on how data was collected and analyzed and how conclusions were reached (Baskin, 2015).
5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

Answer:
Pure Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as “pure science,” is concerned with explaining the world around us and attempting to comprehend how the universe works. It is about discovering what already exists, with no greater goal in mind than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendant of philosophy, in which philosophers and scientists attempted to comprehend the fundamental principles of existence.

Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity.
For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.
Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.
Applied scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem, such as ‘Is global warming avoidable?’ or ‘Does a new type of medicine really help the patients?’

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

Answer:
1- Acquire Knowledge Efficiently through Research
The most apparent reason to conduct research is to understand more. Even if you think you know everything there is to know about a subject, there is always more to learn. Research helps you expand on any prior knowledge you have of the subject. The research process creates new opportunities for learning and progress.
2- Research Helps in Problem-solving

The study’s goal is to broaden our understanding. Research provides us with the data and knowledge we need to solve problems and make decisions. To distinguish between research that seeks to advance our understanding and research that seeks to apply pre-existing knowledge to real-world situations. In this context, the goal of research is ‘problem-solving.’
3- Research Provides the Latest Information
Research enables you to seek out the most up-to-date facts. There is always new knowledge and discoveries in various sectors, particularly scientific ones. Staying updated keeps you from falling behind and providing inaccurate or incomplete information. You’ll be better prepared to discuss a topic and build on ideas if you have the most up-to-date information. With the help of tools and certifications such as CIRS, you may learn internet research skills quickly and easily. Internet research can provide instant, global access to information.
4- Research Builds Credibility
Research provides a solid basis for formulating thoughts and views. You can speak confidently about something you know to be true. It’s much more difficult for someone to find flaws in your arguments after you’ve finished your tasks. In your study, you should prioritize the most reputable sources. Your research should focus on the most reliable sources. You won’t be credible if your “research” comprises non-experts’ opinions. People are more inclined to pay attention if your research is excellent.
5- Research Helps in Business Success
Like any other technical work, a business demands a lot of energy. A successful business cannot be done without solid proof and market research. That being said, it makes research the foremost step before doing any business. Businesses fail at a rate of close to 90% if proper research is not conducted. So, it is always better to do appropriate research in every way before jumping into any business. Businesses prosper because they have sensible owners who researched their product and the market research before launching it. Only if we pay attention to these nit-picks of a company and see the importance of research decision-making will there be a higher chance to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Answer:
1. Nonexistence of Scientific Training
Due to the non-systemic nature of research methodology, numerous researchers, even their supervisors, carry out research without knowing the exact research methods. Before starting the research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.
Financial issues
At times, funding is insecure. Many Ph.D. students rely on their parents or friends for financial support, which makes finding new funding extremely stressful. Ideally, the research supervisors should be available to assist with this. To overcome this issue, it is recommended that scholars save money in case of a financial crisis.
Lack of communication with the guide
Staying in contact with ideas and development is one of the problems for researchers in developing countries. It is essential for a researcher to have proper guidance on the research project. It is imperative to converse with the supervisor so as to clarify the doubts concerning the research topic and to learn more about your research topic.
Proper Time management
It is better to perform fewer things in a perfect manner than numerous things full of mistakes. A proper timetable should be prepared and followed strictly by the Ph.D. candidate to avoid half-finished tasks management. This will help the candidates to be more organized and professional in their work field.

NAME:ALOZIE UCHE DANIEL
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS MAJOR
COURSE: RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT.
COURSE CODE: ECO 391

1.
Research is about using established methods to investigate a problem or question in detail with the aim of generating new knowledge about it.

In different fields of study,It is a vital tool for specified advancement because it allows researchers to prove or refute hypotheses based on clearly defined parameters, environments and assumptions. Due to this, it enables us to confidently contribute to knowledge as it allows research to be verified and replicated.

Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis

2.
While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.

The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarised into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.

3. Cress well’s steps in research.
Cress well’s research steps included:
1. Pose a question.
2 Collect data to answer the question, and
3. Present an answer for the question.
1. Pose a question: Identify a research probkem,Specify a problem, Justify a problem, Suggest a need to study the problem for audiences.

2.Collect data to answer for the question: select the individuals to study, Obtain permission, lay down data,take the data apart to look at individual responses.

3. Present an answer for the question:
Determine the
research method, Determine the audience for the report,structure the report.

4.
The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used.
2 The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained.

3
The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible.

5.
At the most basic level, scientific research can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.
Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.

An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.
1. Applied research.
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
2. Pure research.
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.

6.
1.Information gathering

2. Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring

3. Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing

4. Theory testing.

5. Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations

6. Predictive: e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios

7.
1. Lack of Scientific Training: The research methodology is not systematic. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. 

2. Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research

3. Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.  

4. Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. 

5. Lack of confidence: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

Name: UKAEGBU NNEOMA ROSELINE
Ref number:2019/245510
Department :ECONOMICS MAJOR

1.Defintion of Research Discussed
Some people consider research as a voyage of discovery of new knowledge,but in a more sophisticated sense research is a scientific approach to answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data to make research findings useful in decision-making.The word ‘research’ perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” which meant to ‘search again.’ It implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete; hence, a repeated search is called for.
Also we can equally define research as the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.
how does individuals and businesses collect and analyze data? Accurate and relevant research guides key business decisions, including marketing plans, staffing decisions and expansions, and critical data, like environmental impacts, health care, and social characteristics. Determining what data is most useful for your goals and finding the most effective ways to obtain it can help your company make successful long-term decisions the answer is research.
In conclusion research, should have the potential to produce sufficiently relevant results to increase and synthesize existing knowledge or correct and integrate previous knowledge.A good reflective research produces theories and hypotheses and benefits any intellectual attempt to analyze facts and phenomena.

2.Research as a Tool for Getting New Knowledge from an Existing Knowledge
Already perhaps originates from the old French word “recerchier” which meant to ‘search again.we also hve scholars explaining research to be systematized effort to gain new knowledge” Redman and Moray, Fred Kerlinger. “ Is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify existing knowledge”.
Hence definition of research like the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. Which could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.
This definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.

3.Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

4.Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called research, these three criteria are Philosophy, Validity and Reliability
Philosophy is the belief about the way that data should be gathered, analyzed and used.
The research philosophy can be identified via a number of ways, the concepts used, the conceptual and theoretical framework, the kind of authors cited as well, it is the philosophy that guides how research should be conducted based on ideas about the reality and the nature of the knowledge.
It also depends on the way one thinks about the development of the knowledge whether it is the acceptable knowledge in the field of study or the nature of the reality and the value of the researcher in all stages of research process.
So for instance if the question posed is “How does Artificial intelligence affect humans in their day to day activities”
The philosophy imbibed would have to be determined by the researcher’s knowledge about Artificial intelligence or even what Artificial intelligence has been up to in reality, This would even affect how the researcher would create the research questions as well as the research objectives.
The Validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study.
This seeks to measure the accuracy of the measure so it has an impact of the tools used to get the data to be analysed. If a research has high validity, it means it produces results that correspond to real properties and characteristics and variation in the physical or social world.
Still using the problem of the Artificial intelligence impact on humans, the researcher has to be sure that the results should play out as seen in the research test in the real world as seen in the test.
The Reliability relates to the consistency of a measure, the researcher should have approximately the same response each time the research test is completed or carried out. The results have to be consistent and repeatable.
When the researcher concludes on the impact of the artificial intelligence, the reliability of the conclusion and Analysis should be consistent regardless of how many times the research test is carried out with the validity of the research tools and data used.

5.The Purpose of Research Varies in So Many Way According to Difference Discipline:
What is research? Depending on who you ask, you will likely get very different answers to this seemingly innocuous question. As do the purpose for research, research unlocks the unknowns, lets you explore the world from different perspectives, and fuels a deeper understanding. In some areas, research is an essential part of success. In others, it may not be absolutely necessary, which entail it various purposes
. Research expands your knowledge base :The most obvious reason to do research is that you’ll learn more. There’s always more to learn about a topic, even if you are already well-versed in it. If you aren’t, research allows you to build on any personal experience you have with the subject.
. Research gives you the latest information: Research encourages you to find the most recent information available. In certain fields, especially scientific ones, there’s always new information and discoveries being made. Staying updated prevents you from falling behind and giving info that’s inaccurate or doesn’t paint the whole picture.
. Research helps you know what you’re up against :In business, you’ll have competition. Researching your competitors and what they’re up to helps you formulate your plans and strategies. You can figure out what sets you apart. In other types of research, like medicine, your research might identify diseases, classify symptoms, and come up with ways to tackle them.
. Research builds your credibility :People will take what you have to say more seriously when they can tell you’re informed. Doing research gives you a solid foundation on which you can build your ideas and opinions. You can speak with confidence about what you know is accurate. When you’ve done the research, it’s much harder for someone to poke holes in what you’re saying. Your research should be focused on the best sources
. Research introduces you to new ideas :You may already have opinions and ideas about a topic when you start researching. The more you research, the more viewpoints you’ll come across. This encourages you to entertain new ideas and perhaps take a closer look at yours.
. Research helps with problem-solving :Whether it’s a personal or professional problem, it helps to look outside yourself for help. Depending on what the issue is, your research can focus on what others have done before. You might just need more information, so you can make an informed plan of attack and an informed decision. When you know you’ve collected good information, you’ll feel much more confident in your solution
. Research helps you reach people :Research is used to help raise awareness of issues like climate change, racial discrimination, gender inequality, and more. Without hard facts, it’s very difficult to prove that climate change is getting worse or that gender inequality isn’t progressing as quickly as it should. The public needs to know what the facts are, so they have a clear idea of what “getting worse” or “not progressing” actually means. Research also entails going beyond the raw data and sharing real-life stories that have a more personal impact on people.

6. General Purposes For Research
Explanation: possibility the mass citied reason for conducting research ,is to used it to explain why something is occurring. This is the attempt to understand the world we live in research is concerned with aqurring new knowledge ,re establishing fact and developing new method
Prediction: Research is use to help arises a situation and predict what may happen in future .we are able to say that for given certain future.We are able to say that given certain condition then this is likely to happen
Monitoring : Many decision made must be monitor,to insure that goals are being attained
Discovery: New improved situation ,finding out new situation
Hypotheses testing: which is at the heart scientific research of statistical analysis to help evaluate and hypothesis
Control: represent the way inwhich this can be applied to real problems and situation,this helping us to shape our environment,when we understand tge relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit our interest

7. Following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries:
Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques.
Lack of confidence and disclosure of information: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.
Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information, sometimes instead of helping this this make cause may cause confusion because of the contradicting data ,especially for a research that is not fully equipped .
Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.
Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. To simply put it, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

NAME:- UZOCHUKWU CHIDINMA VIVIAN.
REG NO:- 2017/250786 – TRANSFER STUDENT.
DEPARTMENT:- ECONOMICS MAJOR.
LECTURER:- DR TONY ORJI.

ANSWERS.
1) The term “research” is vastly used in various fields of study ranging from science to human development, man’s social environment, to Arts/crafts in the aspects of history and creations. It encompasses a wide range of processes and procedures employed to derive a fact or a theory afterwards. Research involves a systematic investigation and thorough study into and of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It undertakes creativity and systematic work to increase one’s stock of knowledge.
It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase the understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to control sources of bias and error. It is a very important concept that has aided human activities.

2) Research is a careful inquiry or examination or investigation to discover new information or relationships through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge and also a movement from the known to unknown, vice versa. Inquiry is a broad process that involves different paths or procedures.

3) Creswell outlined three steps to Research as:-
a. Pose a question:- In research, once you have narrowed your topic,you need to come up with a research question. A specific question that you will then work to answer through your research. Generate a lot of questions beginning with What?, When?, Where? etc.
It helps researchers to focus their research by providing a path through the research and writing process. The specificity of a well-developed research question helps writers avoid the “all-about” paper and work towards supporting a specific, arguable thesis.

b. Collect Data to answer the question:- Surveys and questionnaires in their most foundational sense, are a means of obtaining data from targeted respondents with the goal of generalizing the results to a broader public.
Interviews, Observations, Records and Documents and Focus Groups are other important sources of Data collection. Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring and analyzing accurate information to support research conducted by groups of professionals regardless of the field where they belong.
The most common risk is the inability to identify answers and draw correct conclusions for the study, as well as failure to validate if the results are correct. These risk may also result in questionable research which can greatly affect your credibility.

c. Present an answer to the question:- At the end of launching your results and findings, and share them with your audience.
Moreover, in an academia or basic research, when presenting a research results, no emotions and no opinion is expected just the facts. But in the world of business, it’s all about using the results to help us make good decisions. There are steps to greatly synthesize and summarize your results in a way that will help your audience easily process what the results mean and then make a sound decision basic on these results.

4) The three criteria for a research result to be proven acceptable are:-
a. Validity
b. Reliability
c. Unbiased and Objective

a. Validity:- The validity of a research study refers to well the results among the study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. A valid measurement refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics and variations in the physical and social world.

b. Reliability:- This refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.

c. Unbias and Objective:- To be objective, a researcher must not allow their values, their bias or their views to impact on their research analysis or findings. For it to be unbiased, all the findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to alter the results of the research. Research employs hypothesis, this is to guide the investigation process.

5) The purpose of research includes:-

a. To address issues, such as practical issues facing society.
b. The purpose of research is to find out what is known, what is not and what we can develop further. In this way, scientists can develop new theories, ideas and products that shape our society and our everyday lives.
c. The purpose of research is to further understand the world and to learn how this knowledge can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem solving.
d. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information.
e. To add to the body of currently known information. 
This was primarily brought on by a subject of curiosity.
f. To ascertain unofficial or hidden connections. 
It allows researchers to determine whether and how strongly certain variables are related to one another.
g. A researcher can be asked by a superior authority to investigate a certain phenomenon. 
This improves peer-to-peer collaboration as well as collaboration with higher authorities.
h. As a partial fulfillment for the awarding of a doctoral degree, for example, to meet an academic requirement.
i. To be informed of events and information 
We can comprehend current phenomena thanks to the information we learn via research.

6. The purposes of research include:-
a. Explanation: The ability to assess circumstances and forecast future events. Given specific circumstances, we can state that this is likely to occur.
b. Monitoring: To make sure that objectives are being met, many decisions must be watched carefully.
c. Discovery:- Discovery is a pre-trial procedure in which each party can obtain evidence from the other party or parties by means of discovery devices such as interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and depositions.
d. Hypothesis: Research is useful in testing hypotheses regarding certain behaviors or problems. Scientific research’s central process, hypothesis testing, depends on statistical analysis to assess a hypothesis.
e. Control: Control illustrates how research may be applied to actual issues and circumstances, assisting in the shaping of our environment. We may shape our surroundings to fit our needs when we comprehend how different variables interact.

7) The problems of conducting social science research in Developing countries include:-
a. Lack of Data:- A lack of data or of reliable data will likely require you to limit the scope of your analysis, the size of your sample, or it can be a significant obstacle in finding a trend and a meaningful relationship.
b. Language barrier:- Language barriers are significant because they are often an impediment to building relationships with others. They can cause misunderstandings that lead to conflict, frustration, offense, violence, hurt feelings, and wasting time, effort, money, and lives of the people.
c. Lack of Finance:- The lack of funding impacts the information’s quality,notably by reducing the ability of researchers to undertake investigative work and extensive research. The absence of material and protective resources to access the battlefield can be a barrier to completing their report successfully and adequately.
d. Bias results:- Bias results in research can cause distorted results and wrong conclusions. Such studies can lead to unnecessary costs, wrong clinical practice and they can eventually cause some kind of harm.
e. Non-compliance of respondents:- Researchers who conduct survey experiments often encounter respondents who do not pay sufficient attention.
This lack of engagement may result in noncompliance with experimental protocols, threatening causal inferences.

Udeogwu precious kosarachi
Economics/philosophy
2019/244167
Precious.udeogwu.244167@unn.edu.ng

1.lResearch has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information. Discuss

Research it involves the systematic application of family methods, which means that there are various methods one can use to get any information about a phenomenal occurrence, it is the avenue that allows you gain more knowledge on a topic, these means that Research applies to any systematic method or approach employed to provide a reliable information about problems.
Research has so many mesning, it has over different definityion and various applications that points to the same direction and has the same function.

These are some of the most common methods, known as Qualitative method:

Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.

Questionnaire: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.

Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.

Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.

Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

According to what Research is or based on the definitions of research, it states that a thorough search, includes a carefully scrutiny or making enquiry about something, to be known, and the reason is to discover the truth about a hidden agenda and to verify the existing knowledge, all these makes up a RESEARCH.

3 .Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

Generate a question
Collection of data
Present the report writing.

Generate a question

Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors surrounding this central phenomenon.

Collection of data

To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and documentation, focus groups and so many others.

Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.

An Example of such is the students research on the history of THE TV tribe
Here first of all, the questions is Make a research on the history of THE TV tribe
Having dissolved this question, the next step is to go into the collection of data… here a careful scrutiny would be employed and also making of enquiry on the topic, through the research methods, enough data will be gathered to help establish New facts and conclusion reached.

4.lAdherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.

It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
It is designed to be unbiased and objective.
these are the three core rule one has to adhere to achieved a good Research.

Having set-up your gears on your research journey, it should be in accordance to the adhere of a Good research.
When making a research on a topic, it should be under the framework of philosophers.
And it’s methods employed or used for the research must have be tested to be valid or trustworthy for the research.
One ‘s research must be on the bench of solidarity, it must be fairly and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss.
Research can be a complicated issue to the fact that ;
The main purpose of research is to solve problems, including practical problems of the society, Research is used to solve unknown problems, it enables one to make a good decision in a difficult circumstances, it helps unveil the truth hidden about something, and get acquainted with the facts or happening around us. Research is use to fulfil an academic requirement, to generate theories, confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones. It use for statistical references

6 .For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
Discovery: finding a new situation
Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.

Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.

1.) Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. It is also an ongoing process based on many accumulated understandings and explanations that when taken together lead to generalization about problems and the development of theories. Research is a careful application of different techniques or the specific procedure which helps the students to identify, choose, process, and analyze information about difficulties. The systematic and logical search for useful information or result is Research of a particular topic. To find a solution to the problem by performing systematic analysis, researchers initiate any research on the subject of their interest. They use different methods of Research like the basic research, applied research, problem solving research, qualitative and quantitative research, action reasearch, comparative research, etc. It is clear that for any research there are specific methods to be followed for good or say accurate results. Research is being used and applied in various field of studies and for enabling and empowering human development, through supporting services in health, education, entrepreneurship, employment, and training, and ensuring everyone can choose to participate without any hindrance in the political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society.

2.)Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge involving recognition and identification of a topic to be studied(problem), description and execution of procedures in collection of information(method), objective data(analysis) and statements of finding (results). Research is a systematic, exhaustive, and intensive investigation and study of a topic, often employing hypothesis and experimentation, to discover new knowledge, facts, theories, principles, and laws.
Research comprises “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.” It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.It is a studious inquiry or examination, especially critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts, and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or practical applications of new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. Research is a systematic quest for knowledge that is characterized by disciplined enquiry. Efficient and effective approach to expand knowledge is the conduct of special, planned and structured investigations. In all definitions its stands out that research is an activity as characterized by
an intellectual activity of a high order, an investigation of a phenomenon, event or activity and aims to discover data and facts and their interpretations.

3.) Three steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue:
Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question that’s the formulation of the problem, collect data to answer the question or solve the problem , and present an answer to the question which is reaching a conclusion about the problem .
I) Pose a question: Steps in this subject area within which the study is to be undertaken.
Without such knowledge it is difficult to clearly and adequately ‘dissect’ a subject area.
*Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
* Disect the broad area into sub areas.
*Select what is of most interest to the researcher.
*Raise a research question
*Formulate objectives.
*Access your objectives.
*Double check.
As researcher narrows the research problem, similarly he/she need to decide very specifically who constitutes his/her study population, in order to select the appropriate respondents.
ii) Collections of Data – There are two types of data:
a. Primary data: These data are collected for the first time and are generally accepted as original data.
There are several methods for collecting primary data like observation method, reiview method ,through questionnaires, through schedules.
b.Secondary data: The secondary data is also known as published data. Data which are not originally collected but rather obtained from published sources and statistically processed are known as secondary data. Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data. Usually published data are available
in various publications of the central, state are local governments, various publications of foreign governments or of international bodies and their subsidiary organizations; The sources of unpublished data are many; they may be found in diaries, letters, unpublished biographies nd autobiographies. Researcher must be very careful in using secondary data. Researcher must make a minute scrutiny because it is just possible that the secondary data may be unsuitable or may be inadequate in the context of the problem which the researcher wants to study.
iii.) Answer the question: The heart of any research projects its problem. A research problem defines the goal of the researcher in clear terms. To answer a research problem, the researcher must be able to answer the following two questions:
(a) What is the actual problem?
(b) What is the best way to solve the problem?
Researcher sees that research problem is a question. When researcher has really established what he/she wants to know, and how this relates to present insights, researcher has a clear research problem.

4.) Three criteria that enables a given process to be called research:
i) It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( approaches),
ii.)It’s procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested to their validity and reliability.
iii.) It is designed to be unbiased and objective
Philosophies mean approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.
Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question.
Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
Unbiased and objective means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest. (Bias is a deliberate attempt to either conceal or highlight something).
Adherence to the three criteria mentioned above enables the process to be called ‘research’. However, the degree to which these criteria are expected to be fulfilled varies from discipline to discipline and so the meaning of ‘research’ differs from one academic discipline to another.

5.)The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss:
The purpose of research is really an ongoing process of correcting and refining hypotheses, which should lead to the acceptance of certain scientific truths.
Whilst no scientific proof can be accepted as ultimate fact, rigorous testing ensures that proofs can become presumptions. Certain basic presumptions are made before embarking on any research project, and build upon this gradual accumulation of knowledge.
Research findings are predicted by many factors.  The research package (questions, methodology, analytical procedures) may be the same but factors such as the time of the research, the depth of the research probings, the discipline under which the researcher is carrying the study. Different disciplines have different approaches which definitely determine the results,the knowledge and objectivity of the researcher, the context under which the study was done, the validity and reliability of the research methodology, the period when the study was done and the level of dedication to unearth the truth regarding the research questions may vary the findings in most cases. However, that is the richness associated with research- finding different perspectives of the same problem while finding different pragmatic solutions that can improve the quality of life. That is the beauty of research.
The purposes of research include to solve the problem,to make a sound decision, to obtain academic degrees, to unveil the truth, to generate new theories and confirm existing ones, to fufil an academic requirement, etc.

6.) 6 categorisation of the purposes of research :
*Explanation:This is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
*Prediction:Research is used to access a situation and predict what may happen in the future, we are able to say that give certain conditions, then this is likely to happen
*Monitoring: Many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained
*Discovery or new improved situation: Finding out a new situation and a more improved one
*Hypothesis testing: Research helps to test theories about issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
*Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations ,thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit interests.

7.) The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly:
Some of the problems are;
Language barrier
Problem of insecurity
Unwillingness of respondents to give useful information
Data problems
Government police’s can hinder
Bias opinion of the researcher
Little or no access to funding: This means that the number of sources is small and sometimes these sources cannot be used. Lack of money – Majority of the resources need a lot of money which many of them find difficult to get.
Incorrect sampling .
Lack of corporation with the public.
Insufficient data due to inadequate past records or data storage.

Eze Onyinye Juliet
2019/249310
Julietcatalina@gmail.com
Economics department

1.Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss.

Research is the the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Research is the process of collecting and analyzing information to increase
Understanding of phenomena. research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
There are methods of research which are;
These are some of the most common qualitative methods:

Questionnaire: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.

Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.

Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.

Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.

Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

Pose a question
Collection of data
Present the report writing.

Pose a question

Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors surrounding this central phenomenon.

Collection of data

To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and documentation, focus groups and so many others.

Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.

For example someone wants to know or he or she was asked to find the population of Aged Men in Nigeria

Methods on collection of data such as survey, interviews with the students and so on.

Presents valid data of the population of Aged Men in Nigeria

4. 4. adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
It is designed to be unbiased and objective.

For example, one can be asked to make research on the population of Nursing women in Nigeria.

Firstly to begin with the research a serial research is undertaken within the framework of a set of philosophers.
The procedure of the research or the technique used to carry out such research must be tested to know if they can be reliable and produce valid results.
It should be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss.
The main purpose of research is to solve problems, including practical problems of the society, Research is used to solve unknown problems, it enables one to make a good decision in a difficult circumstances, it helps unveil the truth hidden about something, and get acquainted with the facts or happening around us. Research is use to fulfil an academic requirement, to generate theories, confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones. It use for statistical references.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
Discovery: finding a new situation
Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.

Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.

Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

Name: Anibodi Chiamaka Tesla
Reg No:2019/243747
Department: Education Economics

NO 1
Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavors. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss
Most researchers undertake inquiry to gain understanding about some problems or topics that they don’t fully comprehend. Once research topics or problems are explained or understood many secondary purpose of research comes into play such as helping others understand the research results, using results to improve teaching and learning and raising new topics or questions to study. All these are the methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems.
NO 2
Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss in details
No matter the knlind of research being carried out, the value of the research depends on how well it’s processes, inquires or examinations are being carried out. Research is different from other forms of discovering knowledge because it uses a systematic process called the scientific method and this method consist of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated predictions or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map through the research study. Whith is map, the researcher can interpret the information he/she collects and can make sound conclusions about the results. All these are careful inquiry to discover new information or relationship and to expand and to verify the already existing information.
NO 3
Creswell argues that “Research is a process or steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue” it consist of themree steps with practical examples.
The three steps invented by creswell are as follows:
1. Pose a question
2. Collect data to answer
3. Present an answer to the question.
1. Pose a question: This means choosing a topic to research on. Eg what effect does social media have on your mind.
2. Collect data to answer: This is the gathering and measuring information on variable of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions. Eg writing questionnaires, interviews etc.
3. Present an answer to the question: presenting answer to the question posed earlier on. Eg presenting the answer to “ what effect does social media have on your mind”. The distraction can lead to procastination, less retention of information and higher level of stress. One my also experience feelings of exclusion, loneliness or anxiety when you see posts of others enjoying a good time.
NO 4
Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
The three criteria are as follows:
1. Validity: means that correct procedures has been applied to find answers to a given question
2. Reliability: refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
3. Unbiased and objective: that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest.
NO 5
The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines discuss.
1.To solve problems: research helps in solving problems including practical problems of the society.
2. To make a sound decision: research helps in making sound decisions and it is very vital to our everyday decision making.
3. To obtain academic degrees: if you want to obtain degrees, masters, PhD, you must be given a project or thesis and each are written through research.
4 for assignment: some people enjoy the intellectual challenge of creative works.
5 To contribute to the existing body of knowledge: This is mainly triggard by a curiosity about a subject
6 To find oil casual/underlying relationship: it enables researchers to establish the existence and extent of relationship between variables.
No 6
For any discipline, the purpose of research may be generally catergorized into 6. Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
1. Explanation: possibly the most cited reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occuring. This is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
2. Predictions: Research is used to access questions and predict what may happen in future. We are able to say that given certain criteria condition then it is likely to happen.
3. Monitor: many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
4. Hypothesis testing: research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help educate a hypothesis.
5. Control: control represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations, this helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.
6. Discovery: unveiling of new ideas.
NO 7
The problem os conducting social science research in developing countries are multifaceted and multi-dimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.
Insufficient data or lack of data due to language barrier, illiteracy, inadequate pass of record or data storage. Another one is lack of co-operation from the public.

Eze Onyinye Juliet
2019/249310
Julietcatalina@gmail.com
Economics department

1.Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss.

Research can be define as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Research is the process of collecting and analyzing information to increase
Understanding of phenomena. research is driven by curiosity and the desire to expand knowledge in specific research area.
There are methods of research which are;
These are some of the most common qualitative methods:

Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.

Questionnaire: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.

Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.

Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.

Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video recordings, etc.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Inductive methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

Pose a question
Collection of data
Present the report writing.

Pose a question

Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors surrounding this central phenomenon.

Collection of data

To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and documentation, focus groups and so many others.

Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.

For example someone wants to know or he or she was asked to find the population of Aged Men in Nigeria

Methods on collection of data such as survey, interviews with the students and so on.

Presents valid data of the population of Aged Men in Nigeria

4. 4. adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
It is designed to be unbiased and objective.

For example, one can be asked to make research on the population of Nursing women in Nigeria.

Firstly to begin with the research a serial research is undertaken within the framework of a set of philosophers.
The procedure of the research or the technique used to carry out such research must be tested to know if they can be reliable and produce valid results.
It should be unbiased and objective.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss.
The main purpose of research is to solve problems, including practical problems of the society, Research is used to solve unknown problems, it enables one to make a good decision in a difficult circumstances, it helps unveil the truth hidden about something, and get acquainted with the facts or happening around us. Research is use to fulfil an academic requirement, to generate theories, confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones. It use for statistical references.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
Discovery: finding a new situation
Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.

Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)

Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.

Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.

Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.

Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

Name: Nkeonye Oluchi Praise
Reg no: 2019/250120
Department: Economics

1. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Research is a “studious inquiry or examination, especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”. Research is a methodological process used in searching out information in whatever field of study. It is a term used to identify or acknowledge the thorough dig up and finding out of information (new and old) for study or new implementation in solving a desired problem. Yes, it has different meanings and applications but one main identification stands out. Finding out knowledge in a given field of study: this is what a doctor, philosopher, economist, or 10th-grade student understands as research. The extent or length to which research is carried out might differ as well as the research methodologies that are peculiar to every discipline. But it is all about finding trustworthy information that can be held onto in a discipline.

2. The parallel question to this answer is the definition of research given by Francis Rummel.
“Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships.” As stated in the previous answer, research is a princess of finding out information in a body of knowledge. Importantly, it is a careful inquiry. It has to follow acceptable methods and procedures that are used in finding out information for the benefit of enriching the body of knowledge. Research has to follow procedures. You cannot do wuruwuru to the answer in an attempt to find something. It has to be carefully derived. Any conclusion that comes from an inappropriate method or style can be harmful (especially in the medical field) or cause a huge problem in subsequent research.

“…and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge.”
Not only is research used to find out new knowledge, but it is also used to expand or verify existing knowledge. So research is a two-step verification tool that confirms or verifies itself. You use research to find out if the conclusion derived from the research is true.

3. The three steps proposed by Creswell include:
a.Pose a question
b.Collect data to answer the question
c.Present an answer to the question
Using an example, I will explain the steps as outlined above. If a hospital cannot diagnose the illness affecting a patient but shows evidential signs of being I’ll, a research doctor or someone from the hospital team can lose a question: What is causing this young man to develop this set of symptoms? This question can as well breed more questions that will help in solving the unknown case. This includes: Is the patient showing forth symptoms that are similar to other illnesses?

Next, the doctor will collect data to answer the questions posed. This will include, x-rays, lab tests, a diagnostic report, old research on a similar matter, cardiac readings, and many other medical tools.

And finally, the doctor will bring it all together in an attempt to answer the questions and put a name to the illness if it’s unknown. Although, his journey does not stop there. Finding out what the illness is is one part of the problem. He has to figure out a cure for it and this will take another bout of thorough research.

4. a. Philosophies: This criterion involves approaches to carrying out research in the academic discipline in which you have been trained. It can be quantitative, qualitative, or any of the methodologies peculiar to your field of study.
b. Reliability and Validity: Validity means that the correct procedures have been applied to find the answer to the research question. Reliability refers to the quality of the measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
c. Unbiased and Objective: Every conclusion gotten from a research process has to be unbiased without any form of personal preference to it. The results must be derived objectively and must be clear as a result of objective observation.

5. Although research is all about finding out knowledge, it differs from discipline to discipline. The extent to which each discipline upholds all 3 criteria creates the difference in the process of research among them.

6. The categories are
a. Explanation: Research is man’s approach to understanding the world we live in and providing explanations for new or unknown occurrences.
b. Prediction: Research can also be used to predict what might happen in the future
c. Monitoring: Research is also used to monitor a case study or a recent development. This might as well lead to documentation.
d. Discovery: This is one of the most useful purposes of research. Research can lead to discovery, the discovery of novel things
e Hypothesis Testing: with research, you can also test certain hypotheses to make sure that they are true
f. Control: Control represents how research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment. When we under the relationship between variables we can control our environment to suit our interests

7. Research process involves a lot of essential requirements. To carry out research, you need money, time, data, books and academic resources, etc. In developing countries, these requirements are difficult to get by. Money and financial resources are not so much in abundance as they are in the developed world. Here, the available Financial resource is used for other things deemed ‘fit’ for money.
Again, data can be difficult to get. Especially in rural communities. And if these researchers get any data, it might not be accurate enough to lead to the right conclusion.

Name: Abasilim Chisom Judith
Reg no: 2019/249128
Department: Economics

1 . Research is a systematic work or investigation undertaken to increase the existing stock of knowledge to establish facts and principles. It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic. However, there are different meaning of research as well it’s application in various field of study and they are;
Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trust worthy information about problems.

Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationship and to expand and verify the existing knowledge ( Rummel, J Francis 1964)

Research according to crosswell is the process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue

Research is a devoted attempt of finding out the truth

2 . Research is a systematic work or investigation undertaken to increase the existing stock of knowledge to establish facts and principles. It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic.

It comprises the creation of ideas and the generation of new knowledge that leads to new and improved insights and the development of new materials, devices, products, and processes. In practice, ‘research’ refers to a scientific process of generating an unexplored horizon of knowledge, aiming at discovering or establishing facts, solving a problem, and reaching a decision.

3 . According to creswell research consists of 3 steps and they are;
Pose a question: a question that a researcher wants to get answers to must be available before conducting a research. You should have a goal or what you want to discover

Collect data to answer the question: this means to collect any important information that will contribute to answering a research question.

Present an answer to the question: this is after research has been conducted, answers concerning the research question will be presented.
4 . The three criteria that enables a given process to be called research includes;
i Research is being undertaken within a framework of set philosophies
ii Uses procedures and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability
iii Is being designed to be unbiased
5 . The purpose of research varies across various scientific fields and disciplines that’s because people have various reasons why they conduct research.
Some people conduct research to discover new ideas while some conduct research to give an explanation to a situation, some others conduct research to predict future situations and so on.
For example; scientists conduct research to discover new ideas or situations as that is their duty whereas tutors conduct research to give an explanation to something.

6 . Purpose of research
Explanation: the most important reason for conducting research is to find out and explain why something may be occurring. This is done to have a better understanding of the world we live in.

Discovering new or improved situation: research is conducted to discover new situations

Prediction: research is used to access situations and predict what may happen in future.

Hypothesis testing: research helps to test theories about some issues

Control: control presents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations thus helping us to shape our environment.

Monitoring: many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.

7 . Lack of training: this is one of the problems. Of research in developing countries. There is scarcity of properly trained researchers. People who they allow to carry out research are not properly trained and they do not understand basic research techniques

Shortage of resources: in developing countries, the government don’t provide enough resources for researchers to carry out research effectively

Insufficient data: this occurs due to inadequate past records or data storage and this greatly affects research.

Lack of cooperation from the public: most times people refuse to say what they know about a particular topic to researchers and this affects researchers because they unable to get correct and reliable information due to the lack of cooperation from the public

Name: MBAH JULIET EZINNE
Reg No: 2019/241713
Department: EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC
1) Research is what propels humanity forward. It’s fueled by curiosity: we get curious, ask questions, and immerse ourselves in discovering everything there is to know. Learning is thriving. Without curiosity and research, progress would slow to a halt, and our lives as we know them would be completely different.
2) Research is that, “research is a creative process which initiates with hypothesis and includes an inquiry or investigation, discovery or invention or experimentation, during which substantial evidence is gathered to prove its final product. The chief aim of research is to know the truth. “Research enhances knowledge. There are two sides to the word ‘knowledge’ – one is to know what you have and the other is to know where it is. The analogy of the river of knowledge enhances wisdom through experience and good judgment.
3) Step 1 – Locating and Defining Issues or Problems
This step focuses on uncovering the nature and boundaries of a situation or question that needs to be answered or studied. In defining the issues or problems, the researcher should take into account the purpose of the study, the relevant background information, what information is needed, and how it will be used in decision-making.
Step 2 – Designing the Research Project
This step is focused on creating a research plan or overall approach to how you are going to solve the issue or problem identified. A research plan or approach is a framework or blueprint for conducting a research project. It details the procedures necessary for obtaining the required information, and its purpose is to design a study that will test the hypotheses of interest, determine possible answers to the research questions, and provide the information needed for decision-making.
Step 3 – Collecting Data
This step revolved around obtaining the information needed to solve the identified issue or problem. Data collection can involve experiments, observations, personal interviewing (in-home, mall intercept, or computer-assisted personal interviewing), from an office by telephone (telephone or computer-assisted telephone interviewing), or through the mail (traditional mail and mail panel surveys with recruited households). The two groups of researchers must provide data. Data collection techniques can include:
Interviews: Asking people questions about their known information
Observations: collecting data without asking questions.
Questionnaires: Ask questions among a group of people
Step 4 – Interpreting Research Data
This step is focused on interpreting and examining the research data and coming up with a conclusion that solves the problem. Make sure the conclusion is easy to understand and well thought out based on the data collected.
Step 5 – Report Research Findings
The final step is to report the research findings to those who need the data to make decisions. The findings should be presented in a comprehensible format so that they can be readily used in the decision-making process. In addition, an oral presentation should be made to management using tables, figures, and graphs to enhance clarity and impact.
4) Research Introduction Accord research is a
logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is an investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be collected from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. A research can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a field. Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning. Research is in fact ubiquitous.
When you say that you are undertaking a research study to find answers to a question, you are implying that the process:
1. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( research approaches);
2. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability;
3. is designed to be unbiased and objective.
Philosophies mean approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.
Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
Unbiased and objective means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest. .Adherence to the three criteria mentioned above enables the process to be called ‘research’. However, the degree to which these criteria are expected to be fulfilled varies from discipline to discipline and so the meaning of ‘research’ differs from one academic discipline to another. 5)
5) At the most basic level, science can be split, lossely into two types pure research and applied research
Pure Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.

Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.
6) the purpose of research
a) Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic.Exploration satisfies the researcher’s curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.
b) Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population.
c) Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same. Given these statistics, you could start to develop an explanation for attitudes toward marijuana legalization.
7) Research in common parlance means a search for knowledge. We can also define research as a scientific and systematic hunt for pertinent information on a particular subject. Following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries:
a) Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to a lot of investigators is mainly a cut and paste job with no insight shed on the collated materials. The impact is obvious, viz., the research results, frequently, don’t reveal the reality.
b) Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.
c) Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.
d) Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.
e) Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)
f) Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.

ODO CHIMDIUTO JOY
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
2019/241990

1.lResearch has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge.] It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

Basrelief sculpture “Research holding the torch of knowledge” (1896) by Olin Levi Warner. Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, in Washington, D.C.
The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research

Researchers use different methods to achieve results while testing theories and analyzing data. Analysts and researchers use quantitative and qualitative research methods like focus groups, interviews and surveys for data interpretation to cultivate a better understanding of information. Selecting the best research method to use can help a research professional achieve useful results in their investigations.

There are two main categories of research methods: qualitative research methods and quantitative research methods.

Quantitative research methods involve using numbers to measure data. Researchers can use statistical analysis to find connections and meaning in the data. Qualitative research methods involve exploring information and non-numerical data. These research methods also examine how people might connect meaning to their experiences and emotions.

Types of research methods
There are many types of research methods that professionals might use to conduct studies. Here are some common types of research methods, including best practices and the situations in which they’re most effective:

Observation
Experimenters record what they see participants doing or saying during observational studies. These types of studies might include role-playing or watching the participants and waiting for a certain behavior to occur. For example, a researcher might set out drinks on the table and tell participants they can have a drink once they finish a task. The researcher would then watch to see how many participants finish the task before they grab a drink.

A modified form of observational study is the longitudinal observational study. Researchers track the same participants in longitudinal observational studies for months or years and study multiple data points. This method is useful when researchers need a large pool of data to study or if the study is dependent on tracking information over time. Researchers might not want to use observational studies if they do not have a lot of time to invest in their study.

Questionnaires and surveys
Questionnaires and surveys ask the same questions to a large group of individuals. These questions are typically used to measure quantitative data. Researchers translate the survey answers into numerical data so they can look for patterns. These questions could include something as simple are counting the number of employees at a company who prefer the color red to more complex data patterns, like studying the percentage of employees who preferred the color red and were also born in January.

Questionnaires can be a good way to quickly secure a high number of participants. People who do not have time for longer interview sessions can easily take a questionnaire on-site or return it in the mail later. However, mail-in surveys and questionnaires can have a low response rate, and participants might skip questions or answer them incorrectly. Researchers who elect to use this method should make considerations for potential gaps in the data due to human error in the survey completion.

Researchers have a written list of questions for their subjects during interviews, creating a very structured research setting. The researcher could also only have one question arranged, allowing the subject to speak and expand on the topic from there. You might hold interviews over the phone, via digital messaging or in person. Analysts can use interviews during qualitative or quantitative research projects.

During an interview, it’s helpful to have two researchers. You might have one researcher take notes on a participant’s responses while the other researcher watches the participant for nonverbal cues. If only one researcher is available, then getting permission to record the interview can be helpful—this ensures that the single researcher can watch the subject for nonverbal cues and is not hindered by excessive note-taking. A researcher might not want to use this method if they are working alone and cannot record the process.

Focus groups and case studies
In a focus group, researchers gather participants together and ask questions of the group. Researchers might observe a focus group and take notes on the session, or they can operate as the group’s facilitator. As with interviews, researchers can record focus groups for further review and analysis.

In a case study, researchers study one central case of a person or a small group. Researchers might also make a case study of data from previous focus groups. Some researchers use the words “focus group” or “case study” interchangeably when studying a small group. Both focus groups and case studies are qualitative research methods, recording information rather than numerical data.

Researchers can hold focus groups and case studies on many topics, including public health, food preferences or even entertainment options. Researchers might want to use this method if they are looking for a very descriptive dataset to examine. However, you might not want to use a focus group or a case study if you need a broader scope of data to analyze.

Experiments
Experiments involve testing a theory in a lab environment, in a controlled area or with willing study participants in different environments. You might ask participants to complete tests verbally, on paper or on a computer. Some experiments could involve multiple simulations.

For example, a researcher might give a cognitive test to a patient, but the actual test is evaluating how the patient performs when the room’s temperature is colder or hotter than it was to begin with. Experiments are usually quantitative studies, recording numerical or statistical data.

There are many methods of completing experiments, so these can be easy to administer to participants. Best practices for this method include having simple instructions and easily replicated experiments. Participants might need to complete tests on computers, so researchers should ensure test-takers need no prior knowledge of computers to complete these types of tests.

You might not want to use experiments as a method if your directions for participants are not clear. Clear instructions allow participants to move through the experiment confidently and accurately, allowing for a more consistent collection of data.

Secondary data analysis
Secondary data analysis, also known as archival study, is studying and assessing research that already exists. If the archival works include letters, diaries or emails, this is a qualitative study. If the archival files are numerical data, like accounting reports, that would be a quantitative study.

This research method can be much more expedient than other research methods because it involves using research that’s already been completed. Researchers might want to use this method because it can be much more cost-effective, and you could find multiple sources for your analysis. However, you’ll want to ensure that the data is timely, specific to your study’s needs and unbiased for it to be most useful.

Mixed methods
Mixed methods can be a combination of multiple types of research methods. The researcher might combine observations with focus groups or interviews. The selected combination depends on what the researcher is studying and which research methods are best suited for their tasks. Best practices for utilizing mixed methods include picking two complementary research methods, such as starting with a focus group and then using the focus group data to develop and conduct an experiment.

You might not want to use mixed methods if this approach could unnecessarily complicate the research. For example, if your mixed methods are surveys and secondary data analysis, these two methods could unnecessarily complicate the study if the sets of information are not relevant to one another.

2.Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this .
Simply put, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.
The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarized into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.

3.Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

The three common approaches to conducting research according to Creswell are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute “alternate knowledge claims” (Creswell, 2003, p. 153). Creswell, (2002) asserts that quantitative research originated in the physical sciences, particularly in chemistry and physics. The researcher uses mathematical models as the methodology of data analysis. Three historical trends pertaining to quantitative research include research design, test and measurement procedures, and statistical analysis. Quantitative research also involves data collection that is typically numeric and the researcher tends to use mathematical models as the methodology of data analysis. Additionally, the researcher uses the inquiry methods to ensure alignment with statistical data collection methodology. There are three broad classifications of quantitative research: descriptive experimental and causal comparative. The descriptive research approach is a basic research method that examines the situation, as it exists in its current state. Descriptive research involves identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an observational basis, or the exploration of correlation between two or more phenomena.

Qualitative research is a holistic approach that involves discovery. Qualitative research is also described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994). One identifier of a qualitative research is the social phenomenon being investigated from the participant‟s viewpoint. There are different types of research designs that use qualitative research techniques to frame the research approach. As a result, the different techniques have a dramatic effect on the research strategies explored.Qualitative research can also be described as an effective model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from being highly involved in the actual experiences (Creswell, 2003).

The mixed methods approach to research is an extension of rather than a replacement for the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, as the latter two research approaches will continue to be useful and important. The goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Of course, the strengths and weaknesses associated with the various research approaches are not absolute but rather relative to the context and the manner in which researchers aspire to address the phenomenon under study. For example, if the researcher purports to provide in-depth insight into a phenomenon, the researcher might view selecting a small but informative sample, which is typical of qualitative research. The researcher might use inferential statistics to quantify the results, which is typical of quantitative research, as strengths worthy of combining into a single research study.

4.Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples

Criteria for a good research
a. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.

b. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.

c. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

5.The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

The purpose of Research
Study Implications
The purpose of research is to inform action. Thus, your study should seek to contextualize its findings within the larger body of research. Research must always be of high quality in order to produce knowledge that is applicable outside of the research setting. Furthermore, the results of your study may have implications for policy and future project implementation.

One problem that often plagues progress in global health is the slow translation of research into practice. Often, a disconnect exists between those who conduct research and those who are positioned to implement the research findings. The underlying problem is that “the production of evidence is organized institutionally with highly centralized mechanisms, whereas the application of that science is highly decentralized. This social distance prevails because scientists are more oriented to the international audiences of other scientists for which they publish than to the needs of practitioners, policy makers, or the local public.”(1)

Thus, as researchers, it is imperative to take steps to overcome this barrier. Publishing your study may be one initial step to make your research known to the global community. Other proactive measures can be taken to encourage the uptake of evidence-based interventions. For example, you can present your research findings at various venues, such as Unite for Sight’s Global Health and Innovation Conference. Furthermore, you can send the results of your study to local officials, policy-makers, and community leaders.

Goals of Research
There are relatively few published studies about eye care in developing countries, and Unite For Sight encourages all volunteers to consider developing a research study to contribute important knowledge to the eye care community on a global scale. Pursuing a research project will be a challenging and rewarding experience, and this opportunity enables you to pursue an in-depth original study about a topic of interest.

Well-conducted research is vital to the success of global heath endeavors. Not only does research form the foundation of program development and policies all over the world, but it can also be translated into effective global health programs. Research draws its power from the fact that it is empirical: rather than merely theorizing about what might be effective or what could work, researchers go out into the field and design studies that give policymakers hard data on which they can base their decisions. Furthermore, good research utilizes methodologies that can be replicated, produces results that are examinable by peers, and creates knowledge that can be applied to real-world situations. Researchers work as a team to enhance our knowledge of how to best address the world’s problems.

The “Iterative” Process of Research
Ultimately, the key to a successful research project lies in iteration: the process of returning again and again to the research questions, methods, and data, which leads to new ideas, revisions and improvements. It is easy to think of research as a step-by-step “1, 2, 3” process, but it is important to be flexible and open to change. Oftentimes, by discussing the research project with advisers and peers, one will find that new research questions need to be added, variables need to be omitted, and other changes need to be made. As a proposed study is examined and reexamined from different perspectives, it may begin to transform and take a different shape. This is to be expected and is a component of a good research study. In addition, it is important to examine study methods and data from different viewpoints to ensure a comprehensive approach to the research question. In conclusion, there is no one formula for developing a successful study, but it is important to realize that the research process is cyclical and iterative.

6.For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

.Case Studies
Case studies look at a single subject (e.g., a child with autism) or a single case (e.g., a classroom for children with autism). Case studies are typically used in research that describes the development of an individual, group, or situation over a period of time in order to provide a detailed account of what is occurring within its real-life context.

b. Correlational Studies
Correlational studies look for a relationship between two or more variables, or things, that naturally occur in the same environment. Correlational studies cannot tell us anything about cause and effect, only that there is a relationship between two or more things. For example, a study might be designed to determine if there is a relationship between the number of children with autism in a particular community and the month of their birth.

c. Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal studies can give us information about how people develop over time. These types of studies follow one group of people (referred to as a cohort) across time, measuring the same behavior multiple times. For example, we may want to determine if children with autism do better on performance tests in self-contained than in inclusive classrooms. The best research design for answering this question would be to follow one cohort of children with autism that spent time in both environments.

d. Experimental Studies
Experimental studies are controlled so that the researcher manipulates one variable to determine its effect on other variables. Two primary types of experimental studies are used in intervention development and testing: randomized group design and single-case design.

e. Clinical Trial Studies
Clinical trial studies are one specific type of randomized group experimental study. Clinical trial studies are most likely to be conducted in medical or other clinical settings. Similar to experimental group design studies, clinical trial studies employ an experimental/control group, in which participants are randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment (e.g., a medication to treat autism symptoms) or a placebo (a sugar pill).

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

About 1.1 billion people live in least developed countries (LDCs), which face daunting development challenges.

The LDC group grew from an initial 25 countries in 1971 to a peak of 52 in 1991 and stands at 46 today. Only six countries have managed to graduate from the category.

“The vulnerabilities of LDCs have evolved since the UN created the category five decades ago, but they continue to face major obstacles that block their sustainable development,” said Paul Akiwumi, UNCTAD’s director for Africa and least developed countries.

These include soaring debt, export marginalization, energy poverty and climate vulnerability.

1. Soaring debt
Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, UNCTAD warned about the climbing debt burden of LDCs, which undermines their ability to provide basic services, such as health care and education.

Their debts have not only grown but also become costlier and riskier. Between 2011 and 2019, LDCs’ debt service more than tripled to $33 billion, which represents between 5% and 13% of the value of their exports.

The pandemic has exacerbated the situation, with LDCs’ debt repayments set to hit $43 billion in 2022.
Such a burden will jeopardize their COVID-19 recovery efforts and sap the public funds needed to fight poverty and invest in essential infrastructure, such as roads and hospitals.

2. Export marginalization
LDCs also remain marginalized in global trade. Their share of global merchandise exports has hovered around just 1% since 2010.
And their main exports leave them highly vulnerable to global crises and shocks.

Although several LDCs have broadened their export base, as many as 38 of them remain commodity dependent. They rely on primary goods like copper, cotton and oil for over 60% of their merchandise exports.
Global commodities’ markets are very volatile, and when prices crash, so do exports, jobs and government revenue.
This volatility is a serious threat to many LDCs, especially for food and fuel. The impact of the war in Ukraine on global prices for these two products is a stark reminder.

3. Energy poverty
UNCTAD calculations show that more than half of the people in LDCs still lacked access to electricity in 2019. About 570 million men, women and children in these countries don’t have light at night for reading and aren’t able to charge a mobile phone.
The situation is worse in rural areas, with about two thirds of the population (458 million people) living without electricity.

And where electricity is available, such as in large cities, access is often unreliable.
Access to energy matters now more than ever as LDCs try to recover from the COVID-19 crisis. For example, without reliable electricity, hospitals can’t refrigerate vaccines. This hampers vaccine roll-out efforts.

4. Climate vulnerability
LDCs are on the front lines of the climate crisis even though their populations have barely contributed to the global greenhouse gas emissions fuelling global heating.
In the past five decades, these vulnerable nations have been home to 69% of the global deaths caused by climate disasters. Yet their cars and industries have produced just 1.1% of the world’s total CO2 emissions.
Even their share per person barely reaches 9% of the world’s average. In 2019, the carbon footprint of an average person living in an LDC was 23 times smaller than that of someone in a developed country, such as the United States or a European nation.

This “climate apartheid” means that the people least responsible for climate change are the most affected by its consequences.
Chance to redefine development strategies
The 5th United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDC5) is a chance to get LDCs the support they truly need to tackle their sustainable development challenges.

LDC5 is being held in two parts. The first part was held at the UN headquarters in New York on 17 March 2022, during which the Doha Programme of Action for Least Developed Countries was adopted.
It aims to ensure LDCs are placed at the top of the international agenda, to rally stronger support to help them overcome the structural challenges they face.
The second part will be held in Doha from 5 to 9 March 2023, where world leaders will gather with civil society, the private sector, young people and other stakeholders to build new plans and partnerships for the delivery of the programme of action over the following decade.

Ugwu Silas Chinazaekpere
2019/244182
Department of economics
1. Research is the intentional use of a gathering of systems used to give solid information about issues It proposes that inorder to investigate they are exact methods to collect data to deal with an issue.

2. Research is a wary solicitation or evaluation to track down new information or associations and to stretch out and to check the ebb and flow data Investigation for this present circumstance proposes the ability to beat or sort out additional information about the momentum data by making hypotheses or by giving an appraisal to that momentum data inorder to carefullly and thoroughlyinspect and track down new information about that flow data.

3. The three phases are according to the accompanying:
I. Propose an ice breaker: inorder to find out about a surprising divulgence, the most compelling thing that rings a bell is that unexpected disclosure? for this present circumstance he/she proposed an ice breaker which makes us to the ensuing step.
ii. Assemble data to answer the request: after a request is represented, the researcher will accumulate data about the startling divulgence and each data counts and may incite the best approach to sorting out the surprising disclosure.
Iii. Present an answer for the request: this expert then, collects the data and directly following making his/her notions/hypotheses finally sorts out the reaction to the request.

4. The three criterias are according to the accompanying:
I. Philosopies: infers approaches e.g, abstract, quantitative, and the educational discipline inwhich you have been arranged
ii. Authenticity: suggests that right techniques have been applied to finds answers to a request. e.g, asumptions, theories.
iii. Trustworthiness: insinuates the idea of an assessment system that gives repeatability and accuracy e.g, check of site.

5. Research has different ways or apllications both in sensible, political, monetary and mental. Its jumbled in each space since you can’t use a comparative assessment method every locale has its own investigation system. In science they are seven methodologies for research anyway you can’t use these identical strategies to investigate in the political, money related and mental districts.

6. The six classes of the justification for research are according to the accompanying:
I. Theory Testing: Investigation helps test speculations about specific issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the center of sensible assessment relies upon quantifiable analysisto help with evaluating a hypothesis.
ii. Control: Locations the way inwhich investigation can be applied to veritable issues and conditions, thus helping us with trim our ongoing situation.
iii. Explantion: this ts possbly the most refered to reason in driving investigation inorder to understand the justification for why something is occuring, you will plainly require an explanation.
iv. Gauge: Investigation helps in assessing what’s going on and guessing what happens immediately.
v. Checking: Decisions that are made whether lucky or sad ought to be seen to ensure that the goal or goal is accomplished.
vi. Revelation/New predominant conditions: sorting out new conditions.

7. The issues of coordinating social science research in non-modern countries are diverse and perplexing, the issue is the difficulty in the use of preliminary method which is by virtue of humanism, its thing being an individual can’t be put in a lab test. Whether or not it is done, thier responses wouldnt be typical anyway reliant upon the experience with the phony condition. Consequently the social scientist needs to watch them in wide world. In non-modern countries, completing clinical preparation has various hindrances including nonattendance of organizing, nonattendance of moral and money related inspirations and lack of time open for research; juvenile prosperity informatics plan and nonattendance of available funding.

NAME: MADUKA CHINAZOM DIVINE-GIFT
REG NO: 2019/245033
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS/PHILOSOPHY

1. Although research in online search and citation practices is much more common in fields such as management of information systems and library and information science, Celia Rabinowitz’s 2001 article, “Working in a Vacuum,” points out that there has not been a great deal of overlap between composition teacher-scholars and the specialists who design and control academic online information systems. We are seeking, through this research, to bring a writing studies perspective to bear on the literate practices of researchers as they search for and locate source material online in academic settings.

Scholars in library and information science, information management, computer science, and related fields have long studied search practices and search technologies and have provided important insights into the ways people search for information and the ways search technologies enable or constrain these processes. Some scholars have approached these issues from a cognitive perspective (e.g., Belew, 2000), some from an information processing perspective (e.g., Huang, 2000), and others from a sociotechnical perspective (e.g., Bishop, Van House, & Buttenfield, 2003) . Regardless of the theoretical lens in use, most of this research seeks to generalize conclusions about users’ search practices, rather than focusing on local cases. For example, scholars such as Leah Graham and Panagiotis Takis Metaxas (2003), and Raya Fidel (1991) are, like us, interested in how students in academic settings search for information online, but their projects differ from ours in several important ways. The Graham and Metaxas study, published in 2003, uses as its method a survey administered to students as part of a class called “Computers and the Internet.” The survey was designed to test whether students could find the correct answers to research questions and whether they would seek to verify their findings. Ultimately, they argue that while students are eager to use the Internet, they lack the skills to critically evaluate the sources they locate. The Fidel (1991) study uses a slightly more complex series of methods (observation of search activities and analysis of verbal and search protocols) in an attempt to identify the impact of different actions on the part of researchers. One conclusion of this study is that while certain searchers are more “interactive” than others—conducting additional searches, altering terms, and using different strategies—this interactivity does not necessarily translate into a successful search experience.

In their studies of what they call “information encountering,” Sandra Erdelez (1999) and Catherine Sheldrick Ross (1999) do emphasize the possibility of discovering useful information in less structured searches and so allow for a research model based less on efficiency. Ross, however, limits her discussion to the context of pleasure reading print books, and Erdelez, although she suggests the Internet offers productive possibilities for information encountering, does not identify or study particular practices that might lead to or that characterize such productive encounters.

From a writing studies perspective, while much of this research is certainly valuable, its methodological perspective often seeks to limit and control the variables that impact the search processes of participants in order to examine one type of practice in detail. While some research in these disciplines includes in-depth focus on local, specific cases, the results of such research is often primarily quantitative (e.g., Craswell et al., 2004; Vakkari, Pennanen, & Serola, 2003). And in spite of calls, beginning as early as 1990 (e.g., Crabtree et al., 2000; Mellon, 1990), for a more ethnographically informed research process into search and retrieval behaviors, such research is not currently common in any of the disciplines mentioned above.

Even when ethnographically informed scholarship is presented, as in the study of technical support workers presented by Sally Jo Cunningham, Chris Knowles, and Nina Reeves at an academic computing conference in 2001, such scholarship continues to situate participants as the subjects of observation and manipulation on the part of the researcher. This scholarship rarely, if ever, seeks to help participants reflect on, understand, and improve their own search strategies. Rather, it tends to regard participants as subjects who illustrate larger trends about searching and search technology.

2. Research sees the existing knowledge in newer creative ways in order to generate state-of-art concepts, methods, as well as understanding the existing theories in a new light. Research is also defined as a method of carefully considering studies regarding a specific concern or problems with the help of scientific methods. Research refers to the systematic inquiry for describing, explaining, predicting, as well as controlling an observable phenomenon. Research involves the use of both inductive as well as deductive methods.

Inductive research methods are used to analyse observable events. Deductive methods are used to verify the event that has been observed. Inductive research includes the use of qualitative research methods whereas deductive approach more commonly uses quantitative analysis.

Market research is conducted for the following purposes:

Identifying potential new customers.
Understanding the opinions and beliefs of existing customers.
Setting pragmatic and realistic goals for the company to achieve.
Developing strategies for the marketing of a new product.
Addressing the challenges in the business.
Organising and strategizing plans for business expansion.
Identifying new opportunities for the business.
What are the important characteristics of research?
A good market research follows pragmatic approaches to collect accurate data. Researchers need to ensure that they conduct the research by following ethics and guidelines while collecting data and drawing conclusions for the same.
The analysis of the research should be based on logic and it must involve both inductive and deductive methods to have a balanced view on the issue being studied.
Practical data and knowledge should be derived from the naturalistic observations made by the researchers.
In order to make sure there are no anomalies or biases affecting the research, researchers should engage in an in depth analysis of the collected data.
Good research always creates a path for researchers to generate new questions and explore the issue further by generating more research opportunities in the future.
Good research also makes use of all the available data in order to ensure accurate inferences from the analysis.
Good research is focused on accuracy. It is critical for the information collected for the research to be accurate and unbiased. To ensure accuracy, the tools used in the research, the calibrations of the same as well as the final results of the research all help in assessing the accuracy of the study.

3. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

4. Three Criteria Are:

1. Knowledge: Do people know enough about this question and do they give meaningful and reliable answers.

2. Conviction: Do people have enough conviction about the subject so that there is real stability to their answers.

3. Significance: Assuming answers can be obtained with a satisfactory degree of reliability, are the questions important.

5. The goal of scientific research is to discover laws and postulate theories that can explain natural or social phenomena, or in other words, build scientific knowledge. It is important to understand that this knowledge may be imperfect or even quite far from the truth. Sometimes, there may not be a single universal truth, but rather an equilibrium of “multiple truths.” We must understand that the theories, upon which scientific knowledge is based, are only explanations of a particular phenomenon, as suggested by a scientist. As such, there may be good or poor explanations, depending on the extent to which those explanations fit well with reality, and consequently, there may be good or poor theories. The progress of science is marked by our progression over time from poorer theories to better theories, through better observations using more accurate instruments and more informed logical reasoning.

We arrive at scientific laws or theories through a process of logic and evidence. Logic (theory) and evidence (observations) are the two, and only two, pillars upon which scientific knowledge is based. In science, theories and observations are interrelated and cannot exist without each other. Theories provide meaning and significance to what we observe, and observations help validate or refine existing theory or construct new theory. Any other means of knowledge acquisition, such as faith or authority cannot be considered science.

6. Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
Explanatory Research
Explanation
Research is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory purpose of research focuses on the “why” of research questions and is frequently based on experiments.

For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

For example, randomised controlled trial studies for measuring the effectiveness of new pharmaceutical drugs on human subjects.
Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

For example, a study on the effects of the use of certain chemical substances in a particular population group can be considered a non-experimental study.

7. Social science research cannot uncover facts outside of its field. Also, it only examines society for facts and does not provide advice. Social science research cannot investigate certain topics because of taboos or other considerations. Some examples of limitations are small samples, shortage of data, researcher biases, fluency, and access.

School: University of Nigeria Nsukka
Department: Social science education (Education/Economics)
Course: research methods I (Eco 391)
Name: Diugwu Salvation Nmesoma
Reg. No: 2019/242289
Lecturer: Dr. Tony Orji
Email address: salvationnmesoma65@gmail.com

(1.) Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss

Research is the formal, systematic application of the scientific and disciplined inquiry approach to the study of problems. Educational research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about educational problems, issues and topics. Most researchers, including educational researchers undertake inquiry to gain understanding about some problem or topic that they don’t fully comprehend. Having a stake in the outcome of the research makes conducting it more interesting, useful and satisfying for the researcher. Once research topics or problems are explained or understood, many secondary purposes of research come into play, such as helping others understand the research results, using results to improve teaching and learning and raising new topics or questions to study. Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed to assume that the same results will apply in all or most settings. Rather, research is usually an ongoing process, based on accumulated understandings and Explanations that, when taken together, lead to generalizations about educational issues and practice, and ultimately, to the development of theories.

(2.) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

Research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.
While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.
The purpose of research is therefore to find out what is known, what is not and what we can develop further. In this way, scientists can develop new theories, ideas and products that shape our society and our everyday lives.
The purpose of research is to further understand the world and to learn how this knowledge can be applied to better everyday life. It is an integral part of problem solving.

(3.) Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

1. POSE A QUESTION: The first step in the process is to develop a research question. To pose a question is to raise a question, to bring attention to a problem. “The central question is a broad question that asks for an exploration of the central phenomenon or concept in a study. The inquirer poses this question, consistent with the emerging methodology of qualitative research, as general issues so as to not limit the inquiry”. To arrive at the question, ask, “what is the broadest question that I can ask in the study”?. However sub-question can be specific research question.

2. COLLECT DATA TO ANSWER THE QUESTION: According to (Creswell, 2014); The data collection steps include setting the boundaries for the study, collecting information through unstructured or semi structured observations and interviews, documents, and visual materials, as well as establishing the protocol for recording information.

3. PRESENT AN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION: State the result or implementations based on the analysis of the data. Conclusion reached on the research study should relate back to the original research topic. Analyzing the question, researching, choosing a side, narrowing to a thesis, and creating the project. These are the steps to answer a research question.

(4.) Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. When you say you are undertaking a research study to find an answers to a question, you are implying that it must have these basic concepts;

1. PHILOSOPHIES: A research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and used. The term epistemology (what is known to be true) as opposed to doxology (what is believed to be true) encompasses the various philosophies of research approach. It also means approaches; quantitative, qualitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. It is the basis of the research, which involves the choice of research strategy, formulation of the problem, data collection, processing, and analysis.

2. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY: Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something: Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).Validity of research can be explained as an extent at which requirements of scientific research method have been followed during the process of generating research findings.
Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions). It is the extent to which the same answers can be obtained using the same instruments more than one time. In simple terms, if your research is associated with high levels of reliability, then other researchers need to be able to generate the same results, using the same research methods under similar conditions. It is noted that “reliability problems crop up in many forms.

3. UNBIASED AND OBJECTIVE: The researcher must allow the data to speak for themselves uninfluenced by characteristics of the researcher. Only researchers who learn and then follow best-practice in research methodology, and who scrub their procedures of conditions that introduce bias, can be said to investigate with objectivity.

(5.) The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.
Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.
An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.

PURE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.
Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity. For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.

APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.
The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.
Applied scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem, such as ‘Is global warming avoidable?’ or ‘Does a new type of medicine really help the patients?’

(6.) For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

1. EXPLANATION: This answers “why” and “how” questions, leading to an improved understanding of a previously unresolved problem or providing clarity for related future research initiatives. It allows the researcher to have a broad understanding of the topic and refine subsequent research questions to augment the study’s conclusions.

2. PREDICTION: Prediction in research fulfills one of the basic desires of humanity, to discern the future and know what fate holds. It is a statement of the expected results of the experiment based on the hypothesis.

3. MONITORING: it provides a way to assess the crucial link between implementers and beneficiaries on the ground and decision-makers; it adds to the retention and development of institutional memory; it provides a more robust basis for raising funds and influencing policy.

4. DISCOVERY/NEW IMPROVED SITUATION: Discovery research gives the researcher the opportunity to take the risks needed to tackle the unknown – mistakes are part of the learning curve. The data that scientists generate guides new research endeavours to finding cures for diseases or lifestyle-improving applications.

5. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: Hypothesis testing allows the researcher to determine whether the data from the sample is statistically significant. Hypothesis testing is one of the most important processes for measuring the validity and reliability of outcomes in any systematic investigation.

6. CONTROL: A control is an element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables. The controlling function helps in measuring the progress towards the organizational goals & brings any deviations, & indicates corrective action. Thus, an overall sense, the controlling function helps and guides the organizational goals for achieving long-term goals in future.

(7.) The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

1. LACK OF SCIENTIFIC TRAINING: The research methodology is not systematic. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.

2. LACK OF COMMUNICATION WITH THE SUPERVISOR: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic.

3. TIME MANAGEMENT: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.

4. NOT HAVING A DEFINITE DEADLINE: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars.

5. A QUANTITY OF LITERATURE: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources.

6. IMPLEMENTING QUALITY OF WRITING WITHIN THE LITERATURE REVIEW: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read.

7. INSUFFICIENT DATA: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

8. LACK OF CONFIDENCE: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

9. CONCERN THAT YOUR FOCUS IS EITHER STILL TOO BROAD OR TOO NARROW: This concern is inevitable. Be prepared to adapt your research as you look through the literature. This might require you to either increase its focus or narrow down so that the research is manageable. A broad focus for research might be narrowed down by adding an appropriate context or by looking for another variable within the research question or by focusing upon a theoretical viewpoint.

10. LIBRARY MANAGEMENT: Library management and functioning is not satisfactory in many Universities; A lot of time and energy is spent on tracing appropriate books, journals, reports etc. Also, many of the libraries are not able to get copies of new reports and other publications on time.

REFERENCE
Asha, balkeshwar S. (2014) Procedures of research methodology in research studies retrieved from European international journal of science and technology.

John Dudovskiy (2017) business research methodology retrieved from https://research-methodology.net/

National art Education association. (1997) introduction to educational research retrieved from studies in art Education.

Martyn shuttleworth (2022) purpose of research retrieved from https://explorable.com
Stats work. (2021) hypothesis development retrieved from https://www.statswork.com

Edwin-Ugodu Stephen Chidi
Economics Major
Reg no: 2019/251264

Answers:
1. Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it . The way the research is undertaken by different disciplines can be different in their approach but the aim remains same.
Research in simplest terms is searching for knowledge and searching for truth. In formal sense it is a systematic study of a problem attacked by a deliberately chosen strategy which starts with choosing an approach to preparing blue print (design) acting upon it in terms of designing research hypotheses, choosing methods and techniques, selecting or developing data collection tools, processing the data, interpretation and ends with presenting solution/s of the problem.
2. Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes. This definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
3. (i) Posing a question: Posing a research question. Once you have narrowed your topic, you need to come up with a research question—a specific question that you will then work to answer through your research. Generate a list of questions beginning with What? When? Where? Who? How? Why? Would? Could? and Should? For example, here are some questions about the tentative topic “the potential environmental effects of increasing the use of ethanol”:
How much energy does producing ethanol require?
Why do some environmental groups oppose the use of ethanol?
(ii) Collect data to answer the question: Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
(iii) present answer to the question: The answers to these questions are your research findings. The methods you use or the experiments that you conduct are all directed at finding the answers to your research questions. Thus, we can say that the Results and Discussion sections include the answers to your research question.
4. (I) Philosophy: Research philosophy can be defined as the development of research assumption, its knowledge, and nature [7]. The assumption is perceived as a preliminary statement of reasoning, but it is based on the philosophizing person’s knowledge and insights that are born as a product of intellectual activity. Hitchcock and Hughes [4] also claim that research stems from assumptions. This means that different researchers may have different assumptions about the nature of truth and knowledge and its acquisition [6]. Scientific research philosophy is a method which, when applied, allows the scientists to generate ideas into knowledge in the context of research.
(ii) Valid and reliable techniques and test procedure: validity is the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. For example, a survey designed to explore depression but which actually measures anxiety would not be consid- ered valid, also whereas reliability concerns the truthfulness in the data obtained and the degree to which any measuring tool controls random error.
(iii) unbiased and objectives: To be objective means to write with curiosity, rather than having a preset opinion, and to engage with research, rather than presenting a personal preference. There are ways, however, to try to maintain objectivity and avoid bias with qualitative data analysis:
Use multiple people to code the data. …
Have participants review your results. …
Verify with more data sources. …
Check for alternative explanations. …
Review findings with peers.
5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.
An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.
6. (i) Prediction: Predictions are often written in the form of “if, and, then” statements, as in, “if my hypothesis is true, and I were to do this test, then this is what I will observe.” Following our sparrow example, you could predict that, “If sparrows use grass because it is more abundant, and I compare areas that have more twigs than the area with grass.
(ii) Monitoring: A monitoring committee is usually required to determine safe and effective conduct and to recommend conclusion of the trial when significant benefits or risks have developed or the trial is unlikely to be concluded successfully. Risk associated with participation in research must be minimized to the extent practical.
(iii) Explanation: explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why.
(iv) Discovery/Exploration: it involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher’s curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.
(v) Hypothesis Testing: hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is most often used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses, that arise from theories.
(vi) Control: Controls allow the experimenter to minimize the effects of factors other than the one being tested. It’s how we know an experiment is testing the thing it claims to be testing.
7. (i) Lack of Training: It is a big problem faced by researchers in developing countries. There is scarcity of qualified research workers. Many research workers take a step in the dark not understanding research techniques. The majority of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound.
(ii) Lack of confidence: The business houses are usually unwilling to provide the necessary information to researchers because of fear of misuse of information.
(iii) Repetition: Research studies overlapping one another are carried out in many cases for want of adequate information.
(iv) Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions, on the other.
(v) Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority of the people (social workers and business executive)
(vi) Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
(vii) Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer adequate amounts for research of all types.
(viii) Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations responsible for performing research.
(ix) Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of resources.
(x) Scanty Information Base: This narrows down the volume and quality of literature accessible to a researcher. Put simply, not much research findings have been collected from where a researcher can take help.

OMEYE ADANNA NGOZIKA
2019/242941
ECONOMICS MAJOR

QUESTION 1
Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems Research is a type of systematic investigation that applies empirical methods to solving challenges in education. It is a systematic and organized investigation to seek solutions to problems by obtaining numerical data and testing the relationships of variables using statistical techniques. It adopts rigorous and well-defined scientific processes in order to gather and analyze data for problem-solving and knowledge advancement. Research may be very broadly defined as systematic gathering of data and information and its analysis for advancement of knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to find answer intellectual and practical questions through application of systematic methods. Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines research as “studious inquiry or examination; especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws”.
It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the unknown confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness makes us probe and attain full and fuller understanding of the unknown. This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, which man employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the unknown, can be termed as research. The systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research. As such the term ‘research’ refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s) towards the concerned problem or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulation. Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research.

QUESTION 2
According to the Webster’s International Dictionary, ‘research’ is ‘a careful, critical inquiry or explanation in seeking facts or principles; diligent investigation in order to ascertain something’. This exposes the fact that research reveals that ‘research’ is the ‘careful, diligent and exhaustive investigation of a specific subject matter’ with a view to knowing the truth and making original contribution in the existing stock of knowledge. It is, in short, ‘systematic search’ in ‘pursuit of knowledge’ of the researcher. Mere aimless, unrecorded, unchecked search is not research which can never lead to valid conclusions. But diligent, intelligent, continued search for something is research. It refers to the process and means to acquire knowledge about any natural or human phenomenon. It involves a systematic inquiry into a phenomenon of interest. It is the process of discovering or uncovering new facts. It aims to contribute to the hitherto known information of the phenomenon.

Therefore, only systematic intensive investigation into, or inquiry of, fact qualifies to get the label of ‘research’. And a ‘search’ becomes ‘systematic’ when a researcher, in his quest for knowledge and pursuit of truth, attempts to collect the required information from various sources and in a variety of ways systematically and exposes data to a severe and intensive scrutiny. Research, thus, involves systematic scientific investigation of facts (or their hidden or unknown facets) with a view to determining or ascertaining something, which may satisfy the curiosity of the investigator and carry forward (his) knowledge. Such research involves identification of a research problem, the ascertainment of facts, their logical ordering and classification, the use of (inductive and deductive) logic to interpret the collected and classified facts and the assertion of conclusions premised on, and supported by, the collected information. ‘Research’, therefore, means a scientific collection and inspection of facts with a view to determining (or searching) something, which may satisfy the curiosity of the investigator and carry forward his knowledge. It requires a sound design for investigation, the appropriate methods of data collection and a mode of analysis.

QUESTION 3
According to John W. Creswell, “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
POSE A QUESTION
• You begin a research study by IDENTIFYING A TOPIC TO STUDY—typically an issue or problem in education that needs to be resolved. Identifying a research problem consists of specifying an issue to study, developing a justification for studying it, and suggesting the importance of the study for select audiences that will read the report. By specifying a “problem,” you limit the subject matter and focus attention on a specific aspect of study.
Elizabeth plans to study school violence and weapon possession in schools. She starts with a problem: escalating weapon possession among students in high schools. She needs to justify the problem by providing evidence about the importance of this problem and documenting how her study will provide new insight into the problem.
• It is important to know who has studied the research problem you plan to examine.
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE is an important step in the research process. Reviewing the literature means locating summaries, books, journals, and indexed publications on a topic; selectively choosing which literature to include in your review; and then summarizing the literature in a written report
For example, To inform her committee about the latest literature on school violence and to plan her own research, Elizabeth needs to conduct a literature review. This process will involve becoming familiar with the university library holdings, spending time reviewing resources and making decisions about what literature to use, and writing a formal summary of the literature on school violence.
• If your research problem covers a broad topic of concern, you need to focus it so that you can study it. A focused restatement of the problem is the purpose statement. This statement conveys the overall objective or intent of your research. The PURPOSE OF RESEARCH consists of identifying the major intent or objective for a study and narrowing it into specific research questions or hypotheses. The purpose statement contains the major focus of the study, the participants in the study, and the location or site of the inquiry. This purpose statement is then narrowed to research questions or predictions that you plan to answer in your research study.
For example, Elizabeth now needs to write down the purpose of her study and formulate the questions she will ask of the individuals selected for her study. In draft after draft, she sketches this purpose statement, recognizing that it will provide major direction for her study and help keep her focused on the primary aim of her study. From this broad purpose, Elizabeth now needs to narrow her study to specific questions or statements that she would like her participants to answer. Elizabeth will need to write a good purpose statement and the research questions for her study.
COLLECTING DATA
• Evidence helps provide answers to your research questions and hypotheses. To get these answers, you engage in the step of collecting or gathering data. COLLECTING DATA means identifying and selecting individuals for a study, obtaining their permission to study them, and gathering information by asking people questions or observing their behaviors. Of paramount concern in this process is the need to obtain accurate data from individuals and places. This step will produce a collection of numbers (test scores, frequency of behaviors) or words (responses, opinions, quotes).
At this point in the research process, Elizabeth needs to think about where she will conduct her study of school violence and weapon possession, who will participate in the study, how she will obtain permission to study them, what data she will collect, and how she will gather the data. She needs to decide whether she will have students fill out forms or talk to them directly to gather data to answer her research questions.
• Analyzing and interpreting the data involves drawing conclusions about it; representing it in tables, figures, and pictures to summarize it; and explaining the conclusions in words to provide answers to your research questions. You report analysis and interpretation in sections of a research report usually titled Results, Findings, or Discussions.
If Elizabeth collects information on a written questionnaire from students across the school district, she will need to enter the questionnaire responses into a computer program, choose a statistical procedure, conduct the analyses, report the results in tables, and draw conclusions about (or interpret) whether the data confirm or disconfirm her expected trends or predictions. If she conducts face-to-face interviews, she will collect audiotapes of students talking about weapon possession at school and transcribe these tapes to obtain a written record. With her transcriptions, she will engage in making sense of student comments by selecting specifi c sentences and paragraphs and by identifying themes of information. From these themes, she will interpret the meaning of student comments in light of her own personal stance and the suggestions found in past studies.
PRESENTATION OF ANSWER
• After conducting your research, you will develop a written report and distribute it to select audiences (such as fellow teachers, administrators, parents, students) that can use your information. REPORTING RESEARCH involves deciding on audiences, structuring the report in a format acceptable to these audiences, and then writing the report in a manner that is sensitive to all readers. The audiences for research will vary from academic researchers who contribute and read journal articles, to faculty advisors and committees that review master’s theses and dissertations, to personnel in educational agencies and school districts who look for reports of research on timely topics.
Elizabeth thinks about how she will organize her final report to her school committee and to her university graduate committee. Her graduate committee likely has a structure in mind for her graduate research study, and she needs to consult her faculty advisor about the format that students typically use. She should have a general idea about what the major sections of the study will be, but the contents of the specific paragraphs and ideas will take shape as her data analysis and interpretation progress.

QUESTION 4
The criteria for research includes the following:
• Research is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( research approaches)
Philosophies mean approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. Scientific research philosophy is a system of the researcher’s thought, following which new, reliable knowledge about the research object is obtained. In other words, it is the basis of the research, which involves the choice of research strategy, formulation of the problem, data collection, processing, and analysis. The paradigm of scientific research, in turn, consists of ontology, epistemology methodology, and methods. Methodological choice should be related to the philosophical position of the researcher and the analyzed social science phenomenon. In the field of research, several philosophical approaches are possible; however, according to the authors, more extreme approaches can be delimiting. Only intermediary philosophical approach allows the researcher to reconcile philosophy, methodology, and the problem of research. However, there is a big difference between quantitative and qualitative research philosophies and methods, and triangulation of modern research methods is common. It is therefore very important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This allows preparing for the research and understanding the analyzed problem better
• Research uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability
Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. The concept of reliability refers to “the accuracy and precision of the measurement and absence of differences in the results if the research was repeated”. Producing findings with high reliability can be a challenge in interpretivist research because of the subjectivity that comes with the high degree of researcher involvement in qualitative research methods In practice, this means that different researchers may collect different data and come to different findings at the end because the researcher’s background, identity, values and interests can influence the collection and analysis of the data.
Like reliability, validity is a way of assessing the quality of the chosen research design and methods. If the research findings truly measure the phenomenon they claim to measure, the findings can be judged valid.

• Research is designed to be unbiased and objective
Unbiased and objective means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest. (Bias is a deliberate attempt to either conceal or highlight something). We often think of research as unbiased or impartial. Thus, a researcher (or project, report or study) is like a judge who attempts to give a fair hearing to both sides of a legal dispute. The objective judge listens to both sides of a dispute without giving undue consideration to either.

QUESTION 5
The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Basically scientific research can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’. Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.

• PURE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence. Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity. For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.

• APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer. The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles. Applied scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem, such as ‘Is global warming avoidable?’ or ‘Does a new type of medicine really help the patients?’
The purpose of research is really an ongoing process of correcting and refining hypotheses, which should lead to the acceptance of certain scientific truths.

QUESTION 6
The purposes of research are explained as follows:
• Acquire Knowledge Efficiently through Research
The most apparent reason to conduct research is to understand more. Even if you think you know everything there is to know about a subject, there is always more to learn. Research helps you expand on any prior knowledge you have of the subject. The research process creates new opportunities for learning and progress.
• Research Helps in Problem-solving
The goal of the research is to broaden our understanding. Research gives us the information and knowledge to solve problems and make decisions. To differentiate between research that attempts to advance our knowledge and research that seeks to apply pre-existing information to real-world situations. The goal of research in this setting is ‘problem-solving. ‘Problem-solving can be divided into several components, which require knowledge and analysis, for example, identification of issues, cause identification, identifying potential solutions, decision to take action, monitoring and evaluation of activity and outcomes.
• Research Provides the Latest Information
Research enables you to seek out the most up-to-date facts. There is always new knowledge and discoveries in various sectors, particularly scientific ones. Staying updated keeps you from falling behind and providing inaccurate or incomplete information. You’ll be better prepared to discuss a topic and build on ideas if you have the most up-to-date information. With the help of tools and certifications, you may learn internet research skills quickly and easily. Internet research can provide instant, global access to information.
• Research Builds Credibility
Research provides a solid basis for formulating thoughts and views. You can speak confidently about something you know to be true. It’s much more difficult for someone to find flaws in your arguments after you’ve finished your tasks. In your study, you should prioritize the most reputable sources. Your research should focus on the most reliable sources. You won’t be credible if your “research” comprises non-experts’ opinions. People are more inclined to pay attention if your research is excellent.
• Research Helps in Business Success
Like any other technical work, a business demands a lot of energy. A successful business cannot be done without solid proof and market research. That being said, it makes research the foremost step before doing any business. Businesses fail at a rate of close to 90% if proper research is not conducted. So, it is always better to do appropriate research in every way before jumping into any business. Businesses prosper because they have sensible owners who researched their product and the market research before launching it. Only if we pay attention to these nit-picks of a company and see the importance of research decision-making will there be a higher chance to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.
• Research Discover and Seize Opportunities

People can maximize their potential and achieve their goals through various opportunities provided by research. These include getting jobs, scholarships, educational subsidies, projects, commercial collaboration, and budgeted travel. Research is essential for anyone looking for work or a change of environment. Unemployed people will have a better chance of finding potential employers through job advertisements or agencies.

QUESTION 7
Indeed, the problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Although sometimes both governments and individuals are pessimistic when they see how difficult it is to make much of an impression on the problems, this should not blind us to the fact that a great deal has been achieved. The pool of trained scientists in developing countries is incomparably greater than it was twenty-five years ago. Nevertheless, a very large gap between desirability and achievement clearly exists. These multidimensional and multifaceted problems include the following:
• Human Resources problem: The overall problem is largely one of resources and their allocation, coupled with a much smaller base of educated people in developing countries than usually found in the developed countries. Increasing the educated population is a slow business which will take a couple of generations or more, in many cases. At the graduate level many countries do not have adequate training and research programme and training abroad is essential. Even when graduate level instruction exists, the broader experience gained from a period of study in another country is almost required education of a scientist, whether from developing or developed countries.

• Research priorities and funding: Members of government and higher civil servants are mostly nonscientists and it is necessary for scientists to go out and explain the significance of their work and what they hope to achieve, with the objective of building up a climate of support. This is true for scientists in developed countries, too, but it is especially important in developing countries. The reason that the governments of many developing countries do not support scientific research more enthusiastically than they do, is because they regard research as a sack into which money is poured and nothing of apparent value comes out.

• Communication: Keeping in contact with the mainstream of ideas and developments is a major problem for scientists in most developing countries, if a high level of scientific attainment is aspired to. Particularly south of the Equator, there is both a geographical and communication problem relative to the well-established scientific centers of the Northern Hemisphere. Frequent contact for intellectual stimulation, as well as for keeping up-to-date is thus very important, and for this the short scientific visit or study tour has proved to be extremely valuable.

• Importation Problem: In most developing countries the difficulties and cost of importing scientific equipment and spare parts is a principal limiting factor to scientific research but seldom recognized by governments. Obtaining permission for the necessary foreign exchange can be both difficult and time consuming. Almost all developing countries have balance of payment problems, especially since the great increase in the price of oil, and governments’ basic reasons for tight foreign exchange control are fully understood. They wish to reduce imports and to encourage local manufacture. The fact is that there are very few developing countries that can either technically or economically produce sophisticated scientific equipment in the foreseeable future. In any case, to attempt to produce highly specialized costly-to-develop equipment represents a diversion of national effort which might be better utilized in other areas

Name:Okegbe Udoka Jane
Registration Number: 2018/249316
Department: Economics
Eco 391

1) Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss. Research is a process of investigation. An examination of a subject from different points of view. It’s not just a trip to the library to pick up a stack of materials, or picking the first five hits from a computer search. Research is a hunt for the truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading up on it, reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following up on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.
2) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in detail. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.
3) Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples. 1) Pose a question 2) Collect data to answer questions 3) Present answer to the question
4) Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples. Validity: means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Philosophies: this means approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
5) The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss. It’s a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning. It’s a means to understand issues and increase public awareness. It helps us succeed in business. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.
6) For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6. Clearly discuss these 6 categories. Discovery – finding out new situations. Hypothesis testing – research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis. Monitoring – many decisions made must be monitored to insure that goals are being attained. Control – control represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our environment to suit our interests. Explanation – possibly the most cited reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occurring. This is the attempt to understand the world we live in. Prediction – research is used to help assess a situation and predict what may happen in the future. We are able to say that given certain conditions then this is likely to happen.
7) The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly. Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets in the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic. Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible. Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars. A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources. Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read. Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

name; Omeje Jacinta Ukamaka
Reg no; 2017/250122
department: Economics
Assignment on Eco 391
1. Research has different meaning and and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. But one definition of research that stands out is it being the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. What this clearly means is that research, while employing several methods or means such as questionnaires, carrying out experiments, surveys etc, answer questions about what we observe and experience in the world. It is a structured approach to gathering and interpreting information that will allow us to understand, theorize about, and explain our experiences.
2. After carrying out a careful examination or research in a particular topic, it can help discover new information one had no idea about and also to broaden the knowledge one already had concerning that topic. It can also be used to verify if what is been said(a given hypothesis) is true or not and this can be done through the use of empirical data, scientific method, observation, test, or experiment to confirm the truth or rational justification of a hypothesis. Scientific beliefs must be evaluated and supported by empirical data.
3. The three steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue by Creswell are:
a. pose a question
b. collect data to answer the question
c. present an answer to the question.
a. Pose a question: this means coming up with a research question in which you tend to find out its answers using some scientific methods. Example of such research questions could be the effect of alcohol consumption on the concentration level of students. Considering these variables one may begin to think does consuming alcohol by students have a negative or positive effect on their concentration in class, does it increase or decrease their concentration in class? With such one can come up with a research question.
b. Collect data to answer the question: this is obviously the next step. After coming up with a research question what to do next is carry out some steps to collect data or information concerning the issues being posed in order to provide an answer to the question. Now in this case, the researcher who wants to know if alcohol consumption has a positive or negative impact on students concentration level will decide to either carry out an experiment on some students, at different occasions, giving them alcohol and afterwards lecturing them and then giving them a test to see their performanc to determine if it affects their concentration in class positively or negatively. Another way the researcher can gather information is by handing out questionnaires to students at different levels and getting their responses. Also, the researcher may also decide to collect information on already existing data in that particular topic to draw his conclusion.
c. Present an answer to the question: this is the last step identified by creswell and this means making an inference or a generalization based on all the information collected from the research being carried out. With this the researcher can conclude that alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the concentration level of students or alcohol consumption has a positive effect on the concentration level of students.
4. The three criteria that enables a given process to be called research are:
a. Philosophies
b. Validity and reliability
c. Unbiased and objective
a. Philosophies: this deals with the source, nature and development of knowledge. In simple terms, research philosophy is belief about the ways in which data about a phenomenon should be collected, analysed and used. And it could be data collected quantitatively, qualitatively in the area the researcher was trained.
b. Validity and reliability: both concepts in research are about how well a method measures something. While validity refers to the consistency of a measure that is, whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions, validity refers to the accuracy of a measure that is whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure.
c. Unbiased and objective: this means being objective or impartial and not being influenced by personal experiences, value judgments, or preconceived notions. A researcher must not allow their values, their bias or their views to impact on their research, analysis or findings.
5. The purpose of research can be quite complicated and different depending on the discipline in question. Some of the purposes of research are
To solve problems
To make a sound decision
To get a degree
To unveil the truth
To fulfill academic requirements
To generate new theories
To contribute to the body of an already existing knowledge
6. The purpose of research is broadly categorized into six and they are:
a. Explanation: this defines the reason for carrying out a research in order to explain why an event occurred.
b. Predictions: this is used to say that a certain thing is most likely to occur while carrying out a research
c. Monitoring: decisions made in research studies should be monitored in order to ensure that the goal of the research is achieved.
d. Discovering new improved situations: with research we get to discover new things and experiences. We also get to learn about new or improved ways to solving problems.
e. Hypothesis testing: research helps to test theories on some issues and this relies on statistical analysis to help eveluate the hypothesis.
f. Control: this is centered majorly on the ways in which research can applied to real situations.
7. The problem of conducting social science research in developing countries is multifaceted and multidimensional. This challenge is even more critical for the developing world like Africa, where the practice of journalistic publishing is still far from reaching the peak of its development. Morcos (1999) observed that most publications have a small readership and fewer advertisements, hence are strapped financially; this makes it difficult to keep up with changing technology. There is a lack of local scientific expertise, research education and investment in social science research in developing countries. Some of the factors which have been identified to be a challange to research are lack of research training, lack of basic infrastructure, lack of incentive, poor access to literature, poor presentation in English, and bias of journals.

1. Research is usually an ongoing process based n accumulated understanding and explanations taken together that leads to generalization. Generally research is organised and systematic process broken into clear steps that leads to conclusions. We use research to conduct investigation using scientific methods.

2. Research are careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationship and yo expand or verify existing knowledge. In certain fields especially scientific ones, there’s always new information and discoveries knowing there are new updates, and keeping d vetter equipped on a subject. It helps us not to in I accurate information. Research is fueled from our curiosity, the most obvious reasons why we do research is to learn more. It helps build our personal experiences.

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: This is a means of exploring d understanding he meaning individuals and groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The method involves collecting data, flexible decisions, data survey, it has an individual respect or meaning
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Examing variables measured on instruments. Analysis is on the measurement of variables. The final report s usually in form of a report onmeasurement ensuring that there is no bias and checks for alternative explanation
MIXED RESEARCH: This is doing both the quantitative and the qualitative research methods. It may involve psychological assumptions Nd theoretical frameworks. The more complete understanding of research andit is verified by more than one method.
Research d replicable, reproducible, and transparent.

4. REPLICABLE: It allows researchers to test study findings, it improves trustworthiness f research findings.
REPRODUCIBLE: This occurs when researchers achieve he same result using the same data and analysis.
TRANSPARENCY: For research to be replicable r reproducible, it must be transparent or available to other researchers. It must provide comprehensive details n how data was collected, analysed and how conclusions were reached.

5. The purpose f research an be complicated and at the most basic level, science an be loosely split into pure and applied research. Both follow the same structure and protocols for hypothesis and predictions but carry in their ultimate purpose. While offering o direct benefit, pure research often has indirect benefits which can contribute greatly tothe advancement of humanity.

6. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH: it is used to reveal facts and details about a topic with little or no research. It builds he foundation of the research process.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: Describes the phenomenon, behaviour or problem discovered in an earlier stage research. It focuses on what, how, when and where of the study instead of why.
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH: It explains the already established aspects in a research campaign. It can be conducted either prior to or after the descriptive research.
CORELATIONAL RESEARCH: It studies the relationship between two variables. It seeks to discover the relationship between twovl variables suspectable of relating in some way. It is observational and non experimental. Relationship between variables can be positive or negative.
CASUAL RESEARCH: It is more scientific than any of the previous research, it studies whether the variables with positive or negative correlation have any effect on the study.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: It is entirely scientific, it uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis.

7. lack of planning, lack of moral or financial incentive and shortage of time available for research. Underdeveloped health informatics structure: lack of available funding.

1. This means that research is the use of different methods to get an information or solution for a pending problem. It is a systematic way of asking question. It is an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical applications of such new or revised theories or laws.

2. This means that research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem. It is an endeavour to discover, develop and verify knowledge. It is an intellectual that has developed over hundreds of years ever changing in purpose and form and always researching to truth.

3. Pose a question: this means picking a case study from different approaches i.e . This means recognition and identification of a topic to be studied. Once the topic is been identified, it may help to state it as a question. For example, if you are interested in finding out about the epidemic of obesity in the Nigerian population, you might pose the question ‘’What are the causes of obesity in Nigeria?’’. By posing your subject as a question you can more easily identify the main concepts or key words to be used in your research.

Collect data: Here, researches are done and with the direction of the research now clear to us, we can begin locating materials on the topic. For internet based researches, the CARS Checklist for Information Quality should be seen for tips on evaluating the authority and quality of the information that have been located. Make notes, document all sources that have been consulted even if there is a chance that it might not be used.

Present an answer: After citing and proofreading the research making sure the message that you wants to get across to the reader has been thoroughly stated then the research will be submitted.

4. Philosophies: Research is been taken within a framework of a set of approaches e.g qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.

Validity and Reliability: Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality o9f a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.

Unbiased and Objective: means that steps have been taken in an unbiased manner and also drawn each conclusion to the best of your ability without introducing your own vested interest. Being biased is a deliberate attempt to either conceal or highlight an information.

5. To acquaint with the facts/happenings: data obtained through research enables us understand existing phenomena.

A researcher may be called upon to study a specified phenomenon by some higher authority. Thus it enhances collaborations with higher authorities even among peers.

To contribute to the existing body of knowledge. This is mainly triggered by curiosity about a subject.

To find out casual/underlying relationships: It enables researchers to establish the existence and extent of relationship between variables

Research provides for acceptance or rejection of hypothesis or tentative claim through deductive reasoning.

To fulfil an academic requirement for example as partial fulfilment for the award of a doctorate degree.

To generate new theories, confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones.

To solve problems, including practical problems of the society.

6. Explanation: Possibly the most cited reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occurring. This is the attempt to understand, establishing facts and developing new methods

Prediction: Research is used to help access a situation and predict what may happen in the future. We are able to say that given certain conditions, then this is likely to happen.

Monitoring: Many decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.

Discovery/New improved situation: Finding out new situations.

Hypothesis Testing: Research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.

Control: Control represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables, we are able to control our environment to suit our interests.

7. Lack of planning

Lack of moral and financial incentives

Shortage of time available for research

Underdeveloped health informatics structure

Lack of available funding: When there are not enough funding for a research, the researchers have problems conducting their research especially in developing countries where the development is still very slow.

EGWUONWU OLISAEMEKA ELOCHUKWU
2019/245027
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
favouroyedi@gmail.com

Research is “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”. It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research.

2 Research is a systematic, exhaustive, and intensive investigation and study of a topic, often employing hypothesis and experimentation, to discover new knowledge, facts, theories, principles, and laws.
Research comprises “creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.” It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”.It consists of three steps:
(1)pose a question.
(2)collect data to answer the question. (3)present an answer to the question.

4. Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions. But to qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics: it must, as far as possible, be controlled, rigorous, systematic.

(1) Controlled: In real life there are many factors that affect an outcome. The concept of control implies that, in exploring causality in relation to two variables, you set up your study in a way that minimizes the effects of other factors affecting the relationship.
(2)Rigorous: You must be scrupulous in ensuring that the procedures followed to find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified. Again, the degree of rigor varies markedly between the physical and social sciences.
(3)Systematic: This implies that the procedure adopted to undertake an investigation follow a certain logical sequence. The different steps cannot be taken in a haphazard way. Some procedures must follow others.

(5). Psychological researchers want to learn and understand human behavior. It can be about how people think, how they feel, how they behave, or some combination of these issues. Research, and the understanding that follows, trickles down from the scientists and alters society. There is constant and competing research. For example, about what is the best way to punish and rehabilitate criminals (such as Zimbardo’s prison experiment), the best and worst ways to raise children (Bowlby and attachment, Spock and children), and how to treat individuals living with mental illness (with too many resources to list).

(6). Exploratory Research
This is used to reveal facts and details around a topic with little to no research, exploratory research forms the foundation of the research process. It identifies a topic, be it an issue or a phenomenon with scant details and seeks to find its basic properties.
As such, it finds the correct variables the researcher needs in order to begin the study, understand its basic elements and form a hypothesis. The key issue at hand, its variables and its hypothesis are used for further research.
Essentially, this kind of research forms the premise of a research campaign, assuring that the variables and other components are indeed what the researcher needs to study in the next steps (other types of research).
This is the very first step in Research. But it has No Conclusion.

(ii) Descriptive Research
This type of research is premised on describing a phenomenon, behavior or problem discovered in an earlier stage of research, usually in exploratory research, although it can also be focused around that which was discovered in explanatory research.
Descriptive research describes the nuances of a population, a variable or occurrence that a researcher requires further study on. Its objective centers on finding previously unknown facts or extracting more details on facets with fewer details.
It focuses on the what, how, when and where of a study rather than on the why.
This is the early portion of the middle stage. Their can be conclusion at this point.

(iii) EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
Explanatory research is based on research that explains the already established aspects in a research campaign. It fills in the gaps and connects the dots from exploratory and descriptive research.
This type of research is unique in that it can be conducted either prior to or after descriptive research. As such, it rests in the early to mid-stages of the overall research process.
Like descriptive research, it works to shine a light on the various details that make up a research subject of study. However, contrary to descriptive research, it does not simply seek to describe, but rather to explain.
Thus, this research category falls under qualitative research. It helps find the why of a problem or phenomenon. It is not conclusive.
This stage is the early to mid-stages. There’s no conclusion here.

(iv) Correlational Research
Correlational research is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way.
This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.
An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.
The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexistent).
This is also the Middle stage of Research. There’s No Conclusion here.

(V) Causal Research
Causal research is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research.
This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, causal research studies whether the variables with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variable(s) in the study.
Causal research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs.
This is also the Late-final stage. There’s No Conclusion here.

(Vi) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research design. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution.
The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research.
Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.
This is the Final stage and there’s Conclusion Here.

6.) Lack of training.
Financial issues.
Stress.
Lack of correspondence with subjects.
Falsification of data.

1.lResearch has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and
human endeavor. lIt is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide
trustworthy information. Discuss
Research it involves the systematic application of family methods, which means that there are
various methods one can use to get any information about a phenomenal occurrence, it is the
avenue that allows you gain more knowledge on a topic, these means that Research applies to
any systematic method or approach employed to provide a reliable information about problems.
Research has so many mesning, it has over different definityion and various applications that
points to the same direction and has the same function.
There are two research methods which: Qualitative research methods and statistical research
methods
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth
insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such
as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
These are some of the most common qualitative methods:
Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
Questionnaire: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video
recordings, etc.
Statistical method research:Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis: descriptive
statistics, which summarizes data using indexes such as mean and median and another is
inferential statistics, which draw conclusions from data using statistical tests such as student’s
t-test.
2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and
to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details
According to what Research is or based on the definitions of research, it states that a thorough
search, includes a carefully scrutiny or making enquiry about something, to be known, and the
reason is to discover the truth about a hidden agenda and to verify the existing knowledge, all
these makes up a RESEARCH.
3 .Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information
to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss
these three steps with practical examples.
● Generate a question
● Collection of data
● Present the report writing.
Generate a question
Central questions need to be broad and asked around a central phenomenon or concept of
study. Creswell say a researcher should ask themselves, “what is the broadest question that I
can ask n a study”. Qualitative researchers then seek to explore the complex set of factors
surrounding this central phenomenon.
Collection of data
To collect and analyse data to answer a question, there are methods of data collection that
needs to be carried out. Such as surveys and questionnaires, observation, interview, record and
documentation, focus groups and so many others.
Present the report writing
Presenting the report work after crucial research has been made and documented, it can be
seen as a report or a research work that can be used to solve problems in the future.
An Example of such is the students research on the history of THE EYO FESTIVAL
Here first of all, the questions is Make a research on the history of THE EYO FESTIVAL
Having dissolved this question, the next step is to go into the collection of data… here a careful
scrutiny would be employed and also making of enquiry on the topic, through the research
methods, enough data will be gathered to help establish New facts and conclusion reached.
4.lAdherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these
three criteria with practical examples.
● It is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophers.
● Its procedures, methods and techniques must be tested for validity and reliability
● It is designed to be unbiased and objective.
these are the three core rule one has to adhere to achieved a good Research.
Having set-up your gears on your research journey, it should be in accordance to the adhere of
a Good research.
When making a research on a topic, it should be under the framework of philosophers.
And it’s methods employed or used for the research must have be tested to be valid or
trustworthy for the research.
One ‘s research must be on the bench of solidarity, it must be fairly and objective.
5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific
fields and disciplines. Discuss.
Research can be a complicated issue to the fact that;
The main purpose of research is to solve problems, including practical problems of the society,
Research is used to solve unknown problems, it enables one to make a good decision in a
difficult circumstances, it helps unveil the truth hidden about something, and get acquainted with
the facts or happening around us. Research is use to fulfil an academic requirement, to
generate theories, confirm existing ones or disapprove the previous ones. It use for statistical
references
6 .For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly
discuss these 6 categories.
● Explanation: This is the attempt to understand the world we live in, research is
concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.
● Prediction: Research is used or access a situation and predict what may happen in the
future, we are able to say that gives certain conditions than it is likely to happen.
● Monitoring: Many decision made must monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
● Discovery: finding a new situation
● Hypothesis Testing: Research helps to test theories about issue, it relies on a statistical
analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
● Control: This represents the way in which research can be applied to stop problems and
situation, this helping us to shape our environment, when we understand the relationship
between variable, we are able to control our environment to suit our interest.
7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are
multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.
Lack of Interaction: You will find inadequate interaction between the university research
department, on one side and business establishments, government departments and research
institutions, on the other.
Illiteracy: This has affected the appreciation of the value of research findings by the vast majority
of the people (social workers and business executive)
Lack of Code of Conduct: There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and
inter-University and inter-departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Shortage of Resources: For performing a quality research sufficient funds are not provided. This
discourages research of all types. Governments, institutions/organizations don’t appreciate the
contributions of research findings to economic development and for that reason do not offer
adequate amounts for research of all types.
Absence of Coordination: There exists lack of coordination among various organizations
responsible for performing research.
Problem of Conceptualization: Many a time problems of conceptualization and problems
concerning the procedure for data collection and related things crop up leading to frittering of
resources.

Name: Nsan Manasseh Osaminen
Reg no.: 2019/249517

1. Generally, research is the organised and systematic method of finding answers to questions.  It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is organised because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion.  Research is only successful if we find answers, whether we like these answers or not. Development research is focussed on relevant, useful and important questions. If there are no questions, there can be no research.

2. research is a creative process which initiates with  hypothesis and includes an inquiry or investigation,  discovery or invention or experimentation, during which substantial evidence is gathered to prove its final product. The chief aim of research is to know the truth. “
We can say that the research is a critical and extensive investigation or test which is aimed at reconsidering the accepted conclusions in the light of its newly discovered information.

3.i pose a question;Once you have narrowed your topic, you need to come up with a research question—a specific question that you will then work to answer through your research. Generate a list of questions beginning with What? When? Where? Who? How? Why? Would? Could? and Should? For example, here are some questions about the tentative topic “the potential environmental effects of increasing the use of ethanol”:
-How much energy does producing ethanol require?
-Why do some environmental groups oppose the use of ethanol?
-Should ethanol use be increased?

ii. collect data to answer the question:In this section we will look at data collection. There are many methods that a researcher can use to collect the information they need in order to answer their research question and to achieve their aims and objectives. 
III.present an answer to the question

41.‭ is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( research approaches); ‬
2.‭ uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability; ‬
3.‭ is designed to be unbiased and objective. ‬

Philosophies‭ mean approaches e.g. qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which ‬
you have been trained.
Validity‭ means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. ‬
Reliability‭ refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and ‬
accuracy.‭ ‬
Unbiased and objective‭ means that you have taken each step in an unbiased manner and drawn ‬
each conclusion to the best of your ability and without introducing your own vested interest.‭ (Bias ‬
is a deliberate attempt to either conceal or highlight something)

5.The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.Both of these types follow the same structures and protocols for propagating and testing hypotheses and predictions, but vary slightly in their ultimate purpose.

An excellent example for illustrating the difference is by using pure and applied mathematics. Pure maths is concerned with understanding underlying abstract principles and describing them with elegant theories. Applied maths, by contrast, uses these equations to explain real life phenomena, such as mechanics, ecology and gravity.

Pure Scientific Research

Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. 

Applied Scientific Research

Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.

6. A research purpose is met through
a. forming hypotheses: Once you come up with a possible explanation, ask yourself if it could be proven wrong by an experiment. If it could be proven wrong, then you have formed a hypothesis. If there is no way to prove it wrong, go back to your data and try to come up with another hypothesis.

b.collecting data:Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

c. analysing results: The results are reported and reveals the analysis. The analysis section is where the writer describes what was done with the data found.

d. forming conclusions:The conclusion of a research paper is where you wrap up your ideas and leave the reader with a strong final impression. It has several key goals:

Restate the problem statement addressed in the paper

Summarize your overall arguments or findings

Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

e. implementing findings into real-life applications:The results of systematic reviews of the research literature should be incorporated into programmes of continuing medical education and clinical audit. Professional associations have an important role to play in ensuring that research based information is included in educational activities and clinical guideline

f. forming new research questions: To develop a Research Questions, one needs to begin by identifying the subject of interest and then do preliminary research on that subject. The researcher then defines what still needs to be known in that particular subject and assesses the implied questions.

7.(a) evolving a sound methodology for collection of field data.
(b) interpretations of field data in relation to a conceptual and theoretical framework.
(c) reliability and validity of the collected data. (d) the background of the fieldworker(s) or researcher(s) (trained/untrained).
(e) target group unwillingness to participate either in the form of interaction or answering questions.
(f) time management
(g) quantification of qualitative data
(h) preparing the final report/thesis/dissertation, etc.

Name: John Blessing Rosemary
Reg no: 2019/241898
Department: Economics department
course: Eco 391(Research method)

Question 1
Research is made to know the cause of a particular problem and how the solve it. It is a systematic way of finding solutions to problems or getting more information concerning issues that needs attention. (Encyclopedia) Research is the organized and systematic method of finding answers to questions.  It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is organized because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion.  Research is only successful if we find answers, whether we like these answers or not. Development research is focussed on relevant, useful and important questions. If there are no questions, there can be no research.
For example if we want to make a research on the causes of unemployment in a particular geographical entity, we must ask questions like why are few persons employed and many are unemployed. when such question gets an answer it will lead to another question which will draw us closer to a solution.

Question 2
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge and also a movement from the known to unknown (encyclopedia). Research is made by asking questions and through a close look into a cause of a problem.
Researchers are driven by a desire to solve personal, professional, and societal problems. These problems may be simple everyday problems like the best school in Nigeria or they may be major problems that require vast teams of researchers working in well funded labs.
Research is done by making inquries. For example, imagine you just wrote WAEC and you are preparing to write Jamb to study Economics in a particular university. As a researcher you begin to make inquries of the best university to study Economics, the cutoff mark, the price of school fees etc. Inquiry and research has somehow morphed into synonyms.

Question 3
Creswell states – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: 
1. Pose a question
2. collect data to answer the question and
3.present an answer to the question.
creswell in his words above is saying that, the first thing to do while making a research is to first of all ask questions. For example if you are making a research on the causes of COVID-19, you first of all ask or write down questions like who first got the disease, where is that person from (country), the occupation of that person, where he or she goes to every day etc. After that, you start collecting data to answer the question. After getting answers to the questions then you summarize by answering what is the actual cause of COVID-19.

Question 4
(Researchgate)
1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:
Quantitative research emerged around 1250 A.D. and was driven by investigators with the need to quantify
data. Since then quantitative research has dominated the western cultural as the research method to create meaning
and new knowledge. What constitutes a quantitative research method involves a numeric or statistical approach to
research design. Leedy and Ormrod (2001) alleged that quantitative research is specific in its surveying and
experimentation, as it builds upon existing theories.
A typical example is the methodology of a quantitative research maintains the
assumption of an empiricist paradigm (Creswell, 2003). The research itself is independent of the researcher. As a
result, data is used to objectively measure reality. Quantitative research creates meaning through objectivity
uncovered in the collected data.
Quantitative research can be used in response to relational questions of variables within the research.
“Quantitative researchers seek explanations and predictions that will generate to other persons and places. The intent is to establish, confirm, or validate relationships and to develop generalizations that contribute to theory” (Leedy and
Ormrod, 2001). Quantitative research begins with a problem statement and involves the formation of a hypothesis, a literature review, and a quantitative data analysis. Creswell (2003) states, quantitative research “employ
strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield
statistical data”. The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming. The next section focuses on quantitative research methodology.

2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research is a holistic approach that involves discovery. Qualitative research is also described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail
from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994). One identifier of a qualitative research is the social
phenomenon being investigated from the participant‟s viewpoint. There are different types of research designs that use
qualitative research techniques to frame the research approach. As a result, the different techniques have a dramatic
effect on the research strategies explored. What constitutes qualitative research involves purposeful use for describing, explaining, and interpreting collected data.

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
~Case study
~Ethnography study
~Grounded theory study
~Phenomenological Study
~Content Analysis Study
There are several different methods for conducting a qualitative research; however, Leedy and Ormrod (2001) recommend the following five: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and
phenomenological. Creswell (2003) describes how these methods meet different needs. For instance, case studies and the grounded theory research explore processes, activities, and events while ethnographic research analyses broad
cultural-sharing behaviors of individuals or groups. Case studies as well as phenomenology can be used to study
individuals.

4. MIXED METHODS APPROACH
Tashakkori and Teddlie (2003) discussed the mixed methods approach to research, which emerged in the mid-to-late 1900s(Tashakkori & Teddlie). Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2004) hoped that the mixed methods approach
to research provided researchers with an alternative to believing that the quantitative and qualitative research approaches are incompatible and, in turn, their associated methods “cannot and should not be mixed”. With the mixed methods approach to research, researchers incorporate methods of collecting or analyzing data from the quantitative and qualitative research approaches in a single research study (Creswell, 2003; Johnson & Onwuegbuzie; Tashakkori & Teddlie). That is, researchers collect or analyze not only numerical data, which is customary for quantitative research, but also narrative data, which is the norm for qualitative research in order to address the research question(s) defined for a particular research study. As an example, in order to collect a mixture of data, researchers might distribute aq survey that contains closed-ended questions to collect the numerical, or quantitative, data and conduct an interview using open-ended questions to collect the narrative, or qualitative, data.

Question 5
Every scientific field has its purpose of carrying a research. It can be for the following purposes
a. To review or synthesize existing knowledge.
b. To investigate existing situations or problems.
c. To provide solution to problem.
d. To explore and analyse more general issues.
e. To construct or create new procedures or systems.
f. To explain new phenomenon.
g. For the purpose of generating new knowledge.
note: The purpose of Research can be a combination of any of the above.

question 6
a. Exploratory Research: It is used to reveal facts and details around a topic with little to no research, exploratory research forms the foundation of the research process. It identifies a topic, be it an issue or a phenomenon with scant details and seeks to find its basic properties. 
As such, it finds the correct variables the researcher needs in order to begin the study, understand its basic elements and form a hypothesis. The key issue at hand, its variables and its hypothesis are used for further research. 
Essentially, this kind of research forms the premise of a research campaign, assuring that the variables and other components are indeed what the researcher needs to study in the next steps (other types of research). 

b. Descriptive Research: This type of research is premised on describing a phenomenon, behavior or problem discovered in an earlier stage of research, usually in exploratory research, although it can also be focused around that which was discovered in explanatory research. 
Descriptive research describes the nuances of a population, a variable or occurrence that a researcher requires further study on. Its objective centers on finding previously unknown facts or extracting more details on facets with fewer details.
It focuses on the what, how, when and where of a study rather than on the why.

c. Explanatory research: This is based on research that explains the already established aspects in a research campaign. It fills in the gaps and connects the dots from exploratory and descriptive research. This type of research is unique in that it can be conducted either prior to or after descriptive research. As such, it rests in the early to mid-stages of the overall research process. Like descriptive research, it works to shine a light on the various details that make up a research subject of study. However, contrary to descriptive research, it does not simply seek to describe, but rather to explain.

d. Correlational research: it is a study into the relationship between two variables. Inspecting precisely two variables, this type of research seeks to discover and render the relationship between variables suspected of relating in some way. This research seeks to make sense out of the variables identified in earlier stages of research. Although correlational research is not sufficient to conclude on cause and effect relationships, it is necessary to conduct to find whether a relationship between variables exists to begin with.  An observational form of research, it is non-experimental; there is no controlling or manipulation of the variables involved.  The relationship between the variables can be either positive, negative or zero (nonexistent). 

e. Causal research: It is founded on the undertaking of determining cause and effect relationships. As such, it involves conducting experiments and testing markets in a controlled setting. It is more scientific than any of the previous types of research. This kind of research uses the findings from correlational and explanatory research in an attempt to unearth causal relationships. Since correlation does not equal causation, casual research studies whether the variable with a negative or positive correlation have any effect on the other variables in the study. Casual research has two objectives: finding which variable forms the cause and which makes up the effect, and understanding the relationship of the causal variables after the effect occurs. 

f. Experimental research vigorously follows a scientific research details. It is entirely scientific, more so than causal research, as it nearly, if not fully implements the scientific method towards finding a solution. The final stage of the research process, this kind of research uses all the information from the previous stages to conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis. It can also follow causal research; causal research itself is a kind of experimental research. Researchers can conduct further experiments on the variables they found causal relationships for, in that they can test how to reverse an unwanted correlation, or minimize it to some degree. Or, further experiments can show a business how to reap more benefits from a desired correlation.

Question 7

(dissertationrevision.com)
I. Lack of Scientific Training: The research methodology is not systematic. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.

ii. Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic.

iii. Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible.

iv. Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars.

v. A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources.

vi. Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you collected.

vii. Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.

viii. Lack of confidence: Lack of confidence is one of the most common problems among researchers. Researchers with low self-esteem feel less motivated thereby affecting the quality of the work.

ix. Concern that your focus is either still too broad or too narrow: This concern is inevitable. Be prepared to adapt your research as you look through the literature. This might require you to either increase its focus or narrow down so that the research is manageable. A broad focus for research might be narrowed down by adding an appropriate context or by looking for another variable within the research question or by focusing upon a theoretical viewpoint.

x. Library management: Library management and functioning is not satisfactory in many Universities; A lot of time and energy is spent on tracing appropriate books, journals, reports etc. Also, many of the libraries are not able to get copies of new reports and other publications on time.

1. The term Research is related seek out the information and knowledge on a particular topic or subject. In other words, research is an art of systematic investigation. Research can be classified in many different ways on the basis of the methodology of research, the knowledge it creates, the user group, the research problem it investigates etc.

Objectives of Research

The objectives of research can be grouped into the following categories :

1. To achieve skillfulness with a trend or to get novel opinions into it (research with this objective can be termed as exploratory or formulative). 2. To find out the characteristics of a particular character, condition or a grouping (research with this objective can be termed as descriptive research). 3. To establish the relationship with which something occur or with which it is related with something else (research with this objective are known as diagnostic research). 4. To test a hypothesis of a reasonable liaison between different variables (this type of research can be grouped into hypothesis-testing research )

2. Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. It’s the adult form of the science fair projects back in elementary school, where you try and learn something by performing an experiment. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question.

Research can be about anything, and we hear about all different types of research in the news. Cancer research has ‘Breakthrough Cancer-Killing Treatment Has No Side Effects in Mice,’ and ‘Baby Born with HIV Cured.’ Each of these began with an issue or a problem (such as cancer or HIV), and they had a question, like, ‘Does medication X reduce cancerous tissue or HIV infections?’

But all I’ve said so far is what research has done (sort of like saying baking leads to apple pie; it doesn’t really tell you anything other than the two are connected). To begin researching something, you have to have a problem, concern, or issue that has turned into a question. These can come from observing the world, prior research, professional literature, or from peers. Research really begins with the right question, because your question must be answerable. Questions like, ‘How can I cure cancer?’ aren’t really answerable with a study. It’s too vague and not testable.

Having a question creates an internal state of ‘I need to know something.’ To continue the baking example, this internal state of wanting something is like having a hankering for apple pie. Since you are reading this in a psychology section, we will put a psychological slant on this, and hopefully lose some of the baking metaphors.

3. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that “research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

4. Three Criteria Are:

1. Knowledge: Do people know enough about this question and do they give meaningful and reliable answers.

2. Conviction: Do people have enough conviction about the subject so that there is real stability to their answers.

3. Significance: Assuming answers can be obtained with a satisfactory degree of reliability, are the questions important.

5. Watch
Edit
Research involves systematic investigation of phenomena, the purpose of which could be for:

Information gathering and/or
Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring
Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing
Theory testing
Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations
Predictive: e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios
Examples of research studies with these different purposes can be found in this practice quiz.

6. Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

For example, randomised controlled trial studies for measuring the effectiveness of new pharmaceutical drugs on human subjects.
Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

For example, a study on the effects of the use of certain chemical substances in a particular population group can be considered a non-experimental study.

7. Social research is a complex work, which has the following main difficulties

Lack of good Investigators
For the collection of good information better investigation is necessary. If the investigators are not sincere, then it will hinder the way of social research.

Difficulty in Hypothesis Formulation
The hypothesis formulation is very difficult. Every person cannot form a hypothesis about a problem, but it requires the skill of the research.

Problem of Questionnaire
The construction of a good questionnaire is also required skill. The questionnaire should be simple, easy and in local language, otherwise it is difficulty.

Dependent on Others
A researcher cannot do everything by himself. He involves other persons in the field and they have no interest in study.

Complex Nature of Problem
If the problem is complex type, then the research remains incomplete. So, it depends on the nature of the problem.

Difficulty in Problem Identification
To know about the causes of the problem and identify it is very difficult. It is the block in the way of rapid research.

Difficulty in Designing
The formation of study design is also a difficult work therefore it is a problem.

No Use of Terminology
Research has its own terminology. If a research has no knowledge about the terminology then it is a problem in the way of social research.

Problem of data Collection
People are not ready to provide correct information to a researcher. So, data collection in field gives a difficulty in the flied to a research.

Lack of Economic Stability
If visiting team have financial problems, then it will hinder the way of social research to complete the research in a more efficient and effective way.

Lack of Transport & Communication
Transport and communication gape also hinder the way of social research.

Lack of food & Recreation
Scarcity of food and recreation gives obstacles to the researcher these facilities should be provides otherwise research remains incomplete.

Difference in Languages
If there is some difference in languages b/w people and researcher, then they do not know the purpose of the investigator which leads to difficulty is research.

Accommodation Problem
The research teams should be provided to them the facility of stay. When these things are not available, the problem faced them is the field.

Time Management
Research is completed in a specific time but some projects are not able to complete it in defined time.

Political Instability
In some areas political instability hinder the way of research process. The research remains incomplete.

Environmental Differences
Sometimes the difference between various environments brings hurdle in the way of social research.

Cultural Differences
Difference in cultures is also responsible for the scarcity of research study.

Diseases & No Treatment Facility
If there are diseases in a locality and have no specific treatment facility, it leads to hinder the way of social research.

Religious Differences
Religious differences and section violence produce a hurdle in the way of social research.

ECO 391

1. Research is a scientific approach to answering a research question, solving a research problem, or generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and analysis of data to make research findings useful in decision-making.

When do we call research scientific? Any research endeavor is said to be scientific if

It is based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning;
It consists of systematic observations, measurement, and experimentation;
It relies on the application of the scientific methods and harnessing of curiosity;
It provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of nature;
It makes practical applications possible; and
It ensures adequate analysis of data employing rigorous statistical techniques.
The chief characteristic which distinguishes the scientific method from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory’s predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false.

Scientific research has multidimensional functions, characteristics, and objectives.

Characteristics of Research
Keeping this in mind that research in any field of inquiry is undertaken to provide information to support decision-making in its respective area, we summarize some desirable characteristics of research:

The research should focus on priority problems.
The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should employ a structured procedure.
The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.
The research should be reductive. This means that one researcher’s findings should be made available to other researchers to prevent them from repeating the same research.
The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be scope to confirm previous research findings in a new environment and different settings with a new group of subjects or at a different point in time.
The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable characteristics of research because answering one question leads to generating many other new questions.

2. Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

The Scientific Method consists of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated prediction or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map through the research study. It tells the researcher which factors are important to study and how they might be related to each other or caused by a manipulation that the researcher introduces (e.g. a program, treatment or change in the environment). With this map, the researcher can interpret the information he/she collects and can make sound conclusions about the results.

Research can be done with human beings, animals, plants, other organisms and inorganic matter. When research is done with human beings and animals, it must follow specific rules about the treatment of humans and animals that have been created by the U.S. Federal Government. This ensures that humans and animals are treated with dignity and respect, and that the research causes minimal harm.

No matter what topic is being studied, the value of the research depends on how well it is designed and done. Therefore, one of the most important considerations in doing good research is to follow the design or plan that is developed by an experienced researcher who is called the Principal Investigator (PI). The PI is in charge of all aspects of the research and creates what is called a protocol (the research plan) that all people doing the research must follow. By doing so, the PI and the public can be sure that the results of the research are real and useful to other scientists.

3. According to Creswell – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps:

Pose a question,
collect data to answer the question,
present an answer to the question.

4. Three Criteria Are:

1. Knowledge: Do people know enough about this question and do they give meaningful and reliable answers.

2. Conviction: Do people have enough conviction about the subject so that there is real stability to their answers.

3. Significance: Assuming answers can be obtained with a satisfactory degree of reliability, are the questions important.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. At the most basic level, science can be split, loosely, into two types, ‘pure research’ and ‘applied research’.

Pure Scientific Research
Some science, often referred to as ‘pure science’, is about explaining the world around us and trying to understand how the universe operates. It is about finding out what is already there without any greater purpose of research than the explanation itself. It is a direct descendent of philosophy, where philosophers and scientists try to understand the underlying principles of existence.

Whilst offering no direct benefits, pure research often has indirect benefits, which can contribute greatly to the advancement of humanity.

For example, pure research into the structure of the atom has led to x-rays, nuclear power and silicon chips.

Applied Scientific Research
Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.

The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than just abstract principles.

Applied scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem, such as ‘Is global warming avoidable?’ or ‘Does a new type of medicine really help the patients?’

6. Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.

Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.

For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.

In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.

For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.

For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

Experimental Research
It is about designing or replicating a phenomenon whose variables are manipulated under strictly controlled conditions in order to identify or discover its effect on another independent variable or object. The phenomenon to be studied is measured through study and control groups, and according to the guidelines of the scientific method.

For example, randomised controlled trial studies for measuring the effectiveness of new pharmaceutical drugs on human subjects.
Non-Experimental Research
Also known as an observational study, it focuses on the analysis of a phenomenon in its natural context. As such, the researcher does not intervene directly, but limits their involvement to measuring the variables required for the study. Due to its observational nature, it is often used in descriptive research.

For example, a study on the effects of the use of certain chemical substances in a particular population group can be considered a non-experimental study.

7. In fact, social research deals with social a phenomenon which is quite different than the natural phenomena. Hence, there are fundamental difference between research in social sciences and that of physical or natural sciences.

Complexity of Social Data: It is a well-known that social science studies the human behavior which depends on several factors such a physical, social, temperamental, psychological, geographical, biological socio-cultural etc. Because of these factors a researcher is generally confused. It is therefore said that because of this complexity of social fata human beings cannot be put to scientific test.
Problems of Concepts: In social science research, one has to face number of problems among which of a) abstraction, and b) faulty reasoning, plays major role in formulating and defining the concepts and law. Abstraction is both the central strength and one of the weaknesses of economics, for example full-employment or perfect competition and pure competition. Faulty reasoning leads to wrong conclusion, for example classical theory of employment was based on a faulty reasoning that wage cut will increase employment was based on a faulty reasoning that wage cut will increase employment opportunities, however later on J.M.Keynes proved the faulty reasoning of this classical theory and presented alternative theory.
Problems in Interpreting Relationship between Cause and effect: In social science research, we generally find interdependent relationship between cause and effect. The cause and effect are one and the same, for example, in underdeveloped countries, the economic development cannot be accelerated due to lack of technical know how and capital cannot be obtained due to underdevelopment of the country.
Dynamic Nature of Social Phenomena: Man is a social animal and the human societies undergo constant change. What is true today may be not useful tomorrow. The techniques used in past may prove useless for present and future studies. On account of this dynamic nature of social phenomena our task of analyzing data becomes very much complicated and the inferences drawn may be misleading.
Problem of maintaining objectivity: The problem of impartiality is in part a problem of objectivity. It is generally argued that the social scientists are less objective than natural scientist because their own interest affected by the findings of their studies, hence leading to prejudice and bias.
Unpredictability: Predictability is one of the most important characteristics of science. In case of physical science, high degree of predictability is possible but it is not so in case of social data. But this statement is also partially true; the social scientist can roughly estimate the behavior of the group.

ONUGWU UZONNA MICHAEL, 2019 /245479, Eco Major

(1). Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. It is “a creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge”.It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. Research is also the application of scientific methods to provide generally accepted answers to questions.
When do we call research scientific? Any research endeavor is said to be scientific if

It is based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning;
It consists of systematic observations, measurement, and experimentation;
It relies on the application of the scientific methods and harnessing of curiosity;
It provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of nature;
It makes practical applications possible; and
It ensures adequate analysis of data employing rigorous statistical techniques.
The chief characteristic which distinguishes the scientific method from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory’s predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false.

Scientific research has multidimensional functions, characteristics, and objectives.

Characteristics of Research
Keeping this in mind that research in any field of inquiry is undertaken to provide information to support decision-making in its respective area, we summarize some desirable characteristics of research:

The research should focus on priority problems.
The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should employ a structured procedure.
The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.
The research should be reductive. This means that one researcher’s findings should be made available to other researchers to prevent them from repeating the same research.
The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be scope to confirm previous research findings in a new environment and different settings with a new group of subjects or at a different point in time.
The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable characteristics of research because answering one question leads to generating many other new questions.

(2) . Research is a process to discover new knowledge. In the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46.102(d)) pertaining to the protection of human subjects research is defined as: “A systematic investigation (i.e., the gathering and analysis of information) designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” The National Academy of Sciences states that the object of research is to “extend human knowledge of the physical, biological, or social world beyond what is already known.” Research is different than other forms of discovering knowledge (like reading a book) because it uses a systematic process called the Scientific Method.

The Scientific Method consists of observing the world around you and creating a hypothesis about relationships in the world. A hypothesis is an informed and educated prediction or explanation about something. Part of the research process involves testing the hypothesis, and then examining the results of these tests as they relate to both the hypothesis and the world around you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map through the research study. It tells the researcher which factors are important to study and how they might be related to each other or caused by a manipulation that the researcher introduces (e.g. a program, treatment or change in the environment). With this map, the researcher can interpret the information he/she collects and can make sound conclusions about the results.

Research can be done with human beings, animals, plants, other organisms and inorganic matter. When research is done with human beings and animals, it must follow specific rules about the treatment of humans and animals that have been created by the U.S. Federal Government. This ensures that humans and animals are treated with dignity and respect, and that the research causes minimal harm.

No matter what topic is being studied, the value of the research depends on how well it is designed and done. Therefore, one of the most important considerations in doing good research is to follow the design or plan that is developed by an experienced researcher who is called the Principal Investigator (PI). The PI is in charge of all aspects of the research and creates what is called a protocol (the research plan) that all people doing the research must follow. By doing so, the PI and the public can be sure that the results of the research are real and useful to other scientists.

(3) . According to Creswell – “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps:

Pose a question,
collect data to answer the question,
present an answer to the question.

(4) . Three Criteria Are:
1. Knowledge: Do people know enough about this question and do they give meaningful and reliable answers.

2. Conviction: Do people have enough conviction about the subject so that there is real stability to their answers.

3. Significance: Assuming answers can be obtained with a satisfactory degree of reliability, are the questions important.

(5) . Research differs from one discipline to another, this is because various disciplines are meant for various fields of life so what works for a discipline might/will not work for another.
Example the pure science disciplines have a layed down guideline/method of carrying it’s scientific research usually in the lab with the use of equipments and chemical to subject it’s correspondents to experiment.
Definitely this method/procedure can’t work in the social sciences because it deals with human behavior which can’t be subjected to lab experiments.
So in the light of the following I would like to say that various research/research methods differ because it is applied in various fields of life.
(6) . EXPLANATION : This category”explanation” tends to discuss research as an explanation mechanism of facts which we may not have been aware of,or those ones we aware of to help strengthen or even change our argument and belief .
This category explains theories or questions in a cause and effect pattern to contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study.
PREDICTION : Predicting is an important part of any inquiry. Predicting supports the development of critical thinking skills by requiring researchers to draw upon their prior knowledge and experience as well as observations to anticipate what might happen in the future.
MONITORING : Monitoring is considered an essential tool for effective research. It ensures that relevant progress and performance information is collected processed and analyzed on a regular basis to aid an evidence based decision making and also help to insure that decisions made achieve their required goals.
DISCOVERY : This is the observation of new phenomenon, action or event which explains knowledge gathered through research discovery also give researchers the opportunity to take risks needed to tackle the unknown.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING : This is the process used to evaluate the strength of evidence or theory from a research work for making determinations related to the population.
It allows the researcher to determine whether the data from the sample is statistically significant.
(7) . Insufficient data due to inadequate past records: This is a pervasive concern amongst the entire research community. It refers to a situation where of observation or information for a perimeter of interest in an experimental data set is not recorded. Nearly all researchers encounter this problem at some point in their career. This can happen especially from secondary data sources like; NBS, and other outlets. The impact of this can be serious as it may result in a biased estimation of crucial study parameters and Poor generalizability findings.
Lack of cooperation from the public : This occurs when the correspondent / public fails to cooperate via providing necessary information for the sake of the research. This might be because of illiteracy, ignorance or belief.
Staying motivated and working your plan : sometimes, in the course of a large research project the biggest challenge can be internal-maintaining the motivation to keep going despite obstacles in your research and the pressure of work and personal commitment.
An availability of permission to do research in specific centres : hospital and business establishments usually don’t allow third-parties inside to conduct research. this may be due to security reasons or due to lack of confidence in keeping the confidentiality of the data.

Ugah Chikaodili Udodili
2019/243002
Department of economics
1. Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems It implies that inorder to research they are systematic methods in order to gather data to solve a problem.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge Research in this case implies the ability to surpass or find out more information about the existing knowledge by creating theories or by giving an examination to that existing knowledge inorder to carefullly and thoroughlyinspect and discover new information about that existing knowledge.

3. The three steps are as follows:
i. Pose a question: inorder to find out about a sudden discovery, the first thing that comes to a researchers mind is what is that sudden discovery? in this case he/she posed a question which takes us to the second step.
ii. Collect data to answer the question: after a question is asked, the researcher will collect data about the sudden discovery and each data counts and may lead to the key to finding out the sudden discovery.
Iii. Present an answer to the question: this researcher then gathers the data and after creating his/her assumptions/theories and finally finds out the answer to the question.

4. The three criterias are as follows:
i. Philosopies: means approaches e.g, qualitative, quantitative, and the academic discipline inwhich you have been trained
ii. Validity: means that correct procedures have been applied to finds answers to a question. e.g, asumptions, theories.
iii. Reliability: refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy e.g, proof of site.

5. Research has different ways or apllications both in scientific, political, economic and psychological. Its complicated in every area because you cannot use the same research method every area has its own research method. In science they are seven methods of research but you cannot use these same methods to research in the political, economic and psychological areas.

6. The six categories of the purpose of research are as follows:
i. Hypothesis Testing: Research helps test theories about some issues. Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research relies on statistical analysisto help evaluate a hypothesis.
ii. Control: Represents the way inwhich research can be applied to real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment.
iii. Explantion: this ts possbly the most cited reason in conducting research inorder to know why something is occuring, you will obviously need an explanation.
iv. Prediction: Research helps in assessing a situation and predicting what happens next.
v. Monitoring: Decisions that are made whether good or bad must be monitored to ensure that the target or goal is attained.
vi. Discovery/New improved situations: finding out new situations.

7. The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are multifaceted and multidimensional, the problem is the difficulty in the use of experimental method which is in the case of social science, its product being a human being cannot be put in a laboratory test. Even if it is done, thier responses wouldnt be natural but subject to the awareness of the artificial condition. Thus the social scientist has to watch them in wide world. In developing countries, performing clinical research has multiple barriers including lack of planning, lack of moral and financial incentives and shortage of time available for research; underdeveloped health informatics structure and lack of available funding.

NAME:Ifesinachi Chidinma Ada
REG NO:2019/246106
DEPARTMENT :Combined Social Sciences (Economics/psychology
COURSE TITLE:Research Methods
COURSE CODE:Eco 391

1)It is the systematic enquiry that entails collection of data documentation of critical information and analysis interpretation of the data and information in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional field and academic discipline.Research provides trustworthy information about problem because it help’s in application to different;
-it helps build credibility
-it gives you the latest information
-it helps expand the knowledge base.

2)Generally,research is the systematic method of finding answers to questions.
It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clusters that leads to conclusions. Research is organized because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion.

3).-Pose a question:e.g, girls are more brilliant than boys
-Collect data to answer the question:in a class of 40. students girls rank top in class,producing the best result
– Present and answer to the question:girls are more brilliant than boys according to the results obtained from the class showing that girls tend to be smarter brilliant and more intelligent than the boys .

4) Being undertaken within a frame work of a set of philosophy (approaches).
Design to be unbiased and objective
Uses procedures,methods and techniques that have been tested for reliability and validity.

5) To solve problem is the one of the major purpose of research.Especially problems pertaining to the society for example,causes of early marriages in the society.When proper research is being carried out on causes of early marriages and ways of preventing early marriages.
Research helps to make wise decisions in our day to day lives as individuals.Proper decision making helps us as individuals to decide on what,how and when things should be carried out and even in a proper way.
Again,research helps us to unveil the truth about certain things.For example,It helps us to know the truth about culture,history of the largest river in Africa,etc.

6)Explanation:the most cited reason for conducting research is to use it to explain why something is occurring.This is the attempt to understand the world we live in.
Prediction:It is used to access the future and predict what will happen in future.By giving certain conditions,
Monitoring:decision made must be monitored
Discovering:research must be carried in different methods in other to produce results.
Hypothesis testing research helps test theories about some issues.Hypothesis testing which is at the heart of scientific research which relies on statistical analysis to help evaluate a hypothesis.
Control:It represents the way in which research can be applied to real problems and situation,thus helping us to shape our environment.

7)Poor infrastructural management:
The best way to go about finding a possible solution to this problem is to encourage public-private infrastructural development to aid science and research.
Lack of proper research ethics:
Research in academic,modern inventions,general human life and culture,there are ethical applications and principles which must be judiciously followed when conducting any research.
Insecurity:
Improvised availability of published data from academic institutes,government agencies and other corporate agencies operating in Nigeria.
Low accessibility of data and information:
With the ineffective educational and library system getting access to data and information will pose a barrier to resources.

1. Being systematic is searching, selecting and managing the best available evidence for research, according to a defined, planned and consistent method… this should be applied to all types of reviews including data. It also means brining out a lot of ideas to come to a conclusion so the facts are right.
2. The use of empirical data, observation, test, or experiment to confirm the truth or rational justification of a hypothesis.  Scientific beliefs must be evaluated and supported by empirical data.  What does this require?  Two concepts are fundamental in discussing scientific method: truth and justification (warrant).  A hypothesis is true if it corresponds to the way the world is.  Justification has to do with the grounds we have for believing a given statement to be true.  A hypothesis is rationally warranted if a body of evidence and inference has been provided in support of it.  Ideally, the fact that a statement is rationally warranted ought to make it likely that the statement is true.
3. According to (Creswell, 2014) : The data collection steps include setting the boundaries for the study, collecting information through unstructured or semi structured observations and interviews, documents, and visual materials, as well as establishing the protocol for recording information.

4. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies ( research approaches); 2. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability; 3. is designed to be unbiased and objective.
5. There are several reasons why real research is hard: It must be new, so you need to find things ideas that haven’t been tried out, and solutions that no one else saw yet. No one knows how to solve your problems, so no one can really help you.

6a. Exploratory: Exploratory research is the first research to be conducted around a problem that has not yet been clearly defined. Exploration research therefore aims to gain a better understanding of the exact nature of the problem and not to provide a conclusive answer to the problem itself. This enables us to conduct more in-depth research later on.
B. Descriptive: Descriptive research expands knowledge of a research problem or phenomenon by describing it according to its characteristics and population. Descriptive research focuses on the ‘how’ and ‘what’, but not on the ‘why’.
C. Explanatory: Explanatory research, also referred to as casual research, is conducted to determine how variables interact, i.e. to identify cause-and-effect relationships. Explanatory research deals with the ‘why’ of research questions and is therefore often based on experiments.

7a. the multifaceted part, it has many sides like problem solving, knowledge of programming languages and technologies, learning, planning, software design and architectural aspects, planning, experimentation, purely coding-related experience as syntax constructs and ways to implement certain functionality, refactoring related aspects, knowledge of data structures, algorithms, database knowledge and modeling, testing your code and a variety of several aspects related to that, troubleshooting and debugging of applications, the advanced side of it being troubleshooting of production issues, then also security and IT risk aspects, redundancy and failover, distributed computing, performance and scalability, and a lot more.
b. As far as the multidimensional part, that can also be answered and interpreted in many ways, but I’ll just keep it simple by saying that it’s a very wide area, also pretty deep for each part of it that you choose, and the temporal dimension as time/duration plays a role in it too 🙂 Other X, Y, Z that you could choose are the standard project management dimensions: Scope/Size, Resources/People, Time/Duration. Most other dimensions that you may think of could also find its analogue in software development as well.

Name: Elekwachi John Udochukwu
Reg Number: 2019/241890
Department: Economics/Philosophy 300Level
Course Code: Eco 391

1. Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss
ANSWER TO QUESTION
According to (Rummel, J Francis, 1964) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge
According to (Drew, Hardman, and Hart,1996) Research is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of inquiry.
Creswell states- “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question (Creswell, J. W.(2008).
Also research involves a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Remark: All these definition about research is making us understand that research brings new things into life, for it creates and makes us find out answers to our every day life questions.
With dedication on research we can be able to achieve our goals, because research will open our eyes to see things that are hiding.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details
Research cannot be complete without talking about the ability to discover new information and also to expand the existing knowledge or information we already acquired.
An author like (Rummel, J Francis, 1964) Defind Research as a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge.
This means without research one cannot be able to expand his knowledge on a particular topic.
For example as we all are Studying Economics, those students that do personal research are those that will be able to gain more knowledge to expand their knowledge they acquire in the classroom when the lecturer is teaching.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.
The Three (3) Steps of research according to Creswell and their examples:
i. It Pose a question
ii. Collect data to answer the question
iii. Present an answer to the question
i. It Pose A question – e.g, I want to know the best University in south-east region
ii. Collect Data to answer the question – e.g, First is to get the complete data of the institutions like the names of the Universities located in south-east, then check thier security consciousness, Staff qualifications, students environment, major competition won by the institutions or the students etc.
iii. Present an Answer to the question – e.g, After making research on this topic, make sure your inquiries are based on truth, not with any bias, then through your final assessment you draw a conclusion, which will serve as the result, the final answer to the question.

4.Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
Philosophies: means approaches e.g qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.
Validity: means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question.
Reliability: refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss
As we have different faces so it is to research, research is extended and have it different ways, the different disciplines have a special way to apply research to find out answers to their complicated situation in their fields
The purpose of research include,
•To solve problems (including practical problens of the society)
•To make a sound decision; it is very vital to our everyday decision making.
•To obtain academic degrees
•To unveil the truth
•To acquaint with the facts/happening, Data obtained
through research enables us understand existing phenonmena.
•To find out causal/underlying relationships.
•It enables researchers to establish the existence and extent of relationship betweerm variables.
•Research helps to provide answers to unknown problems.
•Research provides for acceptance or rejection of bypothesis or tentative claims through deductive reasoning.

6. For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.

For any discipline, tlhe purposes may be generally categerlzed Into 6:
• Explanation – Possibly the most cited reason for conducting reearch Is to Use It to explain why sometblng Is occuring. how things happen in our environment. This is the attempt to
understand the world we Iive In. Research is concersed with acquiring knowledge, establishing facts and developing new methods.

• Predlcion – Research Is used to help assess a situatlon and predict what may happen in the future. We are able to say that a given certain conditions then this is likely to happen. with research we can predict using the condition of now.
•Monitoring – Many decisions made must be monltored to Insure that goals are being attained.
•Discovery/New improved situatlon -finding out new situations
•Hypothesis Testing: Research helps test theories about some issues. Hypotbesis
testing, which is at the heart of scientific Research, relies on statistical analysis to belp evaluate a hypothesis.
•Control represents the way in which research can be appied to real problems and situations, thus belping us to shape our environment. When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to control our eovironment to suit our interests.

7. The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Performing clinical research in the developing countries has multiple barriers including: lack of planning, lack of moral and financial incentives, and shortage of time available for research; underdeveloped health informatics structure; and lack of available funding. A multidisciplinary approach is vital to overcome these barriers. Basic scientists, health care providers, clinical researchers, educators, economists, and the private sector have to collaborate to overcome these barriers and perform highstandard vascular research to help our communities.

(1) Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavour. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss.
Research is the systematic work undertaken to find out more or know more about a particular topic and also to discover new informations.
(2) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss.
Research is an organised effort to gain new information or knowledge and also a movement from the known to unknown.
(3) Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”, it consists of three steps: Clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.
The three steps are:
– Pose a question,
– Collect data to answer the questions and
– Present an answer to the question
Pose a question: for research to take place, one has to have a reason for the research and that reason is the question ( what you have in mind ). For example, one can ask ” is dandruff contagious?”
Collect data to answer the question: For the person to know if dandruff is contagious or not, the person has to get adequate and proper information about the causes of dandruff, how to prevent it and how to treat it.
Present an answer to the question: The person will now present the answer to the question which is that dandruff is not contagious because it is a common condition that causes the skin on the scalp to flake.
(4). Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.
I. The process is being undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies (approaches):
The broad field area of interest is Economics
The sub area of interest is Development Economics (ECO 361)
The interest of research is Economic Growth and Economic Development .
ii. The process uses procedures, methods and techniques that have been tasted for their validity and reliability: Economic growth is the increase in the monetary (income) or output growth of a nation in particular period. It takes place when there is sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a county’s output of goods and services. Economic development is the improvement of the quality of life in a nation. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and literacy. This definitions are valid and reliable in the sense that the economic growth when put to real life gives the same result and economic development when put to real life gives the same result .
iii. The process is designed to be unbiased and objective: it is unbiased and objective because all the definitions by different economists have the same meaning of economic growth and economic development.
(5) The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss.
This is because the motive of a particular scientific fields and disciplines to conduct a research may be different from another discipline conducting the same research. The result of a particular research of a scientific field and discipline may not be the same with the result of the same research conducted by another scientific field and discipline. For example , economist sees cost as opportunity cost or alternative forgone while accountant sees cost as money spent in purchasing or buying goods and services.
(6). For any discipline, the the purpose of research may be generally categorized into six . Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
I. Explanation: a research is conducted to have knowledge of the particular topic or thing. Research tells us everything we need to know about a topic or a thing we are researching. It helps us to understand the world we live in.
ii. Prediction: with research, we can predict the future with the information we get.
iii. Monitor: through research, decisions made must be monitored to ensure that goals are being attained.
iv. Discovery / New Improved Situations: through research, we find out new things and also improve our situations.
v. Hypothesis Testing: Research helps test theories about some issues.
vi Control: research when applied to real life problems helps to shape our environment and control it to suit our interests.
(7). The problems of conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.
The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are multifaceted and multidimensional because of some situations like :
(a) Insufficient data or lack of data due to inadequate past records or data storage.
(b) Lack of cooperation from the public: the public may refuse to cooperate with the researchers.
(c) Language barrier: the researchers may have difficulties in speaking and understanding the peoples language.
(d) Illiteracy and ignorance: this can make the expected people not to give out the needed information.

Department of Economics
Faculty of The Social science
2019/245518
300L
Eco 391

1) It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss

✓ Research is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about educational prob- lems, issues, and topics. An example of a systematic approach to research is the experimental design study. The experimental design is a well-defined research methodology that incorporates the scientific method to rigorously investigate a specific research question. It also means a systematic investigation designed to develop or establish principles, facts generalizable knowledge, or any combination of them, and includes the development, testing and evaluation of research.

2) Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and to verify the existing knowledge. Discuss this in details

✓ Research is the organised and systematic method of finding answers to questions. It is systematic because it is a process broken up into clear steps that lead to conclusions. Research is organised because there is a planned structure or method used to reach the conclusion. Research is only successful if we find answers, whether we like these answers or not. Development research is focussed on relevant, useful and important questions. If there are no questions, there can be no research.

If government, business, institutions, labour, organisations and society in general are to function efficiently and effectively, it is important that the decisions they make are based on valid and reliable information and thorough analysis. The search for this information is referred to as the research process. There maybe an existing body of evidence (prior research, studies etc) you can make use of. If there is not, there is a need for research.

For example, the Department of Health in planning a HIV and AIDS prevention programme may have to ask some of the following questions before agreeing on and rolling out the programme. The Department of Health may have an existing body of evidence that assists in finding the answers to some of these questions whilst others may require research.

3)Creswell described three different steps use in collecting and analyzing information. and this steps are stated below
✓ Pose a question:
The question you ask should be developed for the discipline you are studying. Research questions help writers focus their research by providing a path through the research and writing process. The specificity of a well-developed research question helps writers avoid the “all-about” paper and work toward supporting a specific, arguable thesis.
A research question is an inquiry that the research attempts to answer. It is the heart of the systematic investigation. Research questions are the most important step in any research project. In essence, it initiates the research project and establishes the pace for the specific research.
A good research question usually focuses on the research and determines the research design, methodology, and hypothesis. It guides all phases of inquiry, data collection, analysis, and reporting. You should gather valuable information by asking the right questions.
Example:

Collect data to answer the question:
Data collection is the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. A researcher can evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data. In most cases, data collection is the primary and most important step for research, irrespective of the field of research. The approach of data collection is different for different fields of study, depending on the required information.There are many ways to collect information when doing research. The data collection methods that the researcher chooses will depend on the research question posed. Some data collection methods include surveys, interviews, tests, physiological evaluations, observations, reviews of existing records, and biological samples.

Present an answer to the question:
The way you frame your question depends on what your research aims to achieve.
Results and Discussion sections include the answers to your research question. In the Results section, you include the findings of your experiments, and in the Discussion section, you analyze these findings and explain how they answer the research question that you started out with.

4)Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples.

✓ The three criteria are (i) Knowledge, (ii)Convinction (iii) Significance
(I) Knowledge: It was widely agreed that qualitative research should be ethical, be important, be clearly and coherently articulated, and use appropriate and rigorous methods. Research was considered important when it was pragmatically and theoretically useful and advanced the current knowledge base. eg, study participants, how they were chosen, how data are collected and analyzed.
(II)Convinction: The majority of publications discussed issues of researcher bias, recognizing researchers’ preconceptions, motivations, and ways of seeing shape the qualitative research process. (It should be noted there is ample evidence to suggest researcher motivations and preconceptions shape all research.A second perspective (realist) viewed researcher bias as a problem affecting the trustworthiness, truthfulness, or validity of the account. In addition to understanding researchers’ motivations and preconceptions, value and rigor were enhanced by controlling bias through techniques to verify and confirm findings, as discussed in more detail below.
(III) Significance: A number of publications framed the concept of validity in the context of quantitative research, where it typically refers to the “best available approximation to the truth or falsity of propositions.” Internal validity refers to truth about claims made regarding the relationship between 2 variables. External validity refers to the extent to which we can generalize findings. Across publications, different ideas emerged.

5)The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and disciplines. Discuss

✓The purpose of research is to inform action. Thus, your study should seek to contextualize its findings within the larger body of research. Research must always be of high quality in order to produce knowledge that is applicable outside of the research setting. Research is intrinsically hard. There are several reasons why real research is hard: It must be new, so you need to find things ideas that haven’t been tried out, and solutions that no one else saw yet. No one knows how to solve your problems, so no one can really help you.

6) For any discipline, the purposes of research may be generally categorized into 6 Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
✓(I)Theoretical Research
Theoretical research, also referred to as pure or basic research, focuses on generating knowledge, regardless of its practical application. Here, data collection is used to generate new general concepts for a better understanding of a particular field or to answer a theoretical research question. Results of this kind are usually oriented towards the formulation of theories and are usually based on documentary analysis, the development of mathematical formulas and the reflection of high-level researchers.For example, a philosophical dissertation, since the aim is to generate new approaches from existing data without considering how its findings can be applied or implemented in practice.
(II)Applied Research
Here, the goal is to find strategies that can be used to address a specific research problem. Applied research draws on theory to generate practical scientific knowledge, and its use is very common in STEM fields such as engineering, computer science and medicine.
This type of research is subdivided into two types:
a)Technological applied research: looks towards improving efficiency in a particular productive sector through the improvement of processes or machinery related to said productive processes.
b)Scientific applied research: has predictive purposes. Through this type of research design, we can measure certain variables to predict behaviours useful to the goods and services sector, such as consumption patterns and viability of commercial projects.For example, market research, because by examining consumption patterns, strategies can be developed for the development of new products and marketing campaigns, etc.
(III)Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is used for the preliminary investigation of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently researched. It serves to establish a frame of reference and a hypothesis from which an in-depth study can be developed that will enable conclusive results to be generated.
Because exploratory research is based on the study of little-studied phenomena, it relies less on theory and more on the collection of data to identify patterns that explain these phenomena.For example, an investigation of the role social media in the perception of self-image.
(IV) Descriptive Research
The primary objective of descriptive research is to define the characteristics of a particular phenomenon without necessarily investigating the causes that produce it.
In this type of research, the researcher must take particular care not to intervene in the observed object or phenomenon, as its behaviour may change if an external factor is involved.For example, investigating how the public census of influential government officials differs between urban and non-urban areas.
(V)Explanatory Research
Explanatory research is the most common type of research method and is responsible for establishing cause-and-effect relationships that allow generalisations to be extended to similar realities. It is closely related to descriptive research, although it provides additional information about the observed object and its interactions with the environment.For example, investigating the brittle behaviour of a specific material when under compressive load.
(VI)Correlational Research
The purpose of this type of scientific research is to identify the relationship between two or more variables. A correlational study aims to determine whether a variable changes, how much the other elements of the observed system change.

7)The Problems of Conducting Social Science Research in Developing Countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.
✓Performing clinical research in the developing countries has multiple barriers including: lack of planning, lack of moral and financial incentives, and shortage of time available for research; underdeveloped health informatics structure; and lack of available funding.In Developed Countries the literacy rate is high, but in Developing Countries illiteracy rate is high. Developed Countries have good infrastructure and a better environment in terms of health and safety, which are absent in Developing Countries. Developed Countries generate revenue from the industrial sector.Seven basic ethical issues arise in social science research: informed consent, deception, privacy (including confidentiality and anonymity), physical or mental distress, problems in sponsored research, scientific misconduct or fraud, and scientific advocacy.

OSSAI MARY AMARACHI
ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
2019/243684
1. Research has different meanings and various applications in different fields of study and human endeavor. It is the systematic application of a family of methods employed to provide trustworthy information about problems. Discuss

The concept of research is vast and can be applied differently in various fields of study such as psychology, biology, environmental science, economics and other human attempts at finding out. A popular definition of research according to Rummel J Francis states that it is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and verify the existing knowledge. Different fields of study have different approaches on the subject of research. The use and methods applied in conducting research in chemistry differs from that of economics which also differs from that of mathematics and so on. Some of the methods of research in economics involve modelling, estimation, inference and interpretations while the main methods of chemistry are explorative, experimental, formulative and diagnostic. The meanings also differs for scholars in the respective fields. In chemistry for example research seeks to identify and investigate the basic components of matter, like atoms and molecules to enable them to discover how these components interact, combine and change. In economics however, research is centered on the exposition of the nature and inquiry into the relationships between economic variables such as poverty, output, income etc. Fundamentally and regardless of the field of study research is the detailed and standardized employment of a family of methods used to provide credible information. It is the use of a step by step approach to ascertain credible answers to the problems we face.

2. Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand and verify the existing knowledge. Discuss

In spheres of life especially academic ones, information is paramount. Subject matters must be discussed and analyzed for the continuity of knowledge in a field. Research is the most credible tool in achieving this as it is a careful and deliberate inquiry or examination into these subject matters to unravel new information or connections. Research requires looking into, finding out and probing in order to discover recent data and relationships between concepts. Asides discovery of new concepts research aids in the expansion and verification of already existing knowledge. This suggests that research digs deeper into problems and makes solving them easier. The advancement of knowledge is crucial to eliminate stagnancy and redundancy in any field. Improved knowledge is facilitated by research and the accuracy of such knowledge as well is facilitated by research since research is about truths and not mere speculations, we can be rest assured that the findings of research are verifiable and acceptable.

3. Creswell argues that “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue”. It consists of three steps; clearly discuss these three steps with practical examples.

Research follows a series of steps according to Creswell used to compile and investigate information or data presented to increase our grasp on a topic or issue. There are three steps and they include; Pose a question, Data collection to answer the questions and presenting an answer to the question.
a. Pose a question: The basis of research are questions, without a question being asked there is no need to try to find out. According to Creswell this is the first step for a research process. Questions are inquiries into the nature of a situation or concept. They are the whats, whys and whos of research. A practical example of a question posed is, What is the effect of a parents academic level on their child’s performance? Another example could be what is the estimated number of school dropouts in Nigeria?
b. Data collection to answer the question: Data collection is the collation and compilation of data useful for research. It is the processing of gathering data from accurate sources, during the collection of data answers are put down for further evaluation. Data can be collected using several methods. They include; surveys, interviews, social media monitoring, observations, forms and questionnaires etc. A practical example of data collection is questionnaires being handed to students of the University of Nigeria to determine the performance of the transport systems across the campus. The questionnaires are handed out, filled by the students and returned to the researcher to make his or her inferences.
c. Presenting an answer to the question: A research is conducted in a bid to give the reports/answers of the findings. A report is a well documented writing that sums up the processes of the collection of data and its findings. It serves as an account of a research process and its corresponding conclusions. It is the last step of a research process and cannot be left out as that is initially the whole point of carrying out a research–to find out answers and write them down for future purposes. The answers to the questions must be accurate and drawn from the set of data collected and analyzed. An example of a presented answer is a medical journal containing the findings of a research on the fatality rate of malaria in Northern Nigeria.

4. Adherence to three criteria enables a given process to be called ‘research’. Discuss these three criteria with practical examples
For a given process to be termed a research there are three important criteria to be met and conformed to, the criteria include; Validity, Reliability, Unbiased and objective.
a. Validity: This is the credibility of the process and the cogency of the procedure. A research procedure must be correctly carried out in order to be a valid one. The procedures must follow a justifiable method of application. Every field of study have a preferred method of arriving at conclusion and the accuracy of research depends on whether these sets of philosophies were followed duly.
b. Reliability: A research process must be reliable, meaning that it must be authentic and honest to make room for repetition and accuracy, the process must contain methods in finding out reliable truths on a matter and not half-truths that breach a conclusion. A practical example would require a researcher to ask only the right questions and not avoid honest feedbacks. Another example would be to rely only on the information provided and available rather than making assumptions.
c. Unbiased and objective: Research process at any stage both questioning and finding out answers to the questions must be free from one’s own interest or advantage. The various steps taken to reach a conclusion must have been carried out in a just an impartial manner without prejudice. A practical example of an unbiased and objective research would be a researcher not feeling the need to downplay the shortcomings of his country so as not to paint them in a bad light but to accurately report his findings whatever they may be.

5. The purpose of research can be a complicated issue and varies across different scientific fields and discipline. Discuss
For different disciplines the purpose of research are as different. The disciplines do not seek the same answers/results and also do not carry out their research in the same fashion. In the social sciences, social workers for example are typical field researchers and would have to extract information from people. They rely on these people to provide them with the correct answers to their questions. It is usually a case of ‘word of mouth’. If for any reason the people are not honest or skip important details then the researcher might not arrive at an accurate conclusion. However for pure sciences during research, experiments are carried out on inanimate objects multiple times to ascertain consecutive results that are said to be the truth. Also the time factor many at times affect the credibility of research results in the social sciences as the phenomena present at the time of a research are subject to change and may not tally with new findings. Pure sciences most times are not affected by sudden changes and have quite a good credibility life span for conclusions made in the field.

6. For any discipline, the purpose of research maybe generally categorized into 6. Clearly discuss these 6 categories.
a. To make sound decisions; an important purpose of a research is to help us make sound decisions in everyday business and personal life. Research gives us an insight on the happenings of the past and the present and can help us predict the future to make better decisions. Informed decisions are a product of the right questions asked and the right answers given.
b. To obtain an academic degree: Research methodologies are studied in the university. People can earn academic degrees and become trained personnel in conducting research
c. To unravel the truth; an important prospect of research is truth finding, research seeks to uncover the truths about a subject matter. Many times people are in doubt as to what the conclusion of a matter is and research is the only acceptable way to ascertain to the truth.
d. To solve problems: The solutions to problems lies in the answers. The purpose of research is to solve these problems by doing so. For example a research into the number of school dropouts in Nigeria is one of the materials needed in solving the problem of illiteracy and crime by extension.
e. To fulfill academic requirements: In academic institutions students are required to carry out research and present their findings on various topics relating to their academic course, this increases their scope of knowledge and enable them appreciate the process of academic research and its benefits to the university.
f. To acquaint with the facts and happenings around us: Every now and then there are new developments happening around us, the purpose of research is to help us understand and get familiar with the recent and lets us know the root causes and nature of the facts and happenings around us.

7. The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries are multifaceted and multidimensional. Discuss this clearly and lucidly.

Social science research can prove difficult and conjure problems for the researcher in many ways in developing countries. The many problems that are faced by researchers include;
A. Uncooperativeness of the locals; research requires questions to be asked and answered. The population that could answer these questions might turn out unresponsive and indifferent to the plight of the researcher. This might hinder the actual figures to be realized or accounted for threatening the accuracy of the research.
B. Inadequate data; during research available data are point of references for existing knowledge that researchers may find useful and important to the research. However most developing countries have little to no existing data on topics related to their research project.
C. Language barrier; Research carried out in rural areas where the speakers are indigenous and have their own languages that the researcher might not be able to hear or speak constitute a problem for a research process. In this case interpreters might be needed to translate in order to communicate adding to the cost of research.
D. Funding: Conducting a research is capital intensive and most developing countries do not have resources or technology to fund research on so many levels. This means that the few that they can afford is then used to conduct a research which most times turns out haphazardly and poorly done.
E. Illiteracy: Many developing countries have people who cannot read or write and may not be able to contribute to research, this lowers the chances of getting as many opinions one might need to establish a fact or move forward in a research process.
F. Lack of qualified personnel: Trained personnel who have both qualification and experience are crucial to a reliable research, sadly most developed counties are short of these personnel and this is a problem that they face in the research process.
G. Insecurity: Some developing countries are riddled with political instability that result in clash and conflicts that might hinder research from going on in those places. This unfortunately is the order of the day in most developing countries and hardly ever is it safe for researchers to carry out their investigations.

Adigwe Chibuikem Anthony
2019/245463
1 . Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three steps; Pose a question, collect data to answer the question and present an answer to the question.
2. Doing research entails going the extra mile to ask more questions to unravel more and find out new discoveries on a certain issue or topic. This is the ability to get more acquainted with information concerning a particular field of study in order to develop and broaden one’s horizon and knowledge on it.
3. Pose a question: Before a research is carried out ,there has to be a question asked . A question that is collected will be further inquired and buttressed upon, before any form of presentation, there must have been a thorough collection of concrete data.
– Collection of Data to answer question : If there is no thorough data collected, with generalizable information, research will be termed inconclusive. For research to be carried out, correct and concrete data must be collected to show an expansion in knowledge of the question.
– Present an answer to the question: When appropriate data has been collected, proof read and has gone through necessary experiment such data can now be called information and an answer to a question.
4. Philosophies i.e approaches e.g qualitative, quantitative and the academic discipline in which you have been trained.
– Validity i.e that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question.
– Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy.
5. The purpose of research is to inform action. Thus, your study should seek to contextualize its findings within the largest body of research. Research must be of high quality in order to produce knowledge that is applicable outside of the research setting.
6. Forming Hypotheses
Collecting Data
Analyzing Results
Forming Conclusions
Implementing findings into real-life application
Forming New Research Questions.
7. Performing Social Science Research in Less Developed Countries has multiple barriers including ;
– Lack of planning
– Lack of Moral and Financial Incentives
– Shortage of time available for Research
– Underdeveloped self esteem/ Confidence level
– Lack of available Funding .

1. Just as the fields of study differ and so also human endeavor research also differs between them, because even though research is search for knowledge at its core there is a difference in the area of knowledge and therefore while in the social sciences research could be said to be an enquiry into human behavior in the sciences it could be said to be enquiry into the operation of the universe. Research also differs in its explanation within these generalizations. Within the social sciences, in economics research could be said to be the enquiry into human behavior(especially concerning needs and wants) in relation to scarce resources which have alternative uses , it could be said to be enquiry into man’s actions as regards power.
Also the meanings differ because of the difference in the level of application of methods, for example in artistic research, objectivity can be rated at almost 0% while in the social sciences its almost 50% and in the sciences its almost 100% and this implies also that while a repetition of a research study in the sciences should give “statistically” the same result, a repetition in the arts will give more likely different results due to differences in perception and with the social sciences it may or may not be the same (the proportion of which could be used to determine which truth will be generally accepted).

In research being the systematic application of methods, research is the application of methods that are expected to give the true result and not in a scattered manner for nothing will come out of it if it is scattered, imagine doing data analysis on data you don’t even have to begin with! We can then see that the process is important and the methods simply the best that can be possibly applied giving the constraints involved in carrying out research in a particular field of study in order to maximize the chances of the results being true and hence achieving trustworthy information about problems.

2. The world operates on certain laws. From the more strict ones in the areas of science to the more flexible ones in arts with the laws of the social sciences in between. This presents a problem. We know that the world operates on laws but what are those laws? If we have a preexisting idea of the law could that have being a coincidence or the effect of another law? Or should we agree that the idea is the truth? Also if it is the truth, why is it the truth? Else why is it not the truth and what other law could have caused this?
These above and more, are what research needs to answer all in a bid to find the truth, to find out new information (like the discovery that atoms aren’t actually the smallest units of matter), or relationships (like the discovery that the price of a good at a previous time affects its present price or that changes in one market affect another) and to expand (Like the case of economics, from the postulates of Adam Smith to what it is today) and to verify existing knowledge.
Also to ensure that the result is the truth, careful inquiry must be conducted, so that our truth is the truth and not some distortions of the truth that we imagine.

3. According to Creswell, Research consists of three steps:
Pose a question
Collect data to answer the question
Present an answer to the question
In posing a question, there must be a question one seeks to answer or even an answer one seeks to question. For example, does the presence of brand ambassadors influence consumption decisions positively? In other words is there a positive relationship between the number of brand ambassadors and sales?
The next stage is about collecting data and not just any data but data relating to our question. Especially due to the fact that we want to seek the truth of reality and the data represents reality, in its absence whatever answer we give could be doubted as it is only full proof in our heads. In our case we may collect data from various brands, like the number of brand ambassadors and the sales.
Now for the final stage, the reason the data was collected in the first place and the questions asked, the answers. With sales(or the average sales per number of brand ambassadors) as the dependent variable and the number of brand ambassadors as the independent variable we may plot our graph and fit a regression line or use the correlation coefficient. If it shows a positive relationship we must test whether this relationship is statistically significant (possibly a t-test under the null hypothesis that the slope, or B2, should be 0, then using the p-value). If it is we can safely say that there is a positive correlation between sales and brand ambassadors. However correlation doesn’t imply causation, we must really on theory to imply causation. We can say that due to the loyalty of the fans to the brand ambassadors they purchase the goods.

4. The three criteria for a process to be called research are;

The process should be undertaken within a framework of philosophies
Just as research has different meanings in different fields of study, there must be a specific field of study in order for research to be carried out. The field of study’s approaches to problems then form the framework of philosophies. It is within these philosophies that the process finds approaches most suitable for the particular question to be answered. For example while the quantitative approach may be suitable for most economic research, the qualitative approach suits sociology better.
We can say that the philosophies form the foundation of the research and therefore without a foundation the process cannot be called a research.

The process should use procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested for their validity and reliability
Within the philosophies there are methods that have been generally agreed upon as producing the best or truest results. For example in economic research random sampling is usually most preferred especially because the chances of it being biased are small as opposed to purposive sampling which is biased.
In producing the best or truest result those methods and techniques are said to be valid and reliable (since if it is true it can be repeated, with similar – or mostly similar – conclusions drawn).
Since research is a process to find the truth only methods and techniques that give the best chance of finding out the truth should be used, since the whole purpose of research is the truth.

The process should be designed to be unbiased and objective
If one influences the outcome of a research it isn’t going to be the truth anymore with the degree of distortion being directly related to the extent of influence or ‘cooking’ done on the research and since research is aimed at the truth the process should be unbiased and conclusions drawn objectively.
For example if one has an assumption that there is a positive correlation between the amount of brand ambassadors and the sales he or she must not let that assumption to coerce him into influencing the data when the research shows otherwise.
Actually if you so much believe that what you know is truth, why conduct a research? The truth may be different from what one assumed.

5. In the more scientific fields, research is used to prove an existing knowledge or expand the knowledge however in fields of the social sciences, it could also be used as a tool to disprove existing knowledge. Even within these fields only the researcher can say the purpose of the research, resulting in the complexities in defining its purpose.
While for some it may be just to satisfy their (or their superiors) intellectual curiosity, to others it may be for a certain application in the solving a real world problem. Further the purpose can be defined based on which problem the research is trying to solve as they vary across and within disciplines.

6. Even with the many dimensions of the purpose of research broad generalizations may be drawn namely for;
Explanation
When we know that something occurs research can be used to understand why it occurs. For example in the formation of the gravitational law Isaac newton saw an apple fall and wondered why did it fall? From which he started his research and discovered the law of gravity.

Prediction
What may happen in the future, especially since something has happened or is happening? Research helps to do that to. For example in econometrics after getting the regression line we may use it for individual or mean prediction, in a bid to ensure that we are prepared for anything that may occur.

Monitoring
Even after we have done the best preparations we can, there might be a distortion or a change in what we foresaw. Research helps to monitor the situation. For example after government policies are passed they are monitored by researches, to ensure that they work or that a change of plans is advisable.

Discovery/improved situations
In the event that things didn’t go as planned, what happened? This leads to the discovery of new information which leads to better situations that those before the research was done and actions proposed.

Hypothesis testing
In the case of when one has a pre-existing assumption, should we accept it as the truth? Research helps to test our assumption against the happenings of reality. For example in economic research we may have the null hypothesis and may reject or fail to reject it based on the outcome of the research.

Control
When we have discovered things that happen in our environments or relationships and laws we may then use the information gathered to ‘bend’ the environment to suit our interests. For example we discovered the law of gravity, but how can we launch a rocket into space? We must push faster than gravity can pull us back and so man won the battle against the earth’s gravity and launched rockets ever since.

7. The problems of conducting social science research in developing countries span many broad generalizations due to characteristics inherent in the developing societies themselves. Some of these are;
Resource based problems
Cultural and Educational problems
Political problems
As to the Resource based problems there is the problem of insufficient data or incorrect data leading to incorrect results. Even when the data is correct there may be insufficient funds to procure the needed technologies for a proper research to be carried out.
As with the cultural problems there are some cultural believes that impede the reliability of the data, for example during a population census, some people don’t give the accurate amount of people in their households. As to the Educational problems, while many people know the English language, not everyone is fluent enough in it a characteristic of the developing societies, which is illiteracy. As even though some may be able to speak the official language they may not wont to work with researchers due to beliefs that are allowed to exist by illiteracy.
As with the political problems sometimes due to political agendas in developing nations and the high level of corruption the data may be falsified or unrecorded. This has been the case in countries like Nigeria and China.
From the above we can see that the problems are truly multifaceted with many of the problems related to each other.

Name : Alozie-Uwa Chidinma Elizabeth Reg: 2019/246255 Dept: :Economics 1).Research is a process to discover new knowledge to find answers to a question. The word research has two parts re (again) and search (find) which denote that we are taking up an activity to look into an aspect once again or we want to look for some new information about something. E.g Front Office Executive has to learn about the facilities, timings, key features of products and services available at the hotel if one wants to become a wonderful sales professional other than being a host. “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the significance of research can well be understood.Clifford Woody states that research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulation of hypothesis; collection, organizing and evaluation of data; and reaching conclusions. Here it is emphasized that all research has to be systematic and logical to arrive at expected outcome. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences Research define research as “The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.” The authors have a different view of research as they suggest that it can be taken up by modifying, challenging and changing; available knowledge either to prove a process being appropriate or to develop it in entirety. E.g. A standard recipe to prepare a particular dish may be modified by an enterprisingchef to introduce the dish in new taste, flavor or aroma by using a different method of cooking, or by twisting the combination of spices used in the original recipe, . At the same time the chef may create entirely new dish with the use of same ingredients. As per another school of thought research has to undertaken under defined parameters and it should satisfy the following conditions if you want to term the process as research activity. 2. Simply put, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.While research can be carried out by anyone and in any field, most research is usually done to broaden knowledge in the physical, biological, and social worlds. This can range from learning why certain materials behave the way they do, to asking why certain people are more resilient than others when faced with the same challenges.The use of ‘systematic investigation’ in the formal definition represents how research is normally conducted – a hypothesis is formed, appropriate research methods are designed, data is collected and analysed, and research results are summarized into one or more ‘research conclusions’. These research conclusions are then shared with the rest of the scientific community to add to the existing knowledge and serve as evidence to form additional questions that can be investigated. It is this cyclical process that enables scientific research to make continuous progress over the years; the true purpose of research.3. The three common approaches to conducting research according to Creswell are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Quantitative research involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute “alternate knowledge claims” (Creswell, 2003, p. 153). Creswell, (2002) asserts that quantitative research originated in the physical sciences, particularly in chemistry and physics. The researcher uses mathematical models as the methodology of data analysis. Three historical trends pertaining to quantitative research include research design, test and measurement procedures, and statistical analysis. Quantitative research also involves data collection that is typically numeric and the researcher tends to use mathematical models as the methodology of data analysis. Additionally, the researcher uses the inquiry methods to ensure alignment with statistical data collection methodology. There are three broad classifications of quantitative research: descriptive experimental and causal comparative. The descriptive research approach is a basic research method that examines the situation, as it exists in its current state. Descriptive research involves identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an observational basis, or the exploration of correlation between two or more phenomena.Qualitative research is a holistic approach that involves discovery. Qualitative research is also described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994). One identifier of a qualitative research is the social phenomenon being investigated from the participant‟s viewpoint. There are different types of research designs that use qualitative research techniques to frame the research approach. As a result, the different techniques have a dramatic effect on the research strategies explored.Qualitative research can also be described as an effective model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from being highly involved in the actual experiences (Creswell, 2003).The mixed methods approach to research is an extension of rather than a replacement for the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, as the latter two research approaches will continue to be useful and important. The goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Of course, the strengths and weaknesses associated with the various research approaches are not absolute but rather relative to the context and the manner in which researchers aspire to address the phenomenon under study. For example, if the researcher purports to provide in-depth insight into a phenomenon, the researcher might view selecting a small but informative sample, which is typical of qualitative research. The researcher might use inferential statistics to quantify the results, which is typical of quantitative research, as strengths worthy of combining into a single research study.4. Criteria for a good researcha. Exploratory: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.b. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describe the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, a study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit.c. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.5. A major issue which serves as a bedrock and hindrance to effective research is lack of funding. It is difficult to have credible research activities due to lack of funding. In Nigeria for instance, the government does not see the importance of research and will prefer to divert funds to other businesses such as political activities.Another is the inaccessibility to data and information.Nigeria is a country that has always suffered from poor record keeping over the years. The inaccessibility to needed data to conduct qualitative research is a huge hindrance to the success of research in Nigeria. You will barely find a database where researchers can easily retrieve data and information needed. Also, information on the internet and even in print are usually expensive these days so most researchers abandon the project before they even start.And lastly is lack of collaboration.Since Nigerian universities and research institutes are not well-equipped, it is necessary to collaborate with scientists in advanced countries so we can come up with better researches in Nigeria. Such collaboration majorly includes the use of state-of-the-art equipment that is available in advanced countries, access to up-to-date data, and information that will be used to make researches and discoveries that can be converted into practical and relevant applications for the Nigerian environment.6a. Case StudiesCase studies look at a single subject (e.g., a child with autism) or a single case (e.g., a classroom for children with autism). Case studies are typically used in research that describes the development of an individual, group, or situation over a period of time in order to provide a detailed account of what is occurring within its real-life context.b. Correlational StudiesCorrelational studies look for a relationship between two or more variables, or things, that naturally occur in the same environment. Correlational studies cannot tell us anything about cause and effect, only that there is a relationship between two or more things. For example, a study might be designed to determine if there is a relationship between the number of children with autism in a particular community and the month of their birth.c. Longitudinal StudiesLongitudinal studies can give us information about how people develop over time. These types of studies follow one group of people (referred to as a cohort) across time, measuring the same behavior multiple times. For example, we may want to determine if children with autism do better on performance tests in self-contained than in inclusive classrooms. The best research design for answering this question would be to follow one cohort of children with autism that spent time in both environments.d. Experimental StudiesExperimental studies are controlled so that the researcher manipulates one variable to determine its effect on other variables. Two primary types of experimental studies are used in intervention development and testing: randomized group design and single-case design.e. Clinical Trial StudiesClinical trial studies are one specific type of randomized group experimental study. Clinical trial studies are most likely to be conducted in medical or other clinical settings. Similar to experimental group design studies, clinical trial studies employ an experimental/control group, in which participants are randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment (e.g., a medication to treat autism symptoms) or a placebo (a sugar pill).7. In developing nations, research is in its incessant stage. Researchers face challenges in choosing a research topic, statement etc. In addition, researchers are faced with challenges associated with growth, infrastructural deficiencies, financial crunches, etc. Here’s a list of top challenges that we found intimidating for budding researchers:Lack of Scientific Training: The research methodology is not systematic. Many researchers undertake research work without having actual knowledge of the research methods. Even the guides do not have a thorough knowledge of the various methodologies. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects.Lack of communication with the supervisor: A university professor is a busy person. It is important to have guidance on a research project. Poor communication gets on the way of the progress of the research. It is important to communicate with the supervisor to clarify the doubts regarding the research topic, to know what the supervisor expects from you and to learn more about your research topic.Time management: Spending ample time in learning the skills and practical implementation consumes a lot of time. In such a scenario, taking out time for intense research and to draft a top-notch research paper becomes impossible. Not having a definite deadline: Deadlines are stressful. But not having a deadline can be troublesome during the Ph.D. journey. Deadlines help you get closer to your goals. Many times, Universities fail to implement a due date to submit the research paper, leading to confusion and improper time management among the scholars.A quantity of literature: It can be difficult to deal with the quantity of literature that one might have accessed. The literature review is iterative. This involves managing the literature, accessing data that supports the framework of the research, identifying keywords and alternative keywords, as well as constantly looking for new sources.Implementing quality of writing within the literature review: A literature review has to go beyond being a series of references and citations. You need to interpret the literature and be able to position it within the context of your study. This requires careful and measured interpretation and writing in which you synthesize and bring together the materials that you have read.Insufficient data: Insufficiency of data is a potential problem. Most of the business establishments are of the opinion that researchers may misuse the data provided by them. This affects the purpose of research studies for which that particular data may be of utmost importance.